Children’s Financial Dependence on Mothers: Propensity and Duration

Over 40 percent of American children rely primarily on their mothers’ earnings for financial support in cross-sectional surveys. Yet these data understate mothers’ role as their family’s primary earner. Using longitudinal Survey of Income and Program Participation panels beginning in 2014, we create multistate life table estimates of mothers’ duration as primary earner as well as single-decrement life table estimates of their chance of ever being the primary earner over the first 18 years of motherhood. Using a threshold of 60 percent of household earnings to determine primary earning status, mothers average 4.19 years as their families’ primary earner in the 18 years following first birth. Mothers with some college but no degree spent the most years as primary earners, about 5.09 years on average, as did mothers with nonmarital first births, about 5.69 years. Around 70 percent of American mothers can reasonably expect to be their household’s primary earner at some point during their first 18 years of motherhood.

Download Full-text

Obtaining multistate life table distributions for highly refined subpopulations from cross-sectional data: A bayesian extension of sullivan’s method

Demography ◽

10.1007/bf03213739 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 47 (4) ◽

pp. 1053-1077 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Scott M. Lynch ◽

J. Scott Brown

Keyword(s):

Life Table ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Multistate Life Table

Download Full-text

Associations between 24-Hour Movement Behaviours and Global Cognition in a Cross-Sectional Sample of American Children

SSRN Electronic Journal ◽

10.2139/ssrn.3204719 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Jeremy Walsh ◽

Joel D. Barnes ◽

Jameason D. Cameron ◽

Gary S. Goldfield ◽

Jean-Philippe Chaput ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cross Sectional ◽

Global Cognition ◽

American Children

Download Full-text

A cross-cultural comparison of dietary intakes and physical activity between American and Czech school-aged children

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s1368980008003546 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 12 (7) ◽

pp. 986-990 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Lenka Humenikova Shriver ◽

Gail Gates

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Czech Republic ◽

Public Schools ◽

Pilot Study ◽

Fast Food ◽

Dietary Intakes ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The Czech Republic ◽

The Usa ◽

American Children

AbstractObjectiveThe prevalence of child overweight in the Czech Republic is substantially lower than that in the USA. The objective of the present pilot study was to explore dietary intakes, frequency of dining in fast-food establishments, and the amount and intensity of physical activity between a sample of American and Czech children.DesignA cross-sectional correlational pilot study.SettingFour public schools in the USA and four public schools in the Czech Republic.SubjectsNinety-five Czech and forty-four American 4–6th graders from urban public schools participated in the study. Dietary intake and number of fast-food visits were evaluated using two multiple-pass 24 h recalls. Physical activity was measured using the modified Self-Administered Physical Activity Checklist.ResultsAmerican children (mean age 10·8 (se 0·2) years) consumed more energy and fat, less fruits and vegetables, more soft drinks, and visited fast-food establishments more often than Czech children (mean age 11·0 (se 0·1) years). Although no differences were found in vigorous activity by nationality, Czech children spent significantly more time in moderate physical activities than American children.ConclusionsDespite the influx of some negative Western dietary trends into the country, Czech children had a healthier diet and were more physically active than American children. Further research is warranted to determine whether the same differences in dietary intakes, physical activity and fast-food visits exist between nationally representative samples of American and Czech children.

Download Full-text

Giving help in return: family reciprocity by older Singaporeans

Ageing and Society ◽

10.1017/s0144686x07006447 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 28 (1) ◽

pp. 5-34 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

LOIS M. VERBRUGGE ◽

ANGELIQUE CHAN

Keyword(s):

Older People ◽

Financial Support ◽

Social Ties ◽

East Asian ◽

Multivariate Models ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Household Chores ◽

Ability And Willingness

ABSTRACTReciprocity is a powerful principle in social ties. The ethos of family reciprocity is especially strong in Asian societies. We study contemporaneous family exchanges, hypothesising that the more current help older Singaporeans receive from family, the more they give in return. Cross-sectional analyses were undertaken of data from two national Singapore surveys conducted in 1995 and 1999. The help received by older people is measured by income and cash support, payment of household expenses by others, having a companion for away-from-home activities, and having a principal carer. The help given by older people is measured by baby-sitting, doing household chores, giving financial help to children, and advising on family matters. Multivariate models are used to examine the factors that affect an older person's ability and willingness to give help. The results show that the more financial support Singapore seniors received from kin, the more baby-sitting and chores they provided. In their swiftly modernising society, Singapore seniors are maintaining family reciprocity by giving time in return for money. We discuss how during the coming decades, reciprocity in Southeast and East Asian societies may shift from instrumental to more affective behaviours.

Download Full-text

Association between Socioeconomic Status and Psychological Distress among Rwandan Refugees in Zambia: a Gender Perspective

African Journal of Gender, Society and Development (formerly Journal of Gender, Information and Development in Africa) ◽

10.31920/2634-3622/2021/v10n4a2 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 37-59

Author(s):

Victor Mwanamwambwa ◽

Basil Joseph Pillay

Keyword(s):

Socioeconomic Status ◽

Psychological Distress ◽

Financial Support ◽

General Health Questionnaire ◽

Occupational Status ◽

Well Being ◽

Easy Access ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Gender Perspective ◽

Psychological Well Being

Urban refugees face several challenges which affect their emotional, social, and psychological well-being. This study utilised a quantitative cross-sectional design. The study assessed the association between socioeconomic status (SES) and psychological distress from a gender perspective among Rwandan refugees in Lusaka, Zambia. Two hundred and sixty-seven refugees between 18 and 65(M=33.99 years) participated in the study. The sample comprised men (47.9%) and women (52.1%) who were selected from Lusaka townships using purposive and convenience sampling techniques. SES was measured by assessing participants’ educational attainment, occupational status or employment, income, and financial support, whereas subjective psychological distress was evaluated using the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28). Framed within the feminist and the ecological systems perspectives, the study established an association between SES and psychological distress. The proportions of female participants in the lower education and unemployment categories and lower-income bracket were considerably higher than males in the same category. Similarly, the study revealed that the proportion of females (27%) with severe depression was higher than males (19%). However, the gender difference was negligible with other subscales such as the somatic symptoms, anxiety and insomnia, and social dysfunction. Bivariate associations revealed well-established gender differences, where women with low education and financial support reported higher levels of psychological distress. Multivariate analysis revealed that employment predicted a lower level of psychological distress in both men and women. The findings highlight that refugees’ access to employment is an essential factor in determining psychological well-being. Well-defined intervention strategies by government and humanitarian bodies are critical and should aim to empower refugees towards easy access to formal and informal labour market opportunities.

Download Full-text

Does Salaried Status Affect Human Capital Accumulation?

ILR Review ◽

10.1177/001979399504800208 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 48 (2) ◽

pp. 322-337 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Sheldon E. Haber ◽

Robert S. Goldfarb

Keyword(s):

Human Capital ◽

Conceptual Framework ◽

Capital Accumulation ◽

Longitudinal Survey ◽

Human Capital Accumulation ◽

Hourly Wage ◽

Program Participation ◽

Salaried Workers ◽

Hourly Workers ◽

Using Data

Human capital studies do not usually consider whether an individual is paid an hourly wage or a salary. The authors of this paper develop a conceptual framework that explains why some workers are paid salaries and predicts that salaried workers will invest more in human capital than will hourly workers. In particular, this prediction hinges on the differing effort incentives facing hourly and salaried workers, and their employers, in jobs that are paced versus unpaced. Empirical evidence supporting this prediction and other hypotheses implied by the proposed framework is presented using data on individuals covering a 16-month period in 1984–85 from the Bureau of Census Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP), a longitudinal survey.

Download Full-text

New Estimates of the Effect of Marijuana and Cocaine Use on Wages

ILR Review ◽

10.1177/001979399404700306 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 47 (3) ◽

pp. 454-470 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

Robert Kaestner

Keyword(s):

Drug Use ◽

Illicit Drug ◽

Unobserved Heterogeneity ◽

Illicit Drug Use ◽

Longitudinal Survey ◽

National Longitudinal Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Cocaine Use ◽

Wage Effects ◽

Positive Effect

Using the 1984 and 1988 waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, this study provides an update of several previous cross-sectional estimates of the effect of illicit drug use on wages, as well as the first longitudinal estimates of that effect. The cross-sectional results, which are generally consistent with the surprising findings of previous research, suggest that illicit drug use has a large, positive effect on wages. The longitudinal estimates, which control for unobserved heterogeneity in the sample, are mixed: among men, the estimated wage effects of both marijuana and cocaine use are negative, but among women, the effect of cocaine use remains positive and large. Because the longitudinal model is imprecisely estimated, however, those results are inconclusive.

Download Full-text

Social Determinants of Delayed Gratification Among American Children

Caspian Journal of Neurological Sciences ◽

10.32598/cjns.6.22.2 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (3) ◽

pp. 181-189

Author(s):

Shervin Assari ◽

Keyword(s):

Socioeconomic Status ◽

Delay Discounting ◽

Family Income ◽

Social Groups ◽

Ethnic Disparities ◽

Study Data ◽

Latino Children ◽

Delayed Gratification ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

American Children

Background: A wide array of Socioeconomic Status (SES) indicators show differential effects for the members of diverse social groups. Researchers know a little about the ethnic variation and the effects of family income on delay discounting which is the predictor of risk behaviors. Objectives: This study examined the effect of family income and its differences on delayed gratification between Latino and non-Latino children. Materials & Methods: In this cross-sectional analytical study, data came from wave one of the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study which included 3903 non-Latino or Latino Black or White American children who are between 9 and 10 years old. The predictor was family income. Data were collected from 21 sites in the US, in 2018. The outcome was the children’s delay discounting. We measured delay discounting, which reflected individuals’ tendency to assign less value to remote outcomes and rewards (inversely correlated with delayed gratification). Data analysis was done by linear regression in SPSS V. 22. Results: According to our pooled sample regression, higher family income was associated with lower children delay discounting (Beta=-0.05, P=0.021). We found a significant interaction between family income and ethnicity, suggesting that the association between family income and delay discounting is stronger for Latino compared with non-Latino children (Beta=-0.09, P=0.043). Conclusion: Not all ethnic disparities are due to socioeconomic status gaps. Across diverse social groups, differential returns of socioeconomic status indicators, such as family income, also contribute to ethnic disparities in health.

Download Full-text

Does the Formal Financial Sector Enhance Small Business Employment Generation in Nepal: Evidence from Cross-Sectional Data

Journal of Social Economics Research ◽

10.18488/journal.35.2021.82.155.164 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 155-164

Author(s):

Dipendra Karki ◽

Sushmita Upreti ◽

Udbodh Bhandari ◽

Sharad Rajbhandari ◽

Niranjan Devkota ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Small Business ◽

Small Businesses ◽

Financial Support ◽

Descriptive Analysis ◽

Critical Role ◽

Secondary Data ◽

Financial Sector ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Employment Generation

Small business enterprises are widely recognized as a driving force of economic growth and development in any nation. Empirical evidence has shown that they contribute to job creation, help to alleviate poverty, and increase a nation’s level of productivity. In the exponential increase of small businesses, the role of the financial sector is crucial. This paper aims to identify the role of formal financial support in small business employment generation in Bouddhanath, Kathmandu. The study adopted a descriptive research design. Purposive sampling was used to select 285 business owners. A structured questionnaire was designed to collect their responses. Primary and secondary data was employed to analyze user status. Data analysis was performed with the help of descriptive analysis and a financial support index. The results showed that financial support plays a critical role in the enhancement of the small business sector, allowing businesses to create employment opportunities which further helps to maintain the Nepalese economy. The major challenges to the growth of small businesses in Nepal lie in securing initial funding and overreliance on credit. In addition, the ability to afford quality staff has an equally strong effect on the success of small businesses. Business growth clearly depends on the role of the formal financial sector to achieve the desired outcomes.

Download Full-text