Promoting Women’s Participation in Cross-border Trade in South Asia

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-32
Author(s):  
Talajeh Livani ◽  
Jennifer Solotaroff
Keyword(s):  
South Asia ◽  
Gender Issues ◽  
Policy Recommendations ◽  
Access To Education ◽  
Global Literature ◽  
Trade Facilitation ◽  
Trade Networks ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Women's Participation ◽  
Border Trade

Historically, practitioners and policymakers have overlooked gender issues in the trade space; however, research in recent decades strongly suggests that trade is not gender neutral. Cross-border trade produces changes in employment and prices, and these changes have different effects on women and men. Moreover, because women and men do not have equal access to education, networks, transportation and productive resources, their ability to seize trade-related opportunities differs. General trade barriers, such as deficient infrastructure and cumbersome regulatory and documentary requirements, also have gender-differentiated impacts. Drawing from the global literature, this article proposes policy recommendations to expand the benefits of trade to women in South Asia. The recommendations range from strengthening female-dominated export sectors and implementing trade facilitation measures to increasing women’s access to training, productive resources, information, transportation and trade networks.

scholarly journals Structure Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Cross-Border Electricity Trade: A Complex Network Perspective

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 5797
Author(s):  
Yue Pu ◽  
Yunting Li ◽  
Yingzi Wang
Keyword(s):  
Complex Network ◽  
Industrial Structure ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Trade Network ◽  
Trade Networks ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Electricity Trade ◽  
Border Trade ◽  
The Common

Electricity is one of the most widely used forms of energy. However, environmental pollution from electricity generation and the mismatch between electricity supply and demand have long been bothering economies across the world. Under this background, cross-border electricity trade provides a new direction for sustainable development. Based on the complex network approach, this paper aims to explore the structural characteristics and evolution of cross-border electricity trade networks and to figure out the factors influencing the formation of the network by using the more advanced network analysis method—ERGM. The results show that: (1) The scale of the electricity trade network is expanding, but there are still many economies not involved. (2) The centrality of the network shifts from west to east. The level of internal electricity interconnection is high in Europe, and Asian countries’ coordination role in cross-border electricity trade networks is enhanced. (3) Cross-border electricity trade helps to reduce CO2 emissions, achieve renewable energy transformation, and reduce power supply and demand mismatch. Large gaps in GDP, electricity prices, industrial structure, geographical distance and institutional distance between economies are not conducive to form the cross-border trade network, while the common language is on the contrary.

scholarly journals Gendered Dimensions of Trade: Evidence from Arunachal Pradesh, India

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-96
Author(s):  
Kaushalendra Pratap Singh ◽  
Saumya . ◽  
Chetna K. Rathore
Keyword(s):  
Women Entrepreneurs ◽  
Small And Medium Enterprises ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Arunachal Pradesh ◽  
Formal Sector ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Women's Participation ◽  
Border Trade ◽  
Grassroots Level ◽  
Medium Enterprises

International trade has traditionally played an essential role in driving women-centric economic empowerment. Women’s participation as owners or managers has remained consistently low over the years. In India's case, a previous study conducted by UNDP revealed that women entrepreneurs preferred engaging in informal cross-border business as it was less risky with no tax burdens and their discomfort in dealing with male customs officials (UNDP, 2016). One of the critical limitations of active business engagement is socio-economic and cultural restriction, especially at the grassroots level. The case in Arunachal Pradesh is no different, as the concept of entrepreneurship of women in this field is a relatively recent phenomenon. In Arunachal Pradesh, the market is mainly controlled by women, yet women's participation in small and medium enterprises is less in number. In this context, the current paper discusses the nature of women entrepreneurs’ role in Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) and cross-border trade. It unveils the challenges faced by women entrepreneurs in Arunachal Pradesh and along with industrial and policy-related bottlenecks. The discussion is based on the primary data collected from the women-led/managed/owned MSMEs to study the gender dimensions of trade in Arunachal Pradesh. The findings of the study are that women entrepreneurship primarily gravitates around smaller-sized firms, with most women-led enterprises accounting for micro-enterprises in the formal sector. Like elsewhere in Arunachal Pradesh too, there remain socio-economic and cultural restrictions, especially at the grassroots level. Women lag in terms of awareness about import and export, technology, and dedicated bank accounts. Submitted: 16 October 2020; Revised: 18 March 2021; Accepted: 08 April 2021

scholarly journals Implementation of Customs Advance Ruling (AR) Facility as a Trade Facilitation Measure in Bangladesh: Prospect in Retrospect

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Mohammad Akbar Hossain
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Trade Facilitation ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Doing Business ◽  
Border Trade ◽  
The Future ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Full Swing

The WTO Trade Facilitation Agreement (TFA) and the WCO Revised Kyoto Convention (RKC)have clearly prescribed their Members to implement Advance Ruling (AR) facilities for avoidingdisputes between the Customs authorities and trade communities. If the future disputes can betreated before the arrival of imported or exportable goods at the borders, cross-border trade willbe facilitated reducing the cost and time of both the traders and customs. The developedcountries have been using the AR facilities for a long time to avoid future disputes, while thedeveloping countries are yet to initiate the journey in full swing. Because of the absence of AR,the customs authorities of the developing countries are bogged down in dealing with the courtcases originated from the disputes at the borders. Again, the traders are facing unwanted hasslesat borders that increases time and cost of doing business. Bangladesh implemented Customs ARon tariff classification in 2016. This article endeavors to examine the AR regime of Bangladesh.In particular, it analyzed the context that prompted Bangladesh customs not to implementing ARin its full scope i.e. for valuation, origin, duty drawback, etc. The limited interests of businessestowards Customs AR are also explored in this study. The study finds that the traders are highlybenefited from AR. However, as the AR facilities are given only for classification, and there aresome other platforms for having remedy for classification, the facilities could not attract thetraders as it was expected.

scholarly journals Electricity cooperation in South Asia: Barriers to cross-border trade

Energy Policy ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 120 ◽  
pp. 741-748 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anoop Singh ◽  
Tooraj Jamasb ◽  
Rabindra Nepal ◽  
Michael Toman
Keyword(s):  
South Asia ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Border Trade

scholarly journals Pulled towards the Border: Creating a Disability Identity at the Interstices of Society

2012 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jori De Coster
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
The Body ◽  
Border Crossing ◽  
Border Zone ◽  
Specific Situation ◽  
Trade Networks ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Disability Identity ◽  
Border Trade ◽  
Crossing Point

<p>Borderlands produce flows of people and commodities, but as 'in-between' places they also produce social and cultural hybrids and transformations. Within these cross-border economies, transformations take place on both material and conceptual levels. Thus, the body involved in trade networks in the borderland is subject to different socio-economic and corporeal transformations. As a borderland, Beach Ngobila, the official border crossing point at Kinshasa facing Brazzaville, creates a lot of economic opportunities for the Congolese population. It is a means of cushioning the present political and especially socio-economic situation in D.R. Congo that causes hardship, especially for people with disabilities who belong to the lower end of society. However, Beach Ngobila creates a specific situation: those most marginalized by society are advantaged and successful at the borderland through border trade activities. As a result their participation at the border zone questions the notion of "disability" in modern Congolese society.</p><p>Key words: borderlands, border trade, disability, power, identity</p>

scholarly journals The Role of Selectivity Criteria for Effective Post-clearance Audit (PCA): Bangladesh Perspectives

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 01-25
Author(s):  
Mohammad Akbar Hossain
Keyword(s):  
Reliable Data ◽  
Selection Procedures ◽  
Trade Facilitation ◽  
Economic Competitiveness ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Border Trade ◽  
The World ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Revenue Administration

The Post-clearance Audit (PCA) is being used by the Customs administrations across the world to facilitate trade as well as to reduce revenue evasion. As a limited number of declarations or entities need to be audited, the selectivity criteria for identifying the riskiest ones for conducting PCA is of utmost importance for the effectiveness of audit. A wrong selection for audit will be counterproductive. That is why, this paper will examine how the selectivity criteria impacts the PCA. The WCO and WTO have advised the administrations to utilise the PCA mechanism to enhance cross-border trade. The Revised Kyoto Convention (RKC) of WCO and the Trade Facilitation Agreement (TFA) of WTO have focused on systematic use of PCA rather than examining every imported consignment at the ports. Therefore, the PCA assists the authorities expedite clearance of goods, while, at the same time, ensures plugging leakages and, finally, enhances collection of duties and taxes at the import stage.  Moreover, the PCA also creates opportunities for the authorities to catch tax evaders in future as the results of PCA may further be used for the proper implementation of Risk Management (RM) mechanism. Effective RM helps single out the risky consignments and facilitate clearance of the low risk consignments. So, if the selectivity criteria for PCA are not properly set, both the PCA and RM system will be adversely affected, ultimately paralysing the revenue administration of a country thereby reducing its economic competitiveness. This study will scrutinise the existing selection procedures for PCA with qualitative analysis. Due to lack of availability of reliable data, the author interviewed some of the main stakeholders and the Customs and VAT officials to analyse the mechanism for identifying the loopholes and prospects of the PCA initiative. Furthermore, this paper will not only help the administrations to set the selectivity criteria for PCA, but also assist the administrations to redesign their existing PCA selectivity system.

scholarly journals La ventanilla única nacional para el comercio como la herramienta de la facilitación del comercio

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 108-127
Author(s):  
Víctor Nikiforovich Sidorov ◽  
Elena Víctorovna Sidorova
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Trade Facilitation ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Community System ◽  
Border Trade ◽  
The World ◽  
The One ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Main Model

Trade facilitation is promoting international trade by facilitating the flow of goods and services by reducing the cost and time of cross-border trade transactions and thus eliminating procedural barriers to trade. To achieve this objective, trade facilitation as a diversified concept includes several instruments. One of the main measures that seeks to promote trade facilitation is a single window for trade. The notion and main model of the national single window bases on the Recommendation No. 33 and Guidelines on Establishing a Single Window and the World Trade Organization's Trade Facilitation Agreement. Studies show that the countries realize the application of the single window of different forms and there is no only model of the national single window. In a few countries they created several systems like Port Community System, the customs single window, the maritime single window instead of creating the one national single window. To understand the nature of the national single window it is important to analyze the perspectives and the features of the national single window that distinguishes the single window to other systems in international trade.

Borderlands and border narratives: a longitudinal study of challenges and opportunities for local traders shaped by the Sino-Vietnamese border

2010 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 265-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Turner
Keyword(s):  
Economic Reform ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Reform Era ◽  
Trade Networks ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Border Trade ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
French Colonial ◽  
Border Narratives ◽  
Shed Light

AbstractIn this article I examine the relevance of utilizing a ‘Zomia-like’ approach to interpreting upland livelihoods in the China–Vietnam borderlands, rather than the more commonly employed nation-state lens. I explore the challenges and opportunities presented by the international borderline between the provinces of Yúnnán, southwest China, and Lào Cai, northern Vietnam, for local populations, namely ethnic minorities Kinh (lowland Vietnamese) and Han Chinese. Investigating the creation and solidification of this borderline and border space, I undertake a historical and contemporary analysis of cross-border trade networks. This focuses on two time periods in which global–local linkages have been especially important in directly shaping border negotiations: the French colonial period and the contemporary economic reform era. Present-day border narratives collected in both countries during ethnographic fieldwork with local traders managing important highland commodities shed light on the means by which the borderline and borderland spaces are continuing to shape both prospects and constraints.

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