An occurrence of polymorphic halloysite in granite saprolite of the Bayerischer Wald, Germany

Clay Minerals ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.-M. Wilke ◽  
U. Schwertmann ◽  
E. Murad
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Clay Minerals ◽  
Iron Oxides ◽  
Aqueous Phase ◽  
Mixed Layer ◽  
Thin Plates ◽  
Low Crystallinity

AbstractXRD, DTA and IR patterns showed clay veins filling fissures in a granite of the Bayerischer Wald (eastern Bavaria) to consist mainly of hydrated halloysite of low crystallinity with traces of gibbsite, 2:1 (mixed layer) clay minerals and iron oxides. The halloysite forms thin plates which exhibit varying degrees and types of enrolment, resulting in platy, tubular and spheroidal crystals within the same sample. Concentrations of the trace elements Rb, Sr, Ba, Zr, Y, Ce, Pb, Zn and Cu indicate halloysite formation to have taken place via an aqueous phase under the influence of vadose waters circulating in fissures.

Kaolinite and mixed-layer illite–smectite in Lower Cretaceous bentonites from the Peace River coalfield, British Columbia

1984 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 465-476 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. Spears ◽  
P. McL. D. Duff
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Clay Minerals ◽  
Mixed Layer ◽  
Lower Cretaceous ◽  
Size Variation ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Volcanic Origin ◽  
Peace River ◽  
Diagenetic Minerals ◽  
Tephra Beds

The X-ray diffraction analysis of 75 thin volcanic clay bands in the Lower Cretaceous of the Peace River coalfield shows kaolinite and mixed-layer illite–smectite to be the two clay minerals present. Kaolinite is dominant in the clay bands (tonsteins) in the coal-bearing Gething and Gates formations, whereas illite–smectite is dominant in the clay bands (K-bentonites) in the marine Moosebar Formation. A complete gradation exists between the two clay minerals, demonstrating their common volcanic origin. Volcanic textures are seen in thin section. The relationship between clay composition and depositional environment corresponds with the clay stability fields with smectite the precursor of the mixed-layer clay. The proportion of illite in the latter averages 22% and corresponds with the coal rank. The major-element analyses mainly reflect the clay composition but with contributions from resistate and diagenetic minerals. Amongst the trace elements there are those that are both immobile in the alteration process and diagnostic of a specific volcanic composition. Based on such trace elements the ash composition is thought to have ranged from rhyolite to dacite, perhaps due in part to original grain-size variation as in tephra beds.

scholarly journals Nano-Sized Minerals from Lower Cretaceous Sandstones in Israel Observed by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nurit Taitel-Goldman ◽  
Vladimir Ezersky
Keyword(s):  
Clay Minerals ◽  
Iron Oxides ◽  
Lower Cretaceous ◽  
Fine Fraction ◽  
Anatase Tio2 ◽  
Rutile Tio2 ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Quartz Arenite ◽  
Dark Violet ◽  
Hematite Fe2o3

Fine fraction in quartz arenite sandstones from Lower Cretaceous Hatira formation in Israel was observed by Transmission electron microscope (TEM). Samples were collected from Hatira and Ramon craters located in southern part of Israel and from Manara cliff from the northern part of Israel. The additional phases cause yellow, red, dark red and dark violet colors of the layered sandstones. The motivation was to identify the minerals of the fine factions that cause the variations in the colors. The minerals observed were clay minerals, mainly kaolinite (Al4Si4O20(OH)8), some illite (K0.65Al2.0[Al0.65Si3.35O10](OH)2) and smectite. Iron oxides were goethite (FeOOH) and hematite (Fe2O3), Titanium-iron oxides observed was ilmenite (FeTiO3), and Titanium-oxides were rutile (TiO2), and anatase (TiO2). Sulphates observed were jarosite (KFe3(SO4)2(OH)6) and alunite (KAl3(SO4)2(OH)6). Some of the hematite was formed by recrystallization of goethite. Ilmenite disintegrated into small iron oxides mainly hematite. Euhedral to sub-hedral rutile (TiO2) and anatase (TiO2) were preserved in clay-minerals. Crystals of alunite and jarosite were observed in sandstones in both craters. They probably crystallized due to some transgression of the Thetis Sea.

Thermal study of some manganese oxide minerals

1950 ◽  
Vol 29 (210) ◽  
pp. 239-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Laurence Kulp ◽  
Jose N. Perfetti
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Analysis ◽  
Differential Thermal Analysis ◽  
Manganese Oxide ◽  
Clay Minerals ◽  
Iron Oxides ◽  
Theoretical Background ◽  
Thermal Study ◽  
The Past ◽  
Considerable Success ◽  
Oxide Minerals

In the past decade, differential thermal analysis has developed into a very useful mineralogical technique. The theoretical background for this method has been treated by Speil, Berkelhamer, Pask, and Da vies (1945) and has been modified by Kerr and Kulp (1948, 1949). The application of the method to the clay minerals has been carried out with considerable success by a number of workers in Europe and America. In particular, Grim and co-workers (1942, 1947, 1948) have produced a number of significant papers dealing with the thermal analysis of clays. The method has been extended to other mineral groups such as the carbonates (Faust, 1949; Beck, 1946; Kerr and Kulp, 1947; Cuthbert and Rowland, 1947; Kulp, Kent, and Kerr, 1950), phosphates (Manly, 1950), sulphates (Kulp and Adler, 1950), quartz (Faust, 1948), and the hydrous iron oxides (Kulp and Trites, 1950).

scholarly journals Controls on Associations of Clay Minerals in Phanerozoic Evaporite Formations: An Overview

Minerals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 974
Author(s):  
Yaroslava Yaremchuk ◽  
Sofiya Hryniv ◽  
Tadeusz Peryt ◽  
Serhiy Vovnyuk ◽  
Fanwei Meng
Keyword(s):  
Clay Minerals ◽  
Mixed Layer ◽  
Potassium Salt ◽  
Salt Precipitation ◽  
Mineral Association ◽  
Pyroclastic Material ◽  
Upper Proterozoic ◽  
Chemical Type ◽  
Cyclic Changes ◽  
Brine Concentration

Information on the associations of clay minerals in Upper Proterozoic and Phanerozoic marine evaporite formations suggests that cyclic changes in the (SO4-rich and Ca-rich) chemical type of seawater during the Phanerozoic could affect the composition of associations of authigenic clay minerals in marine evaporite deposits. The vast majority of evaporite clay minerals are authigenic. The most common are illite, chlorite, smectite and disordered mixed-layer illite-smectite and chlorite-smectite; all the clay minerals are included regardless of their quantity. Corrensite, sepiolite, palygorskite and talc are very unevenly distributed in the Phanerozoic. Other clay minerals (perhaps with the exception of kaolinite) are very rare. Evaporites precipitated during periods of SO4-rich seawater type are characterized by both a greater number and a greater variety of clay minerals—smectite and mixed-layer minerals, as well as Mg-corrensite, palygorskite, sepiolite, and talc, are more common in associations. The composition of clay mineral association in marine evaporites clearly depends on the chemical type of seawater and upon the brine concentration in the evaporite basin. Along with increasing salinity, aggradational transformations of clay minerals lead to the ordering of their structure and, ideally, to a decrease in the number of minerals. In fact, evaporite deposits of higher stages of brine concentration often still contain unstable clay minerals. This is due to the intense simultaneous volcanic activity that brought a significant amount of pyroclastic material into the evaporite basin; intermediate products of its transformation (in the form of swelling minerals) often remained in the deposits of the potassium salt precipitation stage.

Sodium-fluoride pH of South-Western Australian soils as an indicator of P-sorption

Soil Research ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 755 ◽  
Author(s):  
RJ Gilkes ◽  
JC Hughes
Keyword(s):  
Clay Minerals ◽  
Iron Oxides ◽  
Sorption Capacity ◽  
Sodium Fluoride ◽  
Secondary Importance ◽  
P Sorption ◽  
Soil Constituent ◽  
Western Australian ◽  
Soil Constituents ◽  
Measuring Ph

Phosphate sorption by the surface horizon of 228 acid to neutral Western Australian (W.A.) soils is more closely related (r(2) = 0.76) to the content of oxalate-extractable aluminium than to any other soil constituent. This fraction corresponds to poorly ordered inorganic and organic Al compounds that release considerable amounts of OH- to NaF solution. Thus the abundance of these compounds in soil may be estimated by measurement of the pH of a NaF extract (pH((NaF)) This association enables the rapid and moderately accurate prediction in the field of the P-sorption capacity of soils (r(2) = 0.72) by measuring pH(NaF) With a. simple, portable pH meter. For many W.A. soils, it is probable that well crystalline aluminium and iron oxides, clay minerals and other soil constituents are of secondary importance in determining P-sorption and that most P-sorption is due to poorly ordered and organically complexed forms of Al.

Pathways and Mechanisms for Removal of Dissolved Organic Carbon from Leaf Leachate in Streams

1981 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clifford N. Dahm
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Dissolved Organic Carbon ◽  
Clay Minerals ◽  
Iron Oxides ◽  
Amorphous Solid ◽  
Microbial Utilization ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Fine Particulate ◽  
Solid Phases ◽  
Aluminum And Iron Oxides

Removal of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from water resulting from adsorption and microbial uptake was examined to determine the importance of biotic and abiotic pathways. Physical–chemical adsorption to components of the stream sediment or water and biotic assimilation associated with the microbial population was determined in recirculating chambers utilizing leachate from alder (Alnus rubra). Adsorptive mechanisms were further separated into interactions involving (1) specific clay minerals, (2) amorphous solid phases of hydrous aluminum and iron oxides, and (3) fine particulate organic matter. Physical–chemical adsorptive mechanisms for alder leachate removal exhibited rapid kinetic equilibration between the DOC and solid phases, but only a specific fraction of the DOC, likely containing certain chemical functional groups, was adsorbed. The amorphous aluminum and iron oxides possessed a much higher potential capacity than the clay minerals or fine particulate organics for DOC adsorption. Microbial uptake of DOC from the alder leachate was kinetically slower than adsorptive uptake. However, microbial activity was overall much more effective in the removal and degradation of the total DOC pool leached from alder leaves. Over a 48-h period, 97% of added 14C labeled leachate was removed from solution by adsorption (~ 20%) and microbial utilization (~ 77%). The rate of microbial uptake was 45 μg C/g sediment C∙h−1 or 14 mg C∙m−2∙h−1.

Jurassic clay mineral assemblages and their post-depositional alteration: upper Great Estuarine Group, Scotland

1987 ◽  
Vol 124 (3) ◽  
pp. 261-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julian E. Andrews
Keyword(s):  
Clay Minerals ◽  
Clay Mineral ◽  
Mixed Layer ◽  
Middle Jurassic ◽  
Water Circulation ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Geothermal Gradients ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Igneous Intrusions ◽  
Mineral Assemblages

AbstractClay minerals from Middle Jurassic lagoonal mudrocks, siltstones and silty fine-grained sandstones of the upper Great Estuarine Group (Bathonian) are divided into four assemblages. Assemblage 1, the most common assemblage, is rich in mixed-layer illite–smectite with attendant illite and kaolinite. Assemblage 2 is dominated by smectitic clay. These assemblages are indicative of primary Jurassic deposition. Illite and kaolinite were probably derived from the weathering of older rocks and soils in the basin hinterland and were deposited in the lagoons as river-borne detritus. The majority of smectite and mixed-layer illite–smectite is interpreted as the argillization product of Jurassic volcanic dust, also deposited in the lagoons by rivers. Near major Tertiary igneous intrusions these depositional clay mineral assemblages have been altered. Assemblage 3 contains smectite-poor mixed-layer illite–smectite, whilst Assemblage 4 contains no smectitic clay at all. Destruction of smectite interlayers occurred at relatively shallow burial depths (< 2500 m) due to enhanced geothermal gradients and local convective hot-water circulation cells associated with the major Tertiary igneous intrusions.

Nanomaterials From Mixed-Layer Clay Minerals: Structure, Properties, and Functional Applications

2019 ◽  
pp. 365-413
Author(s):  
Hongbing Deng ◽  
Yang Wu ◽  
Iqra Shahzadi ◽  
Rong Liu ◽  
Yang Yi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clay Minerals ◽  
Mixed Layer ◽  
Functional Applications ◽  
Structure Properties

Association of Trace Elements with Iron Oxides During Rock Weathering

1980 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 155-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. D. Koons ◽  
P. A. Helmke ◽  
M. L. Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Iron Oxides ◽  
Rock Weathering

Clay Minerals Associated with the Precambrian Gowganda Formation of Ontario

Clay Minerals ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 471-477 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. Tank ◽  
L. McNeely
Keyword(s):  
Clay Minerals ◽  
Mixed Layer ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
High Grade ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Grade Metamorphism ◽  
Layer Material

AbstractX-ray analyses indicate that chlorite, illite and mixed-layer chloritesmectite are present in the < 2μ fraction of the Precambrian Gowganda Formation near Bruce Mines, Ontario. The mixed-layer material is restricted to the porous graywacke sandstones and is epigenetic in origin. The chlorite and illite are ubiquitous and may reflect high-grade diagenesis, low-grade metamorphism or a source rich in these minerals.

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