Vitamin D Status in Children with Leukemia

Abstract Children and adolescents with leukemia are potentially at a high risk of developing vitamin D deficiency, due to limited physical activity and sunlight exposure, poor nutrition, chemotherapy, and its complications. The prevalence of vitamin D inadequacy in European pediatric cancer patients has been reported to be high. It is not known how many patients already have vitamin D deficiency at the time of diagnosis and whether vitamin D status at the time of diagnosis influences clinical outcome. We aimed to investigate vitamin D status in children with leukemia at the time of diagnosis and explore possible factors (age, type of leukemia, gender, year and season of sampling) contributing to a low level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD). Furthermore, we aimed to investigate if vitamin D status at the time of diagnosis influences overall survival. We carried out a cross-sectional study including all 295 children (169 boys, 57.3%) aged <18 years who were diagnosed with leukemia in our institution between 1991 and 2016 and had a stored serum sample available from the time of diagnosis. All samples had been stored at -80C. We analysed serum 25-OHD and PTH with reagents from the same batch in January 2018; 25-OHD levels <25 nmol/L were considered deficient, 25-50 nmol/L insufficient, 50-75 nmol/L sufficient, and ≥75nmol/L optimal. Clinical data (sex, age, diagnosis, date of the diagnosis, overall survival) were collected from the Swedish Childhood Cancer Registry. Altogether 295 children were included: 232 of them had acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL), 52 acute myeloid leukaemia (AML), and 11 other types of leukemia (8 chronic myeloid leukaemia and 3 juvenile myelomonocytic leukaemia). Mean 25-OHD concentration was 60.7 nmol/L (SD 23.3). One third of the children (33.2%) had a subnormal 25-OHD level (6.4% had deficiency and 26.8% insufficiency), 39.7% were sufficient and 27.1% had an optimal level. There was a significant negative correlation between serum 25-OHD and PTH (p<0.001). Season affected serum 25-OHD: it was lowest in the spring (55.2 nmol/L, SD 21.7) and highest in the summer (68.4 nmol/L, SD 19.6). Multiple linear regression with unadjusted and adjusted analyses to explore the impact of age, diagnosis, gender, season, and time of sampling (calendar year) on 25-OHD level indicated that significant predictors of lower 25-OHD level were older age (p<0.001), sampling in the spring (p<0.001), sampling in more recent calendar year (p=0.001) and sampling in the winter (p=0.001). When exploring the impact of 25-OHD on survival, we used Cox proportional hazard regression. In the whole cohort only the diagnosis and the age at diagnosis were significant. However, when the younger patients (≤ 6 year of age) were analysed separately, 25-OHD level <50 nmol/L at the time of diagnosis was associated with inferior overall survival independently of other factors (HR 3.05, p=0.03) as compared with those with 25-OHD ≥50 nmol/L. This patient group included 163 patients with 16 events. Conclusion: Subnormal 25-OHD levels are common in pediatric patients with leukemia already at the time of diagnosis. In younger children with leukemia 25-OHD level <50 nmol/L is associated with inferior survival. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

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Free Vitamin D Status Among Apparently Healthy Adults Living in Duhok Governorate

10.21203/rs.3.rs-831455/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

masood abdulkareem abdulrahman ◽

Suad Yousif Alkass ◽

Noor Isam Mohammed

Keyword(s):

Vitamin D ◽

Free Form ◽

Vitamin D Status ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Population Total ◽

Daily Exposure ◽

Vitamin D Levels ◽

Free Vitamin D ◽

The Impact ◽

Apparently Healthy

Abstract Serum total 25-OHD is a main marker of vitamin D which represents the intake and sunlight exposure. Free form of 25‐OHD, the small fraction not bound to a transporter protein has been incorporated as a new marker. This cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate the impact of several factors on total and free vitamin D levels in healthy subjects and to find out if the free form of vitamin D could be a better representative of the body’s vitamin D status. Total and free 25‐OHD were analyzed by ELISA method in a blood sample collected from 391 apparently healthy volunteers (219 female and 172 Male) from Duhok Governorate/Iraq population. Total and free 25‐OHD levels were increased proportionally to BMI with lower values seen in the underweight group, also a significant gender differences in total D3 level with higher values in males (23.90 ± 16.41) ng/ml than females (21.24 ± 15.65) ng/ml was observed. Total and Free 25‐OHD levels were significantly associated with ages, their deficiency most frequent occurs in the younger ages between (16–25) years old. Smokers had higher level of Total 25‐OHD (26.95 ± 19.01) ng/ml and Free 25‐OHD (9.47 ± 4.94) pg/ml than nonsmokers (22.14 ± 14.59) ng/ml and (7.87 ± 4.32) pg/ml respectively. A significant increase in Free 25‐OHD level in the veiled women (9.12 ± 4.64) ng/ml than unveiled (6.16 ± 3.73) ng/ml with a significant positive correlation between Free 25‐OHD level and dress style was also seen. 30% and 33% of the participants whom their daily exposure to sunlight for 30 minutes and > 1hour respectively were severe deficient in total 25‐OHD. 95% of the participants who had Abnormally low level of free D were exposed for ≥ 30 minutes to sunlight. Daily exposure to sunlight was negatively associated with Free 25‐OHD level.

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Vitamin D Status of Epileptic Children in India: A Prospective Cross-Sectional Study from a Tertiary Care Centre

Journal of Child Science ◽

10.1055/s-0040-1715860 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (01) ◽

pp. e87-e92

Author(s):

Chandrika Azad ◽

Vishal Guglani ◽

Jasbinder Kaur ◽

Roosy Aulakh ◽

Sukhvinder Singh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Vitamin D ◽

Vitamin D Deficiency ◽

Tertiary Care ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Vitamin D Status ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Vitamin D Levels ◽

Epileptic Children ◽

25 Oh Vitamin D

AbstractVitamin D deficiency is prevalent all over the world, especially in tropical countries. In epileptics, antiepileptic drugs (AED) and associated comorbidities further impact vitamin D status. The aim of this study is to estimate the prevalence of 25(OH) vitamin D deficiency in epileptic children and evaluate probable risk factors. A cross-sectional study of 200 children between 1 and 18 years of age on AED was undertaken in the pediatric neurology clinic of a tertiary care center of Northern India. In all children, serum 25(OH) vitamin D levels, calcium, phosphorus, and alkaline phosphatase were estimated. The deficiency levels of vitamin D were categorized as: deficiency <20 ng/mL, insufficiency 20 to 30 ng/mL, and sufficiency >30 ng/mL. The potential risk factors for hypovitaminosis D, including type of epilepsy, AED regimen (specific medications, polytherapy vs. monotherapy), cerebral palsy, ambulatory status, intellectual disability, body mass index, gender, and vegetarianism were examined. Among the 200 enrolled children (60% boys), 106/200 (53%) were vitamin D deficient. There was no significant relation of vitamin D levels with gender, type of epilepsy, neurological deficit, and type of AED. An inverse relationship of higher phenytoin doses during monotherapy associated with lower vitamin D levels in monotherapy was found, thereby suggesting adverse effect of high doses of phenytoin on vitamin D levels. VDD is common among epileptic children on AED therapy. Vitamin D deficiency is common prevalent among epileptic children on AED therapy, and its detection and treatment correction should be an integral part of epilepsy management.

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Geomapping Vitamin D Status in a Large City and Surrounding Population—Exploring the Impact of Location and Demographics

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu12092663 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (9) ◽

pp. 2663 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Helena Scully ◽

Eamon Laird ◽

Martin Healy ◽

James Bernard Walsh ◽

Vivion Crowley ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Vitamin D ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Large City ◽

Community Dwelling ◽

Vitamin D Status ◽

Large Urban Area ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Important Public Health ◽

Public Health Information ◽

The Impact

Vitamin D status was assessed in a large urban area to compare differences in deficiency and to geomap the results. In total, 36,466 participants from 28 geographical areas were identified in this cross-sectional, retrospective analysis of general practitioner (GP)-requested 25(OH)D tests at St James’s Hospital, Dublin between 2014 and 2018. The population were community-dwelling adults, median age 50.7 (18–109 years) with 15% of participants deficient (<30 nmol/L), rising to 23% in the winter. Deficiency was greatest in younger (18–39 years) and oldest (80+ years) adults, and in males versus females (18% vs. 11%, p < 0.001). Season was the biggest predictor of deficiency (OR 4.44, winter versus summer, p < 0.001), followed by location (west Dublin OR 2.17, north Dublin 1.54, south Dublin 1.42 versus rest of Ireland, p < 0.001) where several urban areas with an increased prevalence of deficiency were identified. There was no improvement in 25(OH)D over the 5-year period despite increased levels of testing. One in four adults were vitamin D deficient in the winter, with significant variations across locations and demographics. Overall this study identifies key groups at risk of 25(OH)D deficiency and insufficiency, thus providing important public health information for the targeting of interventions to optimise 25(OH)D. Mandatory fortification may be necessary to address this widespread inadequacy.

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Vitamin D status of children in Kerala, southern India

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s1368980018003622 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 23 (7) ◽

pp. 1179-1183 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Madhava Vijayakumar ◽

Vijayalakshmi Bhatia ◽

Biju George

Keyword(s):

Vitamin D ◽

Vitamin D Deficiency ◽

Sun Exposure ◽

Southern India ◽

Fish Diet ◽

Vitamin D Status ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Dietary Recall ◽

Hydroxyvitamin D ◽

25 Hydroxyvitamin D

AbstractObjectiveTo study plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) status of children in Kerala, southern India, and its relationship with sociodemographic variables.DesignCross-sectional observational study.SettingTertiary government hospital.ParticipantsChildren (n 296) with trivial acute illness were enrolled. Sun exposure and Ca and vitamin D intakes (7 d dietary recall) were documented. Serum Ca, P, alkaline phosphatase, plasma 25(OH)D and parathyroid hormone (PTH) were measured.ResultsPrevalence of vitamin D deficiency (plasma 25(OH)D <30 nmol/l) was 11·1% (median, interquartile range (IQR): 52·6, 38·4–65·6 nmol/l). Children who ate fish daily had significantly higher plasma 25(OH)D than those who did not (median, IQR: 52·5, 40·8–68·9 v. 49·1, 36·2–60·7 nmol/l; P = 0·02). Those investigated in the months of March–May showed highest 25(OH)D v. those enrolled during other times (median, IQR: 58·7, 45·6–81·4 v. 45·5, 35·6–57·4 nmol/l; P <0·001). Plasma 25(OH)D correlated positively with serum P (r = 0·24, P <0·001) and Ca intake (r = 0·16, P 0·03), negatively with age (r = −0·13, P 0·03) and PTH (r = −0·22, P <0·001.). On linear regression, summer season (March–May), lower age, daily fish intake and higher Ca intake were independently associated with plasma 25(OH)D.ConclusionsPrevalence of vitamin D deficiency is low in Kerala. The natural fish diet of coastal Kerala and the latitude may be protective. Public health policy in India should take account of this geographical diversity.

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Vitamin D status among adolescents in Kuwait: a cross-sectional study

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2017-021401 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 8 (7) ◽

pp. e021401 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Abdullah Al-Taiar ◽

Abdur Rahman ◽

Reem Al-Sabah ◽

Lemia Shaban ◽

Anwar Al-Harbi

Keyword(s):

Vitamin D ◽

Vitamin D Deficiency ◽

Parental Education ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Vitamin D Status ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Gulf Region ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Vitamin D Supplement

ObjectivesIn Kuwait, as in many Arab states in the Gulf region, there are limited data on the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among healthy adolescents. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in a nationally representative sample of adolescents and investigate factors associated with vitamin D status.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted on 1416 adolescents aged 11–16 years, who were randomly selected from middle schools in all governorates of Kuwait. Data were collected from parents through self-administered questionnaire and from adolescents through face-to-face interview. Vitamin D was measured using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Logistic regression was used to investigate the independent factors associated with vitamin D status.ResultsThe prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was 81.21% (95% CI 71.61% to 90.81%), while severe deficiency was 39.48%. Only 3.60% of adolescents were vitamin D-sufficient. The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was significantly higher among girls compared with boys (91.69% vs 70.32%; p<0.001). There was a significant inverse correlation between vitamin D and parathyroid hormone (Spearman correlation=−0.35; p<0.001). In the final model, gender, age, governorate, parental education, body mass index, vitamin D supplement and the number of times adolescents walk to schools per week were all significantly related to vitamin D deficiency.ConclusionHigh prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was noted among adolescents in Kuwait despite the abundant sunshine, which may reflect strong sun avoidance behaviour. Adequate outdoor daytime activities should be encouraged especially for girls. We call for locally tailored guidelines for vitamin D supplement in which girls should have a higher dose compared with boys.

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25-OH-Vitamin-D Deficiency Impairs Rituximab-Mediated Cellular Cytotoxicity and Is Associated With An Inferior Outcome Of Elderly DLBCL Patients Treated With Rituximab

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood.v122.21.1819.1819 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 122 (21) ◽

pp. 1819-1819 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Joerg Thomas Bittenbring ◽

Bettina Altmann ◽

Frank Neumann ◽

Marina Achenbach ◽

Joerg Reichrath ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Vitamin D ◽

Overall Survival ◽

Vitamin D Deficiency ◽

Multivariable Analysis ◽

Serum Levels ◽

Event Free Survival ◽

Free Survival ◽

Vitamin D Levels ◽

25 Oh Vitamin D ◽

The Impact

Abstract Background To investigate the impact and underlying mechanisms of vitamin-D-deficiency (VDD) on outcome of elderly (61 to 80 year-old) DLBCL patients. Methods Pretreatment 25-OH-vitamin-D serum levels from 359 patients treated in the prospective multicenter RICOVER-60 trial with 6 or 8 cycles of CHOP-14 with and without 8 cycles rituximab and 63 patients in the RICOVER-noRT study treated with 6xCHOP-14 + 8xR were determined determined by LIASION®, a commercially available chemoluminescent immunoassay. Results RICOVER-60 patients with VDD (defined as serum levels ≤8 ng/m l) and treated with rituximab had a 3-year event-free survival of 59% compared to 79% in patients with >8 ng/ml; 3-year overall survival was 70% and 82%, respectively. These differences were significant in a multivariable analysis adjusting for IPI risk factors with a hazard ratio of 2.1 [p=0.008] for event-free survival and 1.9 [p=0.040] for overall survival. In patients treated without rituximab 3-year EFS was not significantly different in patients with vitamin-D levels ≤8 and >8 ng/ml (HR 1.2; p=0.388). These results were confirmed in an independent validation set of 63 patients treated within the RICOVER-noRT study. Rituximab-mediated cellular toxicity (RMCC) against the CD20+ cell line Daudi as determined by LDH release assay increased significantly (p<0.005) in 5/5 vitamin-D-deficient individuals after vitamin-D substitution and normalization of their vitamin-D levels. Conclusions VDD is a significant risk factor for elderly DLBCL patients treated with rituximab. Our results show that VDD impairs RMCC and that RMCC can be improved by vitamin-D substitution. This together with the differential effect of VDD in patients treated with and without rituximab suggests that vitamin-D substitution might result in a better outcome of these patients when treated with CHOP plus rituximab. Supported by a grant from Deutsche Krebshilfe. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

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Association of vitamin D with adiposity measures and other determinants in a cross-sectional study of Cypriot adolescents

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s1368980013003480 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

pp. 112-121 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Ourania Kolokotroni ◽

Anna Papadopoulou ◽

Panayiotis K Yiallouros ◽

Vasilios Raftopoulos ◽

Christiana Kouta ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Vitamin D ◽

Vitamin D Deficiency ◽

Reference Group ◽

Serum Vitamin ◽

Sun Exposure ◽

Dietary Vitamin ◽

Vitamin D Status ◽

Fat Percentage ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Serum Vitamin D

AbstractObjectiveTo assess vitamin D status among Cypriot adolescents and investigate potential determinants including BMI and body fat percentage (BF%).DesignParticipants had cross-sectional assessments of serum vitamin D, physical activity, dietary vitamin D intake and sun exposure. Linear and logistic regression models were used to explore the associations of vitamin D with potential predictors.SettingHospitals, Cyprus, November 2007–May 2008.SubjectsAdolescents (n 671) aged 16–18 years.ResultsMean serum vitamin D was 22·90 (sd 6·41) ng/ml. Only one in ten children had sufficient levels of vitamin D (≥30 ng/ml), while the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency (12–20 ng/ml) and severe deficiency (<12 ng/ml) was 31·7 % and 4·0 %, respectively. Lower vitamin D was associated with winter and spring season, female gender, reduced sun exposure in winter and darker skin. Participants with highest BMI and BF% when compared with a middle reference group had increased adjusted odds of vitamin D insufficiency (OR = 3·00; 95 % CI 1·21, 7·45 and OR = 5·02; 95 % CI 1·80, 13·97, respectively). A similar pattern, although not as strong, was shown for vitamin D deficiency with BF% (OR = 1·81; 95 % CI 1·04, 3·16) and BMI (OR = 1·51; 95 % CI 0·85, 2·67). Participants in the lowest BMI and BF% groups also displayed compromised vitamin D status, suggesting a U-shaped association.ConclusionsVitamin D deficiency in adolescence is very prevalent in sunny Cyprus, particularly among females, those with darker skin and those with reduced sun exposure in winter. Furthermore, vitamin D status appears to have a U-shaped association with adiposity measures.

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Vitamin D status and its determinants in children and adults among families in late summer in Denmark

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114514001263 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 112 (5) ◽

pp. 776-784 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Katja H. Madsen ◽

Lone B. Rasmussen ◽

Heddie Mejborn ◽

Elisabeth W. Andersen ◽

Christian Mølgaard ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Vitamin D ◽

Geometric Mean ◽

Late Summer ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Dietary Vitamin ◽

Healthy Children ◽

Vitamin D Status ◽

Related Factors ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The Impact

The impact of the familial relationship on vitamin D status has not been investigated previously. The objective of the present cross-sectional study was to assess serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration and its determinants in children and adults among families in late summer in Denmark (56°N). Data obtained from 755 apparently healthy children (4–17 years) and adults (18–60 years) recruited as families (n 200) in the VitmaD study were analysed. Blood samples were collected in September–October, and serum 25(OH)D concentration was measured by liquid chromatography–tandem MS. Information on potential determinants was obtained using questionnaires. The geometric mean serum 25(OH)D concentration was 72·1 (interquartile range 61·5–86·7) nmol/l (range 9–162 nmol/l), with 9 % of the subjects having 25(OH)D concentrations < 50 nmol/l. The intra-family correlation was 0·27 in all subjects, 0·24 in the adults and 0·42 in the children. Serum 25(OH)D concentration was negatively associated with BMI (P< 0·001) and positively associated with dietary vitamin D intake (P= 0·008), multivitamin use (P= 0·019), solarium use (P= 0·006), outdoor stay (P= 0·001), sun preference (P= 0·002) and sun vacation (P< 0·001), but was not associated with lifestyle-related factors in the adults when these were assessed together with the other determinants. In conclusion, the majority of children and adults among the families had serum 25(OH)D concentrations >50 nmol/l in late summer in Denmark. Both dietary and sun-related factors were determinants of vitamin D status and the familial component was stronger for the children than for the adults.

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Evaluation of Vitamin D Status among the Doctors of Bangladesh – A Multi-Center Cross-Sectional Study

Bangladesh Journal of Medicine ◽

10.3329/bjm.v32i1.51092 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 32 (1) ◽

pp. 31-38

Author(s):

Quazi Tarikul Islam ◽

Md Alimur Reza ◽

Md Khalilur Rahman ◽

AFM Nazmul Islam ◽

Saiyeedur Rahman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Vitamin D ◽

Vitamin D Deficiency ◽

Health Care Professionals ◽

Integrated Approach ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Vitamin D Supplementation ◽

Sunlight Exposure ◽

Activity Level ◽

Vitamin D Status ◽

Cross Sectional

Introduction: Vitamin D deficiency has been linked to a whole spectrum of diseases including osteoporosis, cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular and immune disorders. Though Bangladesh is low latitude country, vitamin D Deficiency is serious and wide spread problem in Bangladesh. Physicians of Bangladesh are more vulnerable to low vitamin D status due to long indoor work hours and lack of sunlight exposure in both government & private institute. So, the aim of this study to evaluate vitamin D status among the physicians working around the Bangladesh. Methods: This was a cross-sectional, multicenter study where we enrolled 1112 doctors from 9 different areas of Bangladesh from May 2018 to June 2019. A Blood sample was collected from all participants to measure Serum 25(OH)D and various patient data such as age, gender, BMI, physical activity level during leisure time, use of vitamins and medications, sunlight exposure time, tea/coffee drinking, smoking, H/O comorbidities etc. was collected. Results: Of the 1112 doctors assessed in the study,794 (71.4%) was male and 318 (28.6%) was female. Mean age of the participants was 45.5±11.1 Years. Vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency was found in 734 (65.8%) and 105 (9.4%) participants respectively. Mean vitamin D level was 18.9 ng/ml (±8.6 ng/ml). Less than 5% of participants of Rajshahi, Rangpur, Dhaka, Bogura and Sylhet had sufficient vitamin D level. Vitamin D deficiency was significantly associated with age, obesity, sunlight exposure, physical inactivity, hypertension and vitamin D supplementation. Conclusion: Vitamin D deficiency is very common among physicians of all over Bangladesh. The high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in the present study points towards urgent need of an integrated approach to detect vitamin D deficiency among health care professionals and treat appropriately. Bangladesh J Medicine January 2021; 32(1) : 31-38

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Vitamin D Status of the British African-Caribbean Residents: Analysis of the UK Biobank Cohort

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu13114104 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (11) ◽

pp. 4104

Author(s):

Rebecca M. Vearing ◽

Kathryn H. Hart ◽

Karen Charlton ◽

Yasmine Probst ◽

David J. Blackbourn ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Vitamin D ◽

Vitamin D Deficiency ◽

Societal Implications ◽

Vitamin D Status ◽

Uk Biobank ◽

Blood Draw ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Increased Risk ◽

African Caribbean ◽

The Uk

The vitamin D status of the United Kingdom (UK) African-Caribbean (AC) population remains under-researched, despite an increased risk of vitamin D deficiency due to darker skin phenotypes and living at a high latitude. This cross-sectional study explored the vitamin D status and intake of AC individuals (n = 4046 with a valid serum 25(OH)D measurement) from the UK Biobank Cohort, aged ≥40 years at baseline (2006–2010). Over one third of the population were deficient (<25 nmol/L), 41.1% were insufficient (25–50 nmol/L) and 15.9% were sufficient (>50 nmol/L). Median (IQR) 25(OH)D was 30.0 (20.9) nmol/L. Logistic regression showed that brown/black skin phenotype, winter blood draw, not consuming oily fish and not using vitamin D supplements predicted increased odds of vitamin D deficiency, whilst older age and a summer or autumn blood draw were significantly associated with reduced odds of vitamin D deficiency. Vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency were prevalent in this AC population and is of considerable concern given the individual and societal implications of increased morbidity. Public health messaging for this group should focus on year-round vitamin D supplementation and increasing intakes of culturally appropriate vitamin D-rich foods. These data also support the urgent requirement for a revised vitamin D RNI for ethnic groups.

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