Extraction and application of cellulose microfibers from Washingtonia palm as a reinforcement of starch film

This work aims to optimize the industrial extraction conditions of cellulose microfibers (CMFs) from Washingtonia palm fiber for application in starch bio-composite films. The CMF extraction was a mixed process that combines caustic soda treatment with hydrogen peroxide bleaching in a stirred thermostatic bath. To study the yield, whiteness index and α-cellulose content, three variables were selected; NaOH and H2O2 concentrations and treatment time. The optimum was determined using a Response Surface Methodology (RSM) approach for samples treated for 70 min with 5.21% NaOH and 5.54% H2O2. The optimized CMF was used to produce Starch/CMF bio-composite films with higher mechanical and barrier performance, which increased by 300% and 31%, respectively. Moreover, its moisture absorption and water solubility decreased by about 24% and 26%, respectively after adding 20 wt% CMF. In fact, morphological results showed that the higher CMF in the Starch/CMF20 leads to the heterogeneous CMF distribution and agglomerates resulting in weakened starch films. As a result, the extracted CMF can be a competitive nanofabrication filler.

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Cellulose Nanocrystal Reinforced Chitosan Based UV Barrier Composite Films for Sustainable Packaging

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym12010202 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 202 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Mithilesh Yadav ◽

Kartik Behera ◽

Yen-Hsiang Chang ◽

Fang-Chyou Chiu

Keyword(s):

Food Industry ◽

Water Solubility ◽

Moisture Absorption ◽

Composite Films ◽

Barrier Properties ◽

Cellulose Nanocrystal ◽

Nanocomposite Films ◽

Green Composite ◽

Vapor Permeation ◽

Sustainable Packaging

In this study, green composite films based on cellulose nanocrystal/chitosan (CNC/CS) were fabricated by solution casting. FTIR, XRD, SEM, and TEM characterizations were conducted to determine the structure and morphology of the prepared films. The addition of only 4 wt.% CNC in the CS film improved the tensile strength and Young’s modulus by up to 39% and 78%, respectively. Depending on CNC content, the moisture absorption decreased by 34.1–24.2% and the water solubility decreased by 35.7–26.5% for the composite films compared with neat CS film. The water vapor permeation decreased from 3.83 × 10−11 to 2.41 × 10−11 gm−1 s−1Pa−1 in the CS-based films loaded with (0–8 wt.%) CNC. The water and UV barrier properties of the composite films showed better performance than those of neat CS film. Results suggested that CNC/CS nanocomposite films can be used as a sustainable packaging material in the food industry.

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Valorization of Rice Straw into Cellulose Microfibers for the Reinforcement of Thermoplastic Corn Starch Films

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11188433 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (18) ◽

pp. 8433

Author(s):

Pedro A. V. Freitas ◽

Carla I. La Fuente Arias ◽

Sergio Torres-Giner ◽

Chelo González-Martínez ◽

Amparo Chiralt

Keyword(s):

Rice Straw ◽

Corn Starch ◽

Composite Films ◽

Thermoplastic Starch ◽

Starch Granules ◽

Melt Mixing ◽

Cellulose Microfibers ◽

Gelatinized Starch ◽

Dry Heating ◽

Starch Films

In the present study, agro-food waste derived rice straw (RS) was valorized into cellulose microfibers (CMFs) using a green process of combined ultrasound and heating treatments and were thereafter used to improve the physical properties of thermoplastic starch films (TPS). Mechanical defibrillation of the fibers gave rise to CMFs with cumulative frequencies of length and diameters below 200 and 5–15 µm, respectively. The resultant CMFs were successfully incorporated at, 1, 3, and 5 wt% into TPS by melt mixing and also starch was subjected to dry heating (DH) modification to yield TPS modified by dry heating (TPSDH). The resultant materials were finally shaped into films by thermo-compression and characterized. It was observed that both DH modification and fiber incorporation at 3 and 5 wt% loadings interfered with the starch gelatinization, leading to non-gelatinized starch granules in the biopolymer matrix. Thermo-compressed films prepared with both types of starches and reinforced with 3 wt% CMFs were more rigid (percentage increases of ~215% for TPS and ~207% for the TPSDH), more resistant to break (~100% for TPS and ~60% for TPSDH), but also less extensible (~53% for TPS and ~78% for TPSDH). The incorporation of CMFs into the TPS matrix at the highest contents also promoted a decrease in water vapor (~15%) and oxygen permeabilities (~30%). Finally, all the TPS composite films showed low changes in terms of optical properties and equilibrium moisture, being less soluble in water than the TPSDH films.

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Development of seaweed-based bamboo microcrystalline cellulose films intended for sustainable food packaging applications

BioResources ◽

10.15376/biores.14.2.3389-3410 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 14 (2) ◽

pp. 3389-3410 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

D. Hermawan ◽

Tze Kiat Lai ◽

Shima Jafarzadeh ◽

Deepu A. Gopakumar ◽

Hasan M. ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Microcrystalline Cellulose ◽

Food Packaging ◽

Water Solubility ◽

Moisture Absorption ◽

Composite Films ◽

Water Vapor Permeability ◽

Absorption Capacity ◽

Vapor Permeability ◽

Sustainable Food ◽

Cellulose Films

Seaweed bio-composite films with different proportion of Lemang and Semantan bamboo microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) were fabricated via solvent casting. The seaweed/MCC composite films were flexible, transparent, and slightly yellow. The MCC particles further enhanced mechanical properties and opacity of films. The thermal stability of seaweed films was moderately improved upon addition of bamboo MCC particles. Bamboo MCC was found to be comparable to commercial MCC in reducing the water vapor permeability (WVP), water solubility (WS), and moisture absorption capacity (MSC) of seaweed films. The tensile strength (TS) of seaweed films was increased by 20 to 23% with addition of up to 5% MCC particles. In addition, bamboo MCC efficiently reduced the WVP of seaweed films comparable to commercial MCC particles. The WS of seaweed films was decreased by 10 to 19% with addition of 1% MCC particles loading. Lemang bamboo MCC (SB-MCC) was remarkably reduced the moisture absorption capacity (MAC) of films up to 25% with inclusion of only 1% MCC. Morphological analysis via Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) confirmed that there was homogeneous dispersion of MCC particles in the films. MCC particles improved the mechanical, thermal, and optical properties of seaweed films making them more suitable for food packaging applications.

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Synthesis and Characterization of Transparent Biodegradable Chitosan: Exopolysaccharide Composite Films Plasticized by Bio-Derived 1,3-Propanediol

Sustainable Chemistry ◽

10.3390/suschem2010004 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 49-62

Author(s):

Narisetty Vivek ◽

Nishant Gopalan ◽

Satyajit Das ◽

Keerthi Sasikumar ◽

Raveendran Sindhu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Crude Glycerol ◽

Water Solubility ◽

Moisture Absorption ◽

Antioxidant Properties ◽

Composite Films ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Physico Chemical ◽

Anti Oxidant ◽

The Fourier Transform

In this study, chitosan-based composite films blended with a dextran like exopolysaccharide derived from lactic acid bacteria were prepared using the solvent casting method. Later, these composite films were plasticized with 1,3-propanediol (1,3-PDO) produced biologically using biodiesel derived crude glycerol. Further, their physical properties, such as tensile strength, water vapor barrier, thermal behavior, and antioxidant properties, were tested. In comparison to the control chitosan-exopolysaccharide films, 1,3-PDO plasticized films increased tensile strengths (20.08 vs. 43.33 MPa) with an elongation percentage (%E) of 20.73, which was two times more than the control films. As a polymer composite, the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum displayed the characteristic peaks at 1000 cm−1, 1500 cm−1, and 3000–3500 cm−1 to describe the functional groups related to chitosan, exopolysaccharide, and 1,3-PDOThe thermogravimetric analysis displayed a significant three-step degradation at 100–105 °C, 250–400 °C, and 600 °C, where 100% of the films were degraded. The plasticized films were observed to have enhanced water solubility (51%) and rate of moisture absorption (193%). The plasticized films displayed enhanced physico-chemical properties, anti-oxidant properties, and were100% biodegradable.

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Study on Xylanase-Aided Bleaching of Wheat Straw KP

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.726-731.548 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 726-731 ◽

pp. 548-551

Author(s):

Li Jun Zhao ◽

Mei Hong Niu ◽

Jian Zhang ◽

Yan Ning Sun ◽

Na Li

Keyword(s):

Hydrogen Peroxide ◽

Wheat Straw ◽

Oxygen Pressure ◽

Treatment Time ◽

Optimal Concentration ◽

Experimental Results ◽

Peroxide Bleaching ◽

Wheat Straw Pulp ◽

Pulp Properties ◽

Oxygen Bleaching

Before oxygen bleaching and hydrogen peroxide bleaching, wheat straw pulp was bleached using xylanase. The effect of enzymatic stage on pulp properties and bleachability has been studied and compared with reference (control) pulps, processed without enzyme addition. Experimental results showed that, the optimal concentration of wheat straw pulp was 10%, the optimal treatment time and dose of enzyme was 60 min and 1.25AXU/g respectively. Oxygen pressure decreased from 0.6MPa to 0.5MPa when conditions of hydrogen peroxide bleachingremained unchanged and wheat straw pulp achieved the same whiteness. Hydrogen peroxide consumption decreased from 2% to 1.8% when oxygen bleaching has the same conditions and achieved the same white degree.

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Extraction of lotus fibres from lotus stems under microwave irradiation

Royal Society Open Science ◽

10.1098/rsos.170747 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 4 (9) ◽

pp. 170747 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Cheng Cheng ◽

Ronghui Guo ◽

Jianwu Lan ◽

Shouxiang Jiang

Keyword(s):

Hydrogen Peroxide ◽

Microwave Irradiation ◽

Treatment Time ◽

Removal Rate ◽

Infrared Spectrometry ◽

Cellulose Content ◽

Efficient Technology ◽

Moisture Regain ◽

External Shell ◽

Increase With Increase

An efficient technology for preparing lotus fibres under microwave irradiation was developed. The lotus fibres were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, X-ray diffraction and thermogravimetry. Lotus fibres prepared are a kind of hollow fibres which are composed of a superfine fibre and an external shell. The effect of the treatment time with hydrogen peroxide under microwave irradiation on components, whiteness, moisture regain, removal rate of impurities, fineness, tensile strength and breaking elongation of lotus fibres was investigated. The results show that the cellulose content in lotus fibres increases with increase in treatment time. Whiteness and moisture regain of lotus fibres increase with increase in treatment time with hydrogen peroxide. The removal rate of impurities and the fineness of lotus fibres are improved after they are treated with hydrogen peroxide. Microwave irradiation is supposed to be an efficient method for producing lotus fibres.

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The role of copper ions in hydrogen peroxide bleaching: Their origin, removal, and effect on pulp quality

TAPPI Journal ◽

10.32964/tj11.7.37 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 11 (7) ◽

pp. 37-46 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

PEDRO E.G. LOUREIRO ◽

SANDRINE DUARTE ◽

DMITRY V. EVTUGUIN ◽

M. GRAÇA V.S. CARVALHO

Keyword(s):

Hydrogen Peroxide ◽

Copper Ions ◽

Peroxide Bleaching ◽

Metals Removal ◽

Peroxide Decomposition ◽

Equipment Corrosion ◽

And Performance ◽

And Control ◽

Main Effects

This study puts particular emphasis on the role of copper ions in the performance of hydrogen peroxide bleaching (P-stage). Owing to their variable levels across the bleaching line due to washing filtrates, bleaching reagents, and equipment corrosion, these ions can play a major role in hydrogen peroxide decomposition and be detrimental to polysaccharide integrity. In this study, a Cu-contaminated D0(EOP)D1 prebleached pulp was subjected to an acidic washing (A-stage) or chelation (Q-stage) before the alkaline P-stage. The objective was to understand the isolated and combined role of copper ions in peroxide bleaching performance. By applying an experimental design, it was possible to identify the main effects of the pretreatment variables on the extent of metals removal and performance of the P-stage. The acid treatment was unsuccessful in terms of complete copper removal, magnesium preservation, and control of hydrogen peroxide consumption in the following P-stage. Increasing reaction temperature and time of the acidic A-stage improved the brightness stability of the D0(EOP)D1AP bleached pulp. The optimum conditions for chelation pretreatment to maximize the brightness gains obtained in the subsequent P-stage with the lowest peroxide consumption were 0.4% diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA), 80ºC, and 4.5 pH.

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Preparation and characterization of corn starch/PVA/glycerol composite films incorporated with ε-polylysine as a novel antimicrobial packaging material

e-Polymers ◽

10.1515/epoly-2020-0019 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

pp. 154-161 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Gao Yurong ◽

Li Dapeng

Keyword(s):

Water Solubility ◽

Corn Starch ◽

Composite Films ◽

Antimicrobial Properties ◽

Xrd Analysis ◽

Sem Analysis ◽

Packaging Material ◽

Hydroxyl Group ◽

Electron Microscopic ◽

Antimicrobial Packaging

AbstractCorn starch/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/glycerol composite films incorporated with ε-polylysine were prepared, and their properties were investigated. The Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy indicated that the interactions happened between the amino group of ε-polylysine and hydroxyl group starch/PVA composite films. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed that the addition of ε-polylysine decreased the intensity of all crystal peaks. Thermogravimetric (TGA) analysis suggested that ε-polylysine improved the thermal stability of composite films. Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) analysis showed that the upper surface of composite films incorporated with ε-polylysine presented more compact and flat surface. The antimicrobial activity of the composite film progressively increased with the increasing of ε-polylysine concentration (P < 0.05). The tensile strength, elongation at break and water absorption significantly increased, whereas water solubility decreased with the increasing of ε-polylysine concentration (P < 0.05). Therefore, the corn starch/PVA/glycerol composite films incorporated with ε-polylysine had good mechanical, physical and antimicrobial properties and could have potential application as a novel antimicrobial packaging material.

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The Influence of Monomer Composition and Surface-CrossLinking Condition on Biodegradation and Gel Strength of Super Absorbent Polymer

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym13040663 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 663

Author(s):

Jung Soo Kim ◽

Dong Hyun Kim ◽

Youn Suk Lee

Keyword(s):

Treatment Time ◽

Gel Strength ◽

Control Group ◽

Cellulose Content ◽

Retention Capacity ◽

Super Absorbent Polymer ◽

Monomer Composition ◽

Cellulose Hydrogel ◽

Improved Performance ◽

Absorbent Polymer

In this study, a superabsorbent polymer (SAP) comprising poly (IA-co-cellulose-co-VSA-co-AA; ICVA) core-SAP (CSAP) was synthesized through radical polymerization using itaconic acid (IA), acrylic acid (AA), cellulose, and vinyl sulfonic acid (VSA) as monomers. The absorption performances and relative biodegradability of various compositions prepared by adjusting the amounts of cellulose and VSA with constant IA and AA content were compared. Increasing the cellulose content in CSAP contributed to improved biodegradation of the surface-crosslinked SAP (SSAP) and gel strength, although the free absorbency (FA) and centrifuge retention capacity (CRC) decreased. Increasing the VSA content resulted in strong anionicity, which enables the absorption of large amounts of water. Surface-crosslinking technology was applied to the CSAP synthesized with the optimal composition ratio to increase its absorption performance and gel strength. Improved performance of the synthesized SSAP (a CRC of 30.4 g/g, absorbency under load (AUL) of 23.3 g/g, and permeability of 55 s) was achieved by selecting the optimal surface-crosslinking treatment time and the amount of distilled water in the surface-crosslinking solution: as the latter was increased in the surface-crosslinking solution, the AUL and permeability of the SSAP were improved, and its biodegradability was found to be 54% compared to the 100% biodegradable cellulose hydrogel in the control group.

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The Effect of Microwave Treatment on the Hydrogen Peroxide Bleaching of Soda-AQ Wheat Straw Pulp

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.236-238.1307 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 236-238 ◽

pp. 1307-1312

Author(s):

Chao Jun Wu ◽

Chuan Shan Zhao ◽

Jun Li ◽

Ke FU Chen

Keyword(s):

Hydrogen Peroxide ◽

Wheat Straw ◽

Fiber Length ◽

Weighted Average ◽

Microwave Treatment ◽

Arithmetic Average ◽

Peroxide Bleaching ◽

Bleached Pulp ◽

Infra Red ◽

Wheat Straw Pulp

In this paper, the effect of microwave treatment on the hydrogen peroxide bleaching of Soda-AQ wheat-straw pulp was investigated. The results showed that microwave treatment could increase the brightness of the hydrogen peroxide bleached pulp. The fiber coarseness of microwave enhancing peroxide bleached pulp was higher than that of the peroxide bleached pulp. However, the arithmetic average fiber length, the length weighted average fiber length and weight weighted average fiber length of the former was lower than that of the latter. Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectra showed that CrI(%) crystallinity of microwave enhancing peroxide bleached pulp was similar as that of the peroxide bleached pulp but all higher than that of the Soda-AQ wheat-straw pulp. N·O′KI infra-red crystalline index of microwave enhancing peroxide bleached pulp were lower than that of the peroxide bleached pulp. The FTIR spectra of lignin showed that the microwave treatment had some influences on the methoxyl and phenolic group in lignin.

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