Misconceptions in NFL Injuries: A Study on the Achilles

Category: Sports, Trauma, Ankle, Achilles Introduction/Purpose: Injuries are an ever-present entity in the National Football League, with recent research highlighting American football with the highest injury incidence among all major sports. A torn Achilles can sideline a player for six to twelve months and reduce their power rankings by over fifty percent. Within Achilles tears, there was a focus on comparing rookie rates to the rest of the players, examining tear rates for different game conditions and studying the day of the week the injury occurred. Due to the impact of the injury and limited research, we sought to examine Achilles tears in the NFL from 2009-2016 to identify trends correlating tears with game and player demographics. Methods: NFL players with a diagnosed Achilles tear between 2009 and 2016 were selected as the study population for this retrospective analysis. Data on NFL injury was collected from an established database, previously comprised of publicly available athlete information. NFL player profiles were then employed to determine position, team and game statistics at time of injury. Injury rates were calculated as a percentage of total league games on Thursdays and Sundays. The proportion of rookies in the NFL was approximated by summing the number of draft picks and the number of signed, undrafted free agents and measured against the total number of roster spots before the commencement of the season. Game surface was discerned at time of injury by consulting a timeline of the field surfaces and cross referencing the date of the game. Game conditions, such as weather and temperature, were discerned from the game logs published on the NFL website. Results: There were 101 documented Achilles tears. Sixty-four percent (65/101) occurred before the official season, in training or pre-season games. Only 1% (1/101) of tears occurring during post-season play-offs. Twenty-nine percent (19/65) of the pre- season tears occurred in rookies and 97% (35/36) of the in-season game tears affected non-rookies. Thirty-six percent (36/101) of all documented tears occurred in undrafted free agents. Of players with Achilles tear, 58.41% (59/101) returned to play in the NFL after injury. Despite an average age of 26.7 years, the tear distribution was bimodal with players, ages 24 and 36, exhibited the highest rates of tear. With regard to tears during games, 43.18% occurred on grass and 56.82% occurred on turf. These values mirror their field representation in games. The average game temperature was 67.04 degrees Fahrenheit with wide stratification (range: 1-91 degrees). When examining rate of tears for players during away versus home games, there was not a significant difference of note; of the 45 in-game tears, 21 (46.67%) occurred in home games and 24 (53.33%) during away games. Conclusion: In our focused analysis of the Achilles in NFL athletes, we show no significant difference in tear rates when comparing grass and artificial turf surfaces and in comparing Thursday and Sunday games. When reviewing experience level, a large percent of the tears occurred in rookie players, especially during the pre-season, despite these players making up less than a quarter of the athletes. We also show that tears were not restricted to certain weather conditions. When analyzing career length post tear, most players that returned to play continued to perform at a high level. This challenges the perception of AT tear as a career-ending injury.

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Prevalence and Impact of Hip Arthroscopic Surgery on Future Participation in Elite American Football Athletes

Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine ◽

10.1177/2325967117752307 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 232596711775230 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Derrick M. Knapik ◽

Joe Sheehan ◽

Shane J. Nho ◽

James E. Voos ◽

Michael J. Salata

Keyword(s):

National Football League ◽

Arthroscopic Surgery ◽

American Football ◽

Current Status ◽

Level Of Evidence ◽

Labral Tears ◽

Significant Difference ◽

History Of ◽

Not At Risk ◽

The Impact

Background: Intra-articular injuries to the hip in elite athletes represent a source of significant pain and disability. Hip arthroscopic surgery has become the gold standard for the treatment of disorders involving the hip joint. Purpose: To examine the incidence of and abnormalities treated with hip arthroscopic surgery as well as the impact on future participation in American football athletes invited to the National Football League (NFL) Scouting Combine with a history of hip arthroscopic surgery. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Athletes invited to the NFL Combine from 2012 to 2015 were evaluated for a history of hip arthroscopic surgery. Athlete demographics, imaging findings, and physical examination results were gathered using the NFL Combine database. Information on prospective participation in the NFL with regard to draft status, games played, games started, and current status was gathered using publicly available databases and compared against all other athletes participating in the combine. Results: Fourteen athletes (15 hips) had a history of arthroscopic hip surgery. Acetabular labral tears were treated in 93% (14 hips), with femoroacetabular impingement decompression performed in 33% (5 hips). Compared with athletes who had no history of hip arthroscopic surgery, those undergoing arthroscopic surgery did not possess a lower likelihood of being drafted (66% vs 71%, respectively; P = .78) or of being on an active roster (52% vs 43%, respectively; P = .44) after their first season in the NFL. Moreover, there was no significant difference in the number of regular-season games played (10.9 ± 4.8 with arthroscopic surgery vs 11.0 ± 5.1 without; P = .96) or started (7.0 ± 3.6 with arthroscopic surgery vs 7.1 ± 5.3 without; P = .98). Conclusion: American football athletes invited to the NFL Combine with a history of hip arthroscopic surgery were not at risk for diminished participation when compared with all other athletes during their first season in the NFL.

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The Effect of Thursday Night Games on In-Game Injury Rates in the National Football League

The American Journal of Sports Medicine ◽

10.1177/0363546520919989 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 48 (8) ◽

pp. 1999-2003

Author(s):

Jose R. Perez ◽

Jonathan Burke ◽

Abdul K. Zalikha ◽

Dhanur Damodar ◽

Joseph S. Geller ◽

...

Keyword(s):

National Football League ◽

Negative Binomial ◽

Epidemiologic Study ◽

Rest Period ◽

Future Research ◽

Injury Incidence ◽

Injury Rates ◽

Rest Periods ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Team Game

Background: Although claims of increased injury rates with Thursday night National Football League (NFL) games exist, a paucity of data exist substantiating these claims. Purpose: To evaluate the effect of rest between games on in-game injury rates as it pertains to overall injury incidence, location, and player position. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiologic study. Methods: Data were obtained from official NFL game books for regular season games from all 32 teams for the 2013-2016 seasons. All in-game injuries recorded in official game books were included. Rest periods between games were classified as short (4 days), regular (6-8 days), or long (≥10 days). Overall observed injury rates per team-game were analyzed in relation to different rest periods using negative binomial regression. For results with significant overall findings, pairwise comparisons were tested using the Wald chi-square test. Exploratory secondary analyses were performed in a similar fashion to assess differences in injury rates for the different rest periods when stratified by anatomic location and player position. Results: A total of 2846 injuries were identified throughout the 4 seasons. There was an overall significant difference in injuries per team-game between short, regular, and long rest ( P = .01). With short rest, an observed mean of 1.26 injuries per game (95% CI, 1.06-1.49) was significantly different from the 1.53 observed injuries per game with regular rest (95% CI, 1.46-1.60; P = .03), but not compared with the 1.34 observed injuries per game with long rest ( P = .56). For player position, only the tight end, linebacker, and fullback group demonstrated significant differences between the injury rates for different rest categories. Quarterback was the only position with more injuries during games played on Thursday compared with both regular and long rest. This specific analysis was underpowered and the difference was not significant ( P = .08). No differences were found regarding injury rates in correlation with differences in rest periods with different injury locations. Conclusion: A short rest period between games is not associated with increased rates of observed injuries reported in NFL game books; rather, our data suggest there are significantly fewer injuries for Thursday night games compared with games played on regular rest. Future research correlating rest and quarterback injury rates is warranted.

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Pooling analysis regarding the impact of human vitamin D receptor variants on the odds of psoriasis

BMC Medical Genetics ◽

10.1186/s12881-019-0896-6 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Juan Li ◽

Li Sun ◽

Jinghui Sun ◽

Min Yan

Keyword(s):

Vitamin D ◽

Vitamin D Receptor ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Genetic Effect ◽

Analysis Data ◽

Case Control ◽

Case Control Studies ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Meta Analyses ◽

The Impact

Abstract Background The study aims at scientifically investigating the genetic effect of four polymorphisms (rs7975232, rs1544410, rs2228570, and rs731236) within the human Vitamin D Receptor (VDR) gene on the odds of psoriasis through an updated meta-analysis. Methods We searched eight databases and screened the studies for pooling. Finally, a total of eighteen eligible case-control studies were included. BH (Benjamini & Hochberg) adjusted P-values of association (Passociation) and odd ratios (ORs) with the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated under the allele, homozygote, heterozygote, dominant, recessive, and carrier models. Results Compared with the negative controls, no statistically significant difference in the odds of psoriasis was detected for the cases under any genetic models (BH adjusted Passociation > 0.05). We also performed subgroup meta-analyses by the source of controls, ethnicity, country, Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, and genotyping method. Similar results were observed in most subgroup meta-analyses (BH adjusted Passociation > 0.05). Besides, data of Begg’s and Egger’s tests excluded the significant publication bias; while the sensitivity analysis data further indicated the statistical reliability of our pooling results. Conclusion The currently available data fails to support a robust association between VDR rs7975232, rs1544410, rs2228570 and rs731236 polymorphisms and psoriasis susceptibility, which still required the support of more case-control studies.

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Analysis of Covid-19 Impact on Stock’s Abnormal Return in Sub Cigarette Sector Companies Listed on BEI

Journal of Social Transformation and Regional Development ◽

10.30880/jstard.2021.03.01.010 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 03 (01) ◽

Author(s):

May Mulyaningsih ◽

◽

Sri Hartini Sri Hartini ◽

Resta Anggraeni ◽

Denis Putra Mahendra ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Stock Price ◽

Abnormal Return ◽

Stock Exchange ◽

Hypothesis Test ◽

Abnormal Returns ◽

Secondary Data ◽

Analysis Data ◽

Test Analysis ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Impact

Covid-19 is an international pandemic that has paralyzed the national economic sector. This study aims to analyze the impact of Covid-19 on stock’s abnormal return in cigarette sub sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in the January to May 2020 period. The population of this study is 5 cigarette sub sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2020. The research sample selection uses census method so as to obtain 5 sample companies with an observation period of 5 months (January to May 2020). Secondary data in this study regarding stock’s abnormal returns with actual return and market return proxies. Data obtained from the company's daily stock price and composite stock price index. Descriptive statistical analysis, data normality test analysis and hypothesis test analysis are processed using SPSS 25. Statistical test with paired sample t test showed no significant difference in abnormal return between the period of 52 days before and when WFH with a significant level of 95% (α = 0.05). From the SPSS test results it is known that the significance value obtained is equal to 0.911. When compared with the significance value that has been set. The value is greater (α> 0.05). So H1 which states there are differences in stock’s abnormal returns before and during the WFH Covid-19 is rejected.

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Impact Of Nile Perch (Lates Niloticus) Overfishing On Technical Efficiency Of Fishers In Lake Victoria Tanzania

10.21203/rs.3.rs-29034/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Eliaza Mkuna ◽

Lloyd JS Baiyegunhi

Keyword(s):

Technical Efficiency ◽

Lake Victoria ◽

Mesh Size ◽

Nile Perch ◽

Data Envelopment ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Landing Sites ◽

High Level ◽

The Impact ◽

Significant Factors

Abstract Lake Victoria fishery activities are of crucial economic importance to the communities around East Africa as they support the majority of fishers specifically through Nile perch fishing. As a consequence, increasing fishing pressure had also led to overfishing. This study employed the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and Propensity Score Matching (PSM) techniques to assess the impact of Nile perch overfishing on technical efficiency of fishers based on a survey of 268 fishers across 10 landing sites in Lake Victoria, Tanzania. Results from the DEA show that, overall Nile perch fishers have average technical efficiency of 30% which indicates a high level of inefficiency. Specifically, there is no statistically significant difference in the technical efficiencies for Nile perch fishers who are overfishing and those who are not overfishing due to fisher’s mobility across the Lake. In addition, mode of propulsion and being a member of fishery organization were found to be statistically significant factors influencing inefficiency of Nile perch fishers. Furthermore, results from the probit estimates of the PSM show that being a member of fishery organization, quantity of Nile perch harvested per trip, age of a fishing vessel (boat), the gillnet mesh size and cost of fishing inputs have statistically significant effect in influencing the probability of Nile perch overfishing. However, further result indicates that Nile perch overfishing do not have statistically significant impact on fisher’s technical efficiency. Therefore, this study recommends a need to monitor and formalize fisher’s mobility as one of the alternative for co-management of the Lake. Also, overfishing can be controlled without necessarily affecting technical efficiency of Nile perch fishers through training and access to proper fishing gears.

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Impact of SARS-CoV-2 pandemic on bariatric patients in Podlaskie Voivodeship in Poland

Polish Journal of Surgery ◽

10.5604/01.3001.0014.9622 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 93 (6) ◽

pp. 1-5

Author(s):

Agnieszka Popławska ◽

Joanna Jamiołkowska ◽

Paulina Woźniewska ◽

Krzysztof Drygalski ◽

Urszula Kościuczuk ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mean Value ◽

Demographic Characteristics ◽

Bariatric Procedure ◽

First Case ◽

Risk Of Mortality ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Bariatric Patients ◽

The Mean ◽

High Level ◽

The Impact

Background: The first case of COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019) in Poland was reported on March 4th, 2020 and resulted in cancellation of bariatric procedures during the lockdown in Poland. The lockdown caused difficult access to all means of medical care. The study was conducted show the impact of SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus) pandemic on bariatric patients’ status in one of Polish regions. Methods: The survey was designed and distributed to bariatric patients. The questionnaire was divided into two parts: demographic characteristics of participants and part concerned the impact of the pandemic on bariatric patients. Results: 116 bariatric patients participated in the survey. 109 of them (94%) reported at least one accompanying disease. The mean value of the willingness to perform the bariatric procedure among women it was 8.8 (±2.2 SD) and men 8.5 (±2.3 SD). The mean value of the impact of SARS-CoV-2 pandemic on the willingness to perform the bariatric in the group of women was 3.0 (±3.0 SD) and in the group of men - 3.2 (±3.0 SD). Statistical analysis shows that there is no statistically significant difference between those date. Conclusions: Despite the pandemic and higher risk of mortality and complications after COVID-19 infection, bariatric patients declare the high level of willingness to perform the bariatric procedure and the impact of SARS-CoV-2 pandemic does not play an important role in a process of deciding to undergo the bariatric procedure. Delay of surgery can significantly increase the disease load in these patients, so cancelling or postponing treatment is not advisable.

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The Impact of Aggressive Driving Behavior on Driver-Injury Severity at Highway-Rail Grade Crossings Accidents

Journal of Advanced Transportation ◽

10.1155/2018/9841498 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-10 ◽

Cited By ~ 64

Author(s):

Changxi Ma ◽

Wei Hao ◽

Wang Xiang ◽

Wei Yan

Keyword(s):

Open Space ◽

Injury Severity ◽

Mixed Logit ◽

Weather Conditions ◽

Driving Behavior ◽

Aggressive Driving ◽

Driving Behaviors ◽

Grade Crossings ◽

High Level ◽

The Impact

The effect of aggressive driving behavior on driver’s injury severity is analyzed by considering a comprehensive set of variables at highway-rail grade crossings in the US. In doing so, we are able to use a mixed logit modelling approach; the study explores the determinants of driver-injury severity with and without aggressive driving behaviors at highway-rail grade crossings. Significant differences exist between drivers’ injury severity with and without aggressive driving behaviors at highway-rail grade crossings. The level of injury for younger male drivers increases a lot if they are with aggressive driving behavior. In addition, driving during peak-hour is found to be a statistically significant predictor of high level injury severity with aggressive driving behavior. Moreover, environmental factors are also found to be statistically significant. The increased level of injury severity accidents happened for drivers with aggressive driving behavior in the morning peak (6-9 am), and the probability of fatality increases in both snow and fog condition. Driving in open space area is also found to be a significant factor of high level injury severity with aggressive driving behaviors. Bad weather conditions are found to increase the probability of drivers’ high level injury severity for drivers with aggressive driving behaviors.

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Multi-model comparison of urban heat island modelling approaches

10.5194/acp-2018-3 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Jan Karlický ◽

Peter Huszár ◽

Tomáš Halenka ◽

Michal Belda ◽

Michal Žák ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Wind Speed ◽

Urban Heat Island ◽

Urban Environment ◽

Model Comparison ◽

Urban Climate ◽

Weather Conditions ◽

Heat Island ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Urban Heat ◽

The Impact

Abstract. Cities are characterized by different physical properties of surface compared to their rural counterparts, resulting in specific regime of the meteorological phenomenon. Our study aims to evaluate the impact of typical urban surfaces on the central-European urban climate in several model simulations, performed with the WRF and RegCM models. The specific processes occurring in the typical urban environment are described in the models by various types of urban parametrizations, greatly differing in complexity. Our results show that all models and urban parametrizations are able to reproduce the most typical urban effect, the summer evening and nocturnal Urban Heat Island, with the average magnitude of 2–3 °C. The impact of cities on the wind is clearly dependent on the urban parametrization employed, with more simple ones unable to fully capture the wind speed reduction induced by the city. In the summer, a significant difference in the boundary layer height (about 25 %) between models is detected. The urban induced changes of temperature and wind speed are propagated into higher altitudes up to 2 km, with a decreasing tendency of their magnitudes. With the exception of the summer daytime, the urban environment improves the weather conditions a little with regard to the pollutant dispersion, which could lead to the partly decreased concentration of the primary pollutants.

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The impact of the 2013 rule changes on gripping configuration in high-level judo athletes

Annales Kinesiologiae ◽

10.35469/ak.2019.195 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 3-13

Author(s):

Nemanja Stanković ◽

Nikola Milošević ◽

Mladen Živković

Keyword(s):

Chi Square ◽

Partial Difference ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Rule Changes ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

Judo Athletes ◽

The Difference ◽

High Level ◽

Short Time ◽

The Impact

Purpose: International Judo Federation introduced a set of new rules in a short time period (2009 − 2013). The aim of this research is to determine how the rule modification influences the gripping configurations used by elite male judo athletes. Methods: The sample contained 280 combats from the 2011 and 2014 World Championships. All the effective and ineffective throw attempts with related gripping configurations were registered. The Chi-square test was used to determine the difference between frequencies, along with Z-test for calculating the partial difference. Results: A total of 1707 actions and gripping configurations were registered. The Chi-square test showed that there is a significant difference in the usage of gripping configurations between the two championships (χ2=32,8; sig<0,001). The Z-test showed a significant increase in the usage of kenka-yotsu and ai-yotsu, and a significant decrease in the usage of central grip, cross grip and situations where only tori has established a grip. The difference in the usage of the same side grip was not detected. Conclusion: The recommendation for coaches is to reduce the use of all other gripping configurations except kenka-yotsu and ai-yotsu when practicing techniques, especially unorthodox gripping like the cross grip and the same side grip.

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INFLUENCE OF THE QUANTITY OF TECHNOLOGICAL OPERATIONS FOR THE PROCESSING OF LYCERNY IN THE CUTTING ON ITS CHEMICAL COMPOSITION

ENGINEERING, ENERGY, TRANSPORT AIC ◽

10.37128/2520-6168-2020-1-3 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 22-28

Author(s):

Yuri Zhurenko

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Nutritional Value ◽

Weather Conditions ◽

Nutrient Content ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

Carotene Content ◽

Significant Difference ◽

High Nutrient ◽

Working Bodies ◽

The Impact

The chemical composition and nutritional value of alfalfa hay are influenced by: climatic conditions, soils, phase of development in the period of mowing mass, variety, technology of cultivation and harvesting, etc. Hay harvesting is associated with high nutrient losses due to leaf loss and inflorescence or significant energy consumption for artificial drying. Mechanical losses often exceed 40% or more, with more than half of them occurring in the field operations: mowing, flattening, stirring, raking and weight gain. The question of the impact of the multiplicity of technological operations on the processing of the roll by elastic working bodies when harvesting hay from alfalfa on the chemical composition has not been sufficiently studied, which was the purpose of the research.Field technological experiments were carried out on pure crops of alfalfa of the blue Vinnychanka variety in different weather conditions. The results obtained by us in the field technological experiments show that the multiplicity of cultivation of the roll in the process of harvesting alfalfa for hay and weather conditions to some extent affect its quality and nutrient content in it. Thus, the protein content in the initial mass (first experiment) was 15.61, in the hay prepared without the use of roll processing - 13.43, using a single treatment - 14.81, twice - 13.69 and three times 13.65% in dry matter.According to the results of the research, it was found that the hay harvested using single roll processing had the highest carotene content in natural mass - 32.4 mg / kg in the first and 30.4 mg / kg in the second experiments.No significant difference in the variants of experiments was observed in the content of ash and minerals, calcium and phosphorus. By all indicators of nutrient content, the technology of hay harvesting with the use of one-time processing of the roll per day was the best.

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