The Chinese script, Confucian script, and Nôm script: Some reflections on writing and politics in monarchical Vietnam

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 146-160
Author(s):  
Tuấn-Cường Nguyễn ◽  
Anh-Chưởng Bùi
Keyword(s):  
Chinese Culture ◽  
Great Influence ◽  
Chinese Script ◽  
Writing System ◽  
Dominant Form ◽  
Independent State ◽  
The Core ◽  
Chinese Model ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Education And Employment

“Confucian script” 儒字 (chữ Nho) has become a unique name used to refer to the “Chinese script” 漢字 (chữ Hán) in Vietnamese. The integration between Chinese script and Confucianism had progressed through monarchical centuries, motivated by Vietnam’s political tradition. Supported by rulers of the country, Chinese script overwhelmed the difference of languages, became the official writing system, and therefore held great influence on important activities of government such as administration, diplomacy, education, and employment. By looking carefully at how Vietnamese monarchs managed to manipulate the Chinese script, Nôm script, and Confucianism to serve their political purposes, we stress that it was Confucianism that served as the link tying the Chinese script with Vietnamese rulers. This link was so strong that the Chinese script remained the dominant form of writing even with the invention of the “Nôm script” 喃字 (chữ Nôm), which was a vernacular system developed to write the Vietnamese language. Furthermore, because Confucianism itself was the spiritual core of the Chinese monarchical structure, Vietnamese rulers learned from the Chinese model by way of the Chinese script when building their own independent state. Confucianism was viewed as the core of Chinese culture.

Dispersion Characteristic of the Symmetric Slab Waveguide with Chiral Negative Refractive Medium

2014 ◽  
Vol 571-572 ◽  
pp. 915-919
Author(s):  
Xiao Xue Xu ◽  
Zhong Yin Xiao ◽  
Quan Wen Ma ◽  
Xiao Long Ma ◽  
De Jun Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Maxwell Equations ◽  
Dispersion Characteristic ◽  
Constitutive Relations ◽  
Great Influence ◽  
Zero Order ◽  
Slab Waveguide ◽  
Order Mode ◽  
The Core ◽  
Left Handed ◽  
Refractive Medium

According to Maxwell equations and constitutive relations in chiral medium, the dispersion characteristic of the symmetric slab waveguide with chiral negative refractive medium is studied. The dispersion equations expressed in the normalized parameter are deduced in the slab waveguide. The numerical results show that the chiral parameter has great influence on the dispersion characteristic of slab waveguide. When the relative chiral parameter is about 0.0477, the zero order mode of left-handed polarized wave disappears. While it is greater than 1, the core becomes chiral negative refractive medium and the zero order mode disappears. In addition, compared with the general chiral waveguide, the tendency of dispersion curves in slab waveguide with chiral negative refractive medium is also analyzed.

Release Profile of a Model Protein Drug Depending on the Stability of Microspheres Based on Polyelectrolyte Complex

2007 ◽  
Vol 342-343 ◽  
pp. 505-508
Author(s):  
Sung Won Kim ◽  
Yun Sik Nam ◽  
Yeon Jin Min ◽  
Jong Ho Kim ◽  
Kwang Meyong Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polyelectrolyte Complex ◽  
Coating Layer ◽  
Great Influence ◽  
Release Profile ◽  
Core Material ◽  
Glycol Chitosan ◽  
The Core ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Model Protein ◽  
The Stability

Stability and disintegration of natural polyelectrolyte complex microspheres for protein drugs delivery have been extensively investigated because of their great influence on the drug release patterns. In this study, we tested stability of microspheres with alginate (Alg) core layered by either chitosan (Chi) or glycol chitosan (GChi) by examining release profiles of fluorophorelabeled bovine serum albumin (BSA) and lysozyme (Lys) from the microspheres. While GChi shell was disintegrated quickly, Chi-shell microspheres showed good stability in PBS. Disintegration of the coated layer induced the core material instable. The results indicated that while the charges of the shell material provided additional diffusion barrier against the protein release, the key factor to hold the proteins inside the microspheres was the integrity of the outer coating layer.

Spatial Convergence in Height in Central Europe, 1890-1910

2009 ◽  
pp. 90
Author(s):  
Marek Brabec ◽  
John Komlos
Keyword(s):  
Global Economy ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Habsburg Monarchy ◽  
The Core ◽  
Military Recruits ◽  
Convergence Clubs ◽  
Spatial Convergence ◽  
Physical Stature ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Peripheral Areas

We examine spatial convergence in biological well-being in the Habsburg Monarchy, circa 1890-1910, on the basis of evidence of the physical stature of 21-year-old military recruits, disaggregated into 15 Districts. We find that the shorter the population in 1890, the faster its height grew thereafter. Hence, there was convergence in physical stature between the peripheral areas of the monarchy (located in today’s Poland/Ukraine, Romania, and Slovakia) and its core (located in today’s Austria, Czech Republic, and Hungary). The difference in trends between the trend in height in the Polish District of Przemysl and in Vienna was about 0.9 cm per decade, in favor of the former. Convergence among the core Districts themselves was minimal or non-existent, whereas the convergence among the peripheral Districts was more pronounced. Spatial convergence also took place between the peripheral regions and the more developed ones. The pattern is somewhat reminiscent of modern findings on convergence clubs in the global economy.

Gebruiksaspecten van het uitroeppartikel wat in het Nederlands en Fries

2020 ◽  
Vol 136 (4) ◽  
pp. 189-209
Author(s):  
Henk Wolf
Keyword(s):  
The Core ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Lexical Phrase ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Lexical Phrases

Abstract Both Dutch and (West) Frisian make use of the exclamative particle wat (‘how’), that adds an element of surprise about a high degree of something to the semantics of the sentence. In this paper I will first show the similarities between the use of the particle in the two languages. I will demonstrate that, in Dutch, its use is largely confined to constructions that are semantically scalable, whereas in Frisian this restriction is far less strict. I will explain the difference by showing that Dutch wat is a syntactic amplifier of lexical phrases, whereas Frisian wat has developed into a pragmatic amplifier of the core predicate. I will try to account for that difference by showing how homophonous words absent in Dutch are likely to have influenced the use of Frisian wat, and how Dutch prosody strengthens the connection between wat and the amplified lexical phrase, whereas Frisian prosody weakens it. Finally, I will show that the system described as ‘Frisian’ is occasionally found in varieties of Dutch too

Reclassification of Signs

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 261-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongwei Jia
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Physical World ◽  
Writing System ◽  
Human Language ◽  
Human Communication ◽  
Translation Process ◽  
Text Interpretation ◽  
The Core ◽  
Solid Foundation ◽  
New Research

Abstract Previous semiotic research classified human signs into linguistic signs and non-linguistic signs, with reference to human language and the writing system as the core members of the sign family. However, this classification cannot cover all the types of translation in the broad sense in terms of sign transformation activities. Therefore, it is necessary to reclassify the signs that make meaning into tangible signs and intangible signs based on the medium of the signs. Whereas tangible signs are attached to the outer medium of the physical world, intangible signs are attached to the inner medium of the human cerebral nervous system. The three types of transformation, which are namely from tangible signs into tangible signs, from tangible signs into intangible signs, and from intangible signs into tangible signs, lay a solid foundation for the categorization of sign activities in translation semiotics. Such a reclassification of signs can not only enrich semiotic theories of sign types, human communication, and sign-text interpretation, but also inspire new research on translation types, the translation process, translators’ thinking systems and psychology, and the mechanism of machine translation.

Analysis on Kinematic Characteristics of Precision Balls Grinding

2012 ◽  
Vol 497 ◽  
pp. 20-24
Author(s):  
Yong Dai ◽  
Dong Hui Ding ◽  
Xu Xiao ◽  
Xue Shi Liu ◽  
Rui Jiang He ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Analysis ◽  
Great Influence ◽  
Processing Parameters ◽  
Important Influence ◽  
Normal Movement ◽  
Motion State ◽  
Kinematic Characteristics ◽  
The Difference

In the process of grinding precision balls, the motion state of balls has an important influence on the efficiency and quality. However, the normal movement of balls will be damaged because of slipping, so it must be avoided. Besides, to process different materials of balls, it should use different processing parameters. This paper studies a numerical analysis on the kinematic characteristics of the motion of balls, analyzes processing parameters which impact the motion of balls during grinding and the difference of the motion state of bearing balls and resin balls. Study shows grinding pressure and plate speed have a great influence to the motion of balls during grinding.

scholarly journals A comparative analysis of differentially expressed mRNAs, miRNAs and circRNAs provides insights into the key genes involved in the high-altitude adaptation of yaks

BMC Genomics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Qianyun Ge ◽  
Yongbo Guo ◽  
Wangshan Zheng ◽  
Yuan Cai ◽  
Xuebin Qi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Altitude ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
The Tibetan Plateau ◽  
The Core ◽  
Processing Pathways ◽  
Genetic Information Processing ◽  
Altitude Adaptation ◽  
The Difference

Abstract Background Yaks that inhabit the Tibetan Plateau exhibit striking phenotypic and physiological differences from cattle and have adapted well to the extreme conditions on the plateau. However, the mechanisms used by these animals for the regulation of gene expression at high altitude are not fully understood. Results Here, we sequenced nine lung transcriptomes of yaks at altitudes of 3400, 4200 and 5000 m, and low-altitude Zaosheng cattle, which is a closely related species, served as controls. The analysis identified 21,764 mRNAs, 1377 circRNAs and 1209 miRNAs. By comparing yaks and cattle, 4975 mRNAs, 252 circRNAs and 75 miRNAs were identified differentially expressed. By comparing yaks at different altitudes, we identified 756 mRNAs, 64 circRNAs and 83 miRNAs that were differentially expressed (fold change ≥2 and P-value < 0.05). The pathways enriched in the mRNAs, circRNAs and miRNAs identified from the comparison of yaks and cattle were mainly associated with metabolism, including ‘glycosaminoglycan degradation’, ‘pentose and glucuronate interconversions’ and ‘flavone and flavonol biosynthesis’, and the mRNAs, circRNAs and miRNAs identified from the comparison of yaks at different altitude gradients were significantly enriched in metabolic pathways and immune and genetic information processing pathways. The core RNAs were identified from the mRNA-miRNA-circRNA networks constructed using the predominant differentially expressed RNAs. The core genes specific to the difference between yaks and cattle were associated with the endoplasmic reticulum and fat deposition, but those identified from the comparison among yaks at different altitude gradients were associated with maintenance of the normal biological functions of cells. Conclusions This study enhances our understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in hypoxic adaptation in yaks and might contribute to improvements in the understanding and prevention of hypoxia-related diseases.

scholarly journals Territorial organization of the restaurant facilities of Kyiv agglomeration

2015 ◽  
pp. 79-82
Author(s):  
K. Dmytriieva
Keyword(s):  
Restaurant Industry ◽  
The Core ◽  
Industry Standards ◽  
The Status ◽  
Territorial Organization ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Surrounding Areas ◽  
Concentration Ratios

The article outlines the factors of development of the restaurant facilities in Kyiv and surrounding areas. The status of the territorial organization of the restaurant facilities of Kyiv and Kyiv region through the review of the main indicators of the industry by districts in 2013 has been analyzed. Comparison of the industry standards due to availability of these services to population needs has been performed. The result of the difference of efficiency of the restaurant industry through calculation of concentration ratios turnover has been received. Area that can be considered as the core of the restaurant industry of Kyiv agglomeration and area with the potential of growth has been identified. The article visualized by maps.

The “Pugachev Rebellion” in the Context of Post-Soviet Kazakh Nationalization*

2004 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michele E. Commercio
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Discrimination ◽  
Nation State ◽  
Socialist Republic ◽  
Soviet Socialist Republic ◽  
Independent State ◽  
The Core ◽  
Personnel Practices ◽  
Soviet Empire ◽  
Informal Practices ◽  
The Relationship

Freedom from the Soviet empire created an opportunity for elites of each former Soviet Socialist Republic to “nationalize” their newly independent state. Most observers of contemporary Kazakh politics would agree that Kazakhstan has taken advantage of this historic opportunity, and can thus be classified as a nationalizing state. For Rogers Brubaker, a nationalizing state is perceived by its elites as a nation-state of and for a particular nation, but simultaneously as an “incomplete” or “unrealized” nation-state. To resolve this problem of incompleteness and to counteract perceived discrimination, Brubaker argues, “nationalizing elites urge and undertake action to promote the language, culture, demographic preponderance, economic flourishing, or political hegemony of the core ethnocultural nation.” While the foundation of any Soviet successor state's nationalization program is a cluster of implemented formal policies that privilege the titular nation, these policies are often reinforced by informal practices, primarily discriminatory personnel practices, with the same function. Much has been written about Kazakhstan's nationalization strategy, and not surprisingly scholars rely on what they know about formal policies and informal practices to characterize that strategy. Little has been written, however, about the “Pugachev Rebellion” in Ust'-Kamenogorsk, Kazakhstan, and nothing has been written about the relationship between the official Kazakh reaction to what I call the “Pugachev incident,” and Kazakhstan's nationalization strategy in general. This article sorts out confusing events surrounding the Pugachev incident, and offers an interpretation of the official Kazakh reaction, which is best understood when situated in the broader context of Kazakh nationalization, to the incident.

7. Terms of the contract I

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet O’Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
Contextual Approach ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Difference

Titles in the Core Text series take the reader straight to the heart of the subject, providing focused, concise, and reliable guides for students at all levels. This chapter examines issues related to the terms of the contract. It explains the distinction between terms and mere representations, and analyses the difference between signed and unsigned contracts in relation to the incorporation of express. This chapter also considers the parol evidence rule and the modern contextual approach to contractual interpretation. Finally it considers implied terms, which can be implied by statute or by the courts.

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