The Prevalence of Hallux Rigidus and its Risk Factors

Category: Midfoot/Forefoot Introduction/Purpose: Hallux rigidus (HR) is known as osteoarthritis of the first metatarsophalangeal joint (MPJ). The radiographical findings of HR are characterized by joint space narrowing, osteophytic lipping of the metatarsal head and proximal phalanx and sesamoid hypertrophy. HR is not so rare in daily medical practice, but its prevalence and risk factors are not completely understood. The purpose of this cross-sectional study, using a population-sample from Japan, is to investigate the prevalence of HR and its risk factors among Japanese community dwellers. Methods: In this study, we analyzed the cohort studies in 2009, 2011, 2013 and 2015 covering the elderly (=50 years). We excluded the participants with hallux valgus (HV) because it is difficult to distinguish HR from HV completely. Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) was scored according to the Kellgren-Lawrence grading system and was defined as grade=2. HR was scored according to the Hattrup and Johnson classification and was defined as grade=1. Continuous and categorical variables were compared using the t-test and chi-square test, respectively. The logistic regression model was used to examine the relationship between predictor variables and HR. The Cochran-Armitage trend test was used to examine the relationships between the presence or absence of HR and the severity of KOA in a linear trend. All p values presented are two-sided and p values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: A total of 416 (171 men, 245 women) participants fulfilled this study criterion. The prevalence of HR was 17.8%. The rate of grade0, grade1, grade2, and grade3 of HR were 82.2%, 10.1%, 6.7%, and 0.96%, respectively. Univariate analysis revealed age (=65), KOA, and Gout Attack (GA) were significantly associated with HR (Table 1). In addition, they were confirmed as independent risk factors of HR in the multivariate analysis. All parameters were significantly associated with HR. The odds ratio of age, KOA, and GA were 2.46, 1.83, and 4.87, respectively (p <0.05). KOA severity is significantly associated with the presence or absence of HR (p <0.05). Conclusion: While previous reports have demonstrated a higher prevalence of HR (27.2-44.4%), HV was not excluded in that study. To achieve the accurate evaluation, we examined the epidemiology and prevalence of HR among participants without HV. HR prevalence in the elderly (=50 years) was 17.8%. Although multifactorial risk factors have been proposed in the literature, our study revealed that age (=65), KOA, and GA were the independent risk factors for HR. KOA severity was associated with the presence or absence of HR.

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Hallux Rigidus: Prevalence and Risk Factors

10.21203/rs.3.rs-536672/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Yoshiyuki Senga ◽

Akinobu Nishimura ◽

Naoya Ito ◽

Yukie Kitaura ◽

Akihiro Sudo

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Multivariate Analysis ◽

Univariate Analysis ◽

Metatarsophalangeal Joint ◽

The Elderly ◽

Hallux Rigidus ◽

Degenerative Arthritis ◽

First Metatarsophalangeal Joint ◽

Independent Risk Factors ◽

Overall Ratio

Abstract Background: Hallux rigidus (HR) is a common degenerative arthritis of the first metatarsophalangeal joint. However, the epidemiology and risk factors of this pathology have yet to be clarified.Methods: This cohort study estimated the prevalence of and clarified risk factors for radiographic HR in individuals over 50 years old.Results: The prevalence of HR was 26.7% (161/604). Rates of grade 0, 1, 2, and 3 HR according to the Hattrup and Johnson classification were 73.3% (443/604), 16.4% (99/604), 8.0% (48/604), and 2.3% (14/604), respectively. Overall ratio of symptomatic HR was 8.1%. Univariate analysis revealed knee osteoarthritis (KOA), gout attack (GA), and hallux valgus (HV) as significantly associated with HR. The same factors were confirmed as independent risk factors for HR in multivariate analysis. All parameters were significantly associated with HR. Odds ratios of KOA, HV, and GA for HR were 1.73, 3.98, and 3.86, respectively. The presence or absence of KOA was significantly associated with severity of HR.Conclusion: Our study revealed the prevalence of HR in the elderly (≥50 years) was 26.7%, and KOA, HV, and GA were independent risk factors for HR. KOA was associated with severity of HR.

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Prevalence of and risk factors for hallux rigidus: a cross-sectional study in Japan

BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders ◽

10.1186/s12891-021-04666-y ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Yoshiyuki Senga ◽

Akinobu Nishimura ◽

Naoya Ito ◽

Yukie Kitaura ◽

Akihiro Sudo

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Univariate Analysis ◽

Metatarsophalangeal Joint ◽

The Elderly ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Hallux Rigidus ◽

Trend Test ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

First Metatarsophalangeal Joint ◽

Independent Risk Factors

Abstract Background Hallux rigidus (HR) is a common osteoarthritis of the first metatarsophalangeal joint. However, the epidemiology and risk factors of this pathology have yet to be clarified. Methods We have been conducting cohort studies among individuals over 50 years old every 2 years since 1997. This study analyzed data from the 7th to 10th checkups in 2009, 2011, 2013, and 2015. We investigated the prevalence of HR and its risk factors in a total of 604 individuals (mean age, 67.1 ± 6.4 years; 208 men, 396 women). Radiographic HR was defined as Hattrup and Johnson classification grade 1 or higher. Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) was scored according to the Kellgren-Lawrence grading system. Radiographic KOA was defined as grade 2 or higher. Cases with a hallux valgus (HV) angle of 20° or higher were defined as showing HV. Statistical analyses were performed using the Kruskal-Wallis test, Fisher’s exact test, logistic regression modeling, and the Cochran-Armitage trend test. All p-values presented are two-sided and values of p < .05 were considered statistically significant. Results The prevalence of HR was 26.7% (161/604). Rates of grade 0, 1, 2, and 3 HR according to the Hattrup and Johnson classification were 73.3% (443/604), 16.4% (99/604), 8.0% (48/604), and 2.3% (14/604), respectively. Overall ratio of symptomatic HR was 8.1%. Univariate analysis revealed KOA, gout attack (GA), and HV as significantly associated with HR. The same factors were confirmed as independent risk factors for HR in multivariate analysis. All parameters were significantly associated with HR. Odds ratios of KOA, HV, and GA for HR were 1.73, 3.98, and 3.86, respectively. The presence or absence of KOA was significantly associated with severity of HR. Conclusions This study revealed that the prevalence of HR in the elderly (≥50 years) was 26.7%. KOA, HV, and GA were independent risk factors for HR. KOA was associated with severity of HR.

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Risk factors for cholesterol polyp formation in the gallbladder are closely related to lipid metabolism

Lipids in Health and Disease ◽

10.1186/s12944-021-01452-6 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Zhihao Yu ◽

Changlin Yang ◽

Xuesong Bai ◽

Guibin Yao ◽

Xia Qian ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Low Density Lipoprotein ◽

Univariate Analysis ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

High Volume ◽

Population Characteristics ◽

Polyp Formation ◽

Logistic Analysis ◽

Cholesterol Polyp ◽

Independent Risk Factors

Abstract Background The purpose of this study was to assess the risk factors for cholesterol polyp formation in the gallbladder. Methods This was a multicenter retrospective study based on pathology. From January 2016 to December 2019, patients who underwent cholecystectomy and non-polyp participants confirmed by continuous ultrasound follow-ups were reviewed. Patients in the cholesterol polyp group were recruited from three high-volume centers with a diagnosis of pathologically confirmed cholesterol polyps larger than 10 mm. Population characteristics and medical data were collected within 24 h of admission before surgery. The non-polyp group included participants from the hospital physical examination center database. They had at least two ultrasound examinations with an interval longer than 180 days. Data from the final follow-up of the non-polyp group were analyzed. The risk factors for cholesterol polyp formation were analyzed by comparing the two groups. Results A total of 4714 participants were recruited, including 376 cholesterol polyp patients and 4338 non-polyp participants. In univariate analysis, clinical risk factors for cholesterol polyps were age, male sex, higher body mass index (BMI), higher low-density lipoprotein (LDL), lower high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and higher aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels. In multivariate logistic analysis, independent risk factors were age > 50 years (odds ratio [OR] = 3.02, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.33–3.91, P < 0.001], LDL > 2.89 mmol/L (OR = 1.38, 95% CI 1.08–1.78, P = 0.011), lower HDL (OR = 1.78 95% CI 1.32–2.44, P < 0.001), AST > 40 IU/L (OR = 3.55, 95% CI 2.07–6.07, P < 0.001), and BMI > 25 kg/m 2 (OR = 1.32, 95% CI 1.01–1.72, P = 0.037). Conclusions Age, LDL, HDL, AST, and BMI are strong risk factors for cholesterol polyp formation. Older overweight patients with polyps, accompanied by abnormal lipid levels, are at high risk for cholesterol polyps.

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Risk Factors for Non-union in First MTPJ Arthrodesis

Foot & Ankle Orthopaedics ◽

10.1177/2473011418s00356 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 3 (3) ◽

pp. 2473011418S0035 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Andrew Molloy ◽

Clifford Butcher ◽

Lyndon Mason

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Relative Risk ◽

Hallux Valgus ◽

Locking Plate ◽

Univariate Analysis ◽

Dorsal Plate ◽

First Metatarsophalangeal Joint ◽

Non Union ◽

Severe Hallux Valgus

Category: Midfoot/Forefoot Introduction/Purpose: Hallux rigidus occurs in up to 1 in 40 adults with 1st MTPJ arthrodesis being the gold standard operation for advanced disease. Our aim was to retrospectively identify risk factors for delayed / non-union of first metatarsophalangeal joint arthrodesis using a dorsal plate with cross screw. Methods: Case note and radiograph analysis was performed for operations between April 2014 and April 2016 with at least 6 months post-operative follow up. Union was defined as bridging bone across the fusion site on AP and lateral radiographic views with no movement or pain at the MTPJ on examination. All patients operations were performed or directly supervised by one of three fellowship trained consultant foot surgeons. Surgery was performed through a dorsal approach using a dorsal locking plate with compression screw. Blinded preoperative AP radiographs were analysed for the presence of a severe hallux valgus angle equal to or above 40 degrees. Intra-observer reliability was acceptable (95% CI: 1.6-2.3 degrees). Smoking and co-morbidities underwent univariate analysis for significance. Following initial result results, surgery in patients with arthritic hallux valgus were fixed using a separate plantar to dorsal / medial to lateral lag screw and dorsal locking plate Results: 71 patients with a mean age of 61 years (range, 29 to 81) comprised the initial patient group. Mean follow up time was 13 months for both union and nonunion groups (range 6 to 30 months). 7 patients were identified as delayed or nonunion (9.9%). All had hallux valgus angles of >25%. Age, diabetes, COPD and rheumatoid arthritis did not show significant associations with non-union. All smokers progressed to union (n = 17). Moderate to severe hallux valgus (relative risk: 1.29, p < 0.005) and under correction of >25 valgus at the MTPJ (relative risk: 14.44, p < 0.001) were significantly associated with non/delayed union. In the second group, 18 patients of similar demographics, there were no failure of reductions and 100% union rate Conclusion: Preoperative moderate to severe hallux valgus and under-correction of deformity are the most significant risk factors for non-union. The construct used for fixation needs to be chosen on the basis of the deforming forces. If so, excellent union rates can be achieved

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Physiological and psychological factors associated with onset of high-altitude headache in Chinese men upon acute high-altitude exposure at 3700 m

Cephalalgia ◽

10.1177/0333102416646761 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 37 (4) ◽

pp. 336-347 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Wen-Yun Guo ◽

Shi-Zhu Bian ◽

Ji-Hang Zhang ◽

Qian-ning Li ◽

Jie Yu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

High Altitude ◽

Mood State ◽

Physical Work ◽

Internal Diameter ◽

Physical Work Capacity ◽

P Values ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Diastolic Velocity ◽

Independent Risk Factors

Aim We aimed to identify clinical characteristics and risk factors associated with onset of high-altitude headache (HAH) after acute exposure at 3700 m. Method In two hours, 163 individuals ascended by plane to 3700 m. Demographic information, physiological and psychological measurements, cognitive function, physical work capacity tests and profile of mood states within one week prior to the departure and within 24 hours after arrival were examined. Results HAH patients featured significantly higher vertebral artery diastolic velocity (Vd), heart rate (HR) and pulmonary artery diameter. HAH was also associated with a more negative mood state, including scores for tension anxiety, depression, hostility, fatigue and confusion, as well as lower vigor (all p values <0.05). Furthermore, negative emotions were positively related to HAH severity. HAH slightly decreased cognitive functioning. HR, Vd, lack of vigor, confusion and self-reported anxiety (all p values <0.05) were independent risk factors for HAH. We have identified three independent baseline predictors for HAH including internal diameter of the left ventricle (LVD), Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS) and confusion score. Conclusions Higher HR, Vd, confusion and self-reported anxiety and insufficient vigor were independent risk factors for HAH. Furthermore, higher baseline LVD, AIS and confusion score are independent predictors of HAH.

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Development of Predictive Nomograms for Clinical Use to Quantify the Risk of Amputation in Patients with Diabetic Foot Ulcer

Journal of Diabetes Research ◽

10.1155/2021/6621035 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-9

Author(s):

Bocheng Peng ◽

Rui Min ◽

Yiqin Liao ◽

Aixi Yu

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Regression Analysis ◽

Prediction Model ◽

Predictive Factors ◽

Diabetic Foot ◽

Univariate Analysis ◽

Foot Ulcer ◽

Diabetic Foot Ulcer ◽

Single Factor ◽

Independent Risk Factors

Objective. To determine the novel proposed nomogram model accuracy in the prediction of the lower-extremity amputations (LEA) risk in diabetic foot ulcer (DFU). Methods and Materials. In this retrospective study, data of 125 patients with diabetic foot ulcer who met the research criteria in Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University from January 2015 to December 2019 were collected by filling in the clinical investigation case report form. Firstly, univariate analysis was used to find the primary predictive factors of amputation in patients with diabetic foot ulcer. Secondly, single factor and multiple factor logistic regression analysis were employed to screen the independent influencing factors of amputation introducing the primary predictive factors selected from the univariate analysis. Thirdly, the independent influencing factors were applied to build a prediction model of amputation risk in patients with diabetic foot ulcer by using R4.3; then, the nomogram was established according to the selected variables visually. Finally, the performance of the prediction model was evaluated and verified by receiver working characteristic (ROC) curve, corrected calibration curve, and clinical decision curve. Results. 7 primary predictive factors were selected by univariate analysis from 21 variables, including the course of diabetes, peripheral angiopathy of diabetic (PAD), glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), white blood cells (WBC), albumin (ALB), blood uric acid (BUA), and fibrinogen (FIB); single factor logistic regression analysis showed that albumin was a protective factor for amputation in patients with diabetic foot ulcer, and the other six factors were risk factors. Multivariate logical regression analysis illustrated that only five factors (the course of diabetes, PAD, HbA1c, WBC, and FIB) were independent risk factors for amputation in patients with diabetic foot ulcer. According to the area under curve (AUC) of ROC was 0.876 and corrected calibration curve of the nomogram displayed good fitting ability, the model established by these 5 independent risk factors exhibited good ability to predict the risk of amputation. The decision analysis curve (DCA) indicated that the nomogram model was more practical and accurate when the risk threshold was between 6% and 91%. Conclusion. Our novel proposed nomogram showed that the course of diabetes, PAD, HbA1c, WBC, and FIB are the independent risk factors of amputation in patients with DFU. This prediction model was well developed and behaved a great accurate value for LEA so as to provide a useful tool for screening LEA risk and preventing DFU from developing into amputation.

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Factors Affecting Patients with Concurrent Deep Neck Infection and Acute Epiglottitis

Diagnostics ◽

10.3390/diagnostics12010029 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 29

Author(s):

Chia-Ying Ho ◽

Yu-Chien Wang ◽

Shy-Chyi Chin ◽

Shih-Lung Chen

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Airway Obstruction ◽

Parapharyngeal Space ◽

Univariate Analysis ◽

Significant Risk ◽

Deep Neck Infection ◽

Acute Epiglottitis ◽

Neck Infection ◽

Submandibular Space ◽

Independent Risk Factors

Deep neck infection (DNI) is a serious disease of deep neck spaces that can lead to morbidities and mortality. Acute epiglottitis (AE) is a severe infection of the epiglottis, which can lead to airway obstruction. However, there have been no studies of risk factors in patients with concurrent DNI and AE. This study was performed to investigate this issue. A total of 502 subjects with DNI were enrolled in the study between June 2016 and August 2021. Among these patients, 30 had concurrent DNI and AE. The relevant clinical variables were assessed. In a univariate analysis, involvement of the parapharyngeal space (OR = 21.50, 95% CI: 2.905–158.7, p < 0.001) and involvement of the submandibular space (OR = 2.064, 95% CI: 0.961–4.434, p < 0.001) were significant risk factors for concurrent DNI and AE. In a multivariate analysis, involvement of the parapharyngeal space (OR = 23.69, 95% CI: 3.187–175.4, p = 0.002) and involvement of the submandibular space (OR = 2.465, 95% CI: 1.131–5.375, p < 0.023) were independent risk factors for patients with concurrent DNI and AE. There were no differences in pathogens, therapeutic managements (tracheostomy, intubation, surgical drainage), or hospital staying period between the 30 patients with concurrent DNI and AE and the 472 patients with DNI alone (all p > 0.05). However, we believe it is significant that DNI and AE are concurrent because both DNI and AE potentially cause airway obstruction, and concurrence of these two diseases make airway protection more difficult. The infections in critical spaces may cause the coincidence of these two diseases. Involvement of the parapharyngeal space and involvement of the submandibular space were independent risk factors associated with concurrent DNI and AE. There were no differences in pathogens between the concurrent DNI and AE group and the DNI alone group.

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Respiratory complications in the early post-operative period following elective craniotomies

Journal of Neuroanaesthesiology and Critical Care ◽

10.4103/2348-0548.154236 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 02 (02) ◽

pp. 114-120

Author(s):

Sachidanand Bharati ◽

Mihir Pandia ◽

Girija Rath ◽

Parmod Bithal ◽

Hari Dash

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Blood Transfusion ◽

Ventilatory Support ◽

Categorical Variables ◽

Respiratory Complications ◽

Chi Square ◽

Post Operative Period ◽

Intraoperative Period ◽

Independent Risk Factors ◽

Associated Risk Factors

Abstract Background and Aims: Respiratory complications are of major concern after intracranial procedures. The objective of the study was to assess the incidence of respiratory complications in the initial 72 hours after elective craniotomies and to identify the associated risk factors. Materials and Methods: Patients undergoing elective craniotomies were studied prospectively. Information pertinent to history, physical examinations, investigation reports, perioperative events and outcome at discharge of the patients were recorded. Occurrence of any sign or symptom of respiratory system, need for reintubation/increased ventilatory support within 72 hours of surgery were considered as post-operative respiratory complication. Relationships of numerical variables and categorical variables with post-operative respiratory complications (PRCs) were assessed via T test and Chi-square (or Fisher’s exact). Multivariate analysis using multiple logistic regression was performed for finding independent risk factors for respiratory complications. Results: Out of 961 patients, 137 (14.3%) patients developed PRC within 72 hours of surgery. Ninety-nine (10.3%) patients developed purulent tracheobronchitis. The patients who had PRC had longer hospital stays and poor Glasgow Outcome Scale at hospital discharge. The variables found as independent risk factors were tachycardia, blood transfusion in the intraoperative period and Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) deterioration, hypokalemia and fever in the post-operative period. Conclusions: Respiratory complications within first 72 hours of elective craniotomies were common and were associated with prolonged hospital stay and poor neurological outcome. The variables which were found as independent risk factors were tachycardia, blood transfusion in the intraoperative period and GCS deterioration, hypokalemia and fever in the post-operative period.

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Risk factors for a first thrombotic event in antiphospholipid antibody carriers: a prospective multicentre follow-up study

Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases ◽

10.1136/ard.2010.142042 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 70 (6) ◽

pp. 1083-1086 ◽

Cited By ~ 104

Author(s):

Amelia Ruffatti ◽

Teresa Del Ross ◽

Manuela Ciprian ◽

Maria T Bertero ◽

Sciascia Salvatore ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

High Risk ◽

Univariate Analysis ◽

Thrombotic Event ◽

Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis ◽

Antiphospholipid Antibody ◽

History Of ◽

Ischaemic Attack ◽

Independent Risk Factors

ObjectivesTo assess risk factors for a first thrombotic event in confirmed antiphospholipid (aPL) antibody carriers and to evaluate the efficacy of prophylactic treatments.MethodsInclusion criteria were age 18–65 years, no history of thrombosis and two consecutive positive aPL results. Demographic, laboratory and clinical parameters were collected at enrolment, once a year during the follow-up and at the time of the thrombotic event, whenever that occurred.Results258 subjects were prospectively observed between October 2004 and October 2008. The mean±SD follow-up was 35.0±11.9 months (range 1–48). A first thrombotic event (9 venous, 4 arterial and 1 transient ischaemic attack) occurred in 14 subjects (5.4%, annual incidence rate 1.86%). Hypertension and lupus anticoagulant (LA) were significantly predictive of thrombosis (both at p<0.05) and thromboprophylaxis was significantly protective during high-risk periods (p<0.05) according to univariate analysis. Hypertension and LA were identified by multivariate logistic regression analysis as independent risk factors for thrombosis (HR 3.8, 95% CI 1.3 to 11.1, p<0.05, and HR 3.9, 95% CI 1.1 to 14, p<0.05, respectively).ConclusionsHypertension and LA are independent risk factors for thrombosis in aPL carriers. Thromboprophylaxis in these subjects should probably be limited to high-risk situations.

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Influence of Luminal Communication on Aortic Enlargement after Hemiarch Replacement for Acute Type A Aortic Dissection

The Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgeon ◽

10.1055/s-0039-1677886 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 68 (04) ◽

pp. 294-300

Author(s):

Gaku Uchino ◽

Takeshi Yoshida ◽

Bunpachi Kakii ◽

Masato Furui

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Growth Rate ◽

Aortic Dissection ◽

Univariate Analysis ◽

Type A ◽

Aortic Diameter ◽

Acute Type ◽

Type A Aortic Dissection ◽

Independent Risk Factors ◽

Hemiarch Replacement

Background Aortic enlargement after hemiarch replacement (HAR) for acute type A aortic dissection (AAAD) is a serious problem. We reviewed our experience and analyzed the risk factors for aortic enlargement. Methods During April 2005 to December 2017, 364 patients underwent HAR for AAAD. Seventy-three patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria. We analyzed the change in aortic diameter, aortic growth rate, and major adverse aortic events (MAAEs) and their association with luminal communication of the aortic arch. Results Anastomotic communication, supra-aortic communication (SAC), and distal aortic communication were found in 34 (46.6%), 28 (38.4%), and 20 (27.4%) patients, respectively. The aortic growth rate was high because of the presence of SAC, distal aortic communication, and the number of coexisting aortic communication. Univariate analysis showed that the presence of SAC and an initial aortic diameter > 35 mm at 20 mm distal to the left subclavian artery and at the pulmonary artery bifurcation (PAB) were risk factors for MAAEs. Multivariate analysis showed that SAC and an initial aortic diameter > 35 mm at the PAB were independent risk factors for MAAEs. Conclusion SAC, distal aortic communication, and the number of coexisting aortic communication are significant risk factors for aortic enlargement after HAR for AAAD. SAC and an initial aortic diameter > 35 mm at the PAB are independent risk factors for MAAEs after this procedure.

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