scholarly journals Development of the indirect flight muscles of Aedes aegypti, a main arbovirus vector

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Celestino-Montes ◽  
Salvador Hernández-Martínez ◽  
Mario Henry Rodríguez ◽  
Febe Elena Cázares-Raga ◽  
Carlos Vázquez-Calzada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Lattice Structure ◽  
Hexagonal Lattice ◽  
Pupal Stage ◽  
Lateral Position ◽  
Myoblast Fusion ◽  
General Description ◽  
Thin Filaments ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Flight Muscles

Abstract Background Flying is an essential function for mosquitoes, required for mating and, in the case of females, to get a blood meal and consequently function as a vector. Flight depends on the action of the indirect flight muscles (IFMs), which power the wings beat. No description of the development of IFMs in mosquitoes, including Aedes aegypti, is available. Methods A. aegypti thoraces of larvae 3 and larvae 4 (L3 and L4) instars were analyzed using histochemistry and bright field microscopy. IFM primordia from L3 and L4 and IFMs from pupal and adult stages were dissected and processed to detect F-actin labelling with phalloidin-rhodamine or TRITC, or to immunodetection of myosin and tubulin using specific antibodies, these samples were analyzed by confocal microscopy. Other samples were studied using transmission electron microscopy. Results At L3–L4, IFM primordia for dorsal-longitudinal muscles (DLM) and dorsal–ventral muscles (DVM) were identified in the expected locations in the thoracic region: three primordia per hemithorax corresponding to DLM with anterior to posterior orientation were present. Other three primordia per hemithorax, corresponding to DVM, had lateral position and dorsal to ventral orientation. During L3 to L4 myoblast fusion led to syncytial myotubes formation, followed by myotendon junctions (MTJ) creation, myofibrils assembly and sarcomere maturation. The formation of Z-discs and M-line during sarcomere maturation was observed in pupal stage and, the structure reached in teneral insects a classical myosin thick, and actin thin filaments arranged in a hexagonal lattice structure. Conclusions A general description of A. aegypti IFM development is presented, from the myoblast fusion at L3 to form myotubes, to sarcomere maturation at adult stage. Several differences during IFM development were observed between A. aegypti (Nematoceran) and Drosophila melanogaster (Brachyceran) and, similitudes with Chironomus sp. were observed as this insect is a Nematoceran, which is taxonomically closer to A. aegypti and share the same number of larval stages.

The Effect of Temperature on the Growth Rate and Survival of the Immature Stages of Aëdes aegypti (L.).

1958 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 157-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Micha Bar-Zeev
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Pupal Stage ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Thermal Constant ◽  
Immature Stages ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Adequate Food ◽  
Newly Hatched Larvae ◽  
Number Of Individuals

The effect of temperature on the growth rate and survival of the immature stages of Aëdes aegypti (L.) was studied by rearing them at each of a series of constant temperatures from 14–38°C. in water to which adequate food (bakers' yeast) was added. Larvae were hatched, by immersing eggs in water, in four successive groups with an interval of six hours between each, and six hours after the last group hatched, and every 24 hours thereafter, those surviving in each group were recorded and transferred to fresh water and food, the exuviae remaining being recorded. The average time at which any given stage was reached was taken as the mid-point of the 6-hr. period within which the number of individuals that had completed the previous stage reached 50 per cent, of the total that finally did so.The curve relating temperature and time of development from newly hatched larva to adult is hyperbolic, except at the extremes. The later the instar, the lower is the temperature at which growth is most rapid. The threshold of development was between 9° and 10°C., the developmental zero 13.3°C., and the average thermal constant (between 16° and 32°C.) 2,741 degree-hours. The highest and lowest temperatures permitting development from newly hatched larva to adult were 36° and 14°C., respectively. The average durations of the four successive larval stages and the pupal stage, expressed as percentages of the time taken for newly hatched larvae to reach the adult stage, were 14.6, 13.9, 17.5, 33.3 and 20.6, respectively.

Structural analysis of the photosynthetic membrane from Ectothiorhodospira halochloris

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 740-741
Author(s):  
H. Engelhardt ◽  
R. Guckenberger ◽  
W. Baumeister
Keyword(s):  
Lattice Structure ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Hexagonal Lattice ◽  
Reaction Centre ◽  
Photosynthetic Membrane ◽  
Rhodopseudomonas Viridis ◽  
Photosynthetic Membranes ◽  
Ectothiorhodospira Halochloris ◽  
Main Components

Bacterial photosynthetic membranes contain, apart from lipids and electron transport components, reaction centre (RC) and light harvesting (LH) polypeptides as the main components. The RC-LH complexes in Rhodopseudomonas viridis membranes are known since quite seme time to form a hexagonal lattice structure in vivo; hence this membrane attracted the particular attention of electron microscopists. Contrary to previous claims in the literature we found, however, that 2-D periodically organized photosynthetic membranes are not a unique feature of Rhodopseudomonas viridis. At least five bacterial species, all bacteriophyll b - containing, possess membranes with the RC-LH complexes regularly arrayed. All these membranes appear to have a similar lattice structure and fine-morphology. The lattice spacings of the Ectothiorhodospira haloohloris, Ectothiorhodospira abdelmalekii and Rhodopseudomonas viridis membranes are close to 13 nm, those of Thiocapsa pfennigii and Rhodopseudomonas sulfoviridis are slightly smaller (∼12.5 nm).

Larval and juvenile development of the Iceland cockle Ciliatocardium ciliatum (Fabricius, 1780) (Bivalvia: Cardiidae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 324 (2) ◽  
pp. 242-251
Author(s):  
L.P. Flyachinskaya ◽  
P.A. Lezin
Keyword(s):  
Lateral Position ◽  
Larval Shell ◽  
Subtidal Zone ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Posterior Shoulder ◽  
Blade Shape ◽  
The Right ◽  
Lateral Structures ◽  
Juvenile Development ◽  
Concentric Structure

The paper considers the development of Ciliatocardium ciliatum from the stage of straight hinge to juvenile. In the White Sea the spawning of C. ciliatum begins at the end of June, larvae at different stages of development occur in plankton until the end of September. The earliest of the larvae found had shell lengths of 123–130 µm. The paper first examined the anatomy and structure of the larval shell of C. ciliatum. During the development, the main stages of organogenesis were described and special attention was paid to the formation of the digestive and muscular systems. The digestive system begins to function when the larva reaches a size of 170–180 µm. The digestive gland has a two-blade shape and is shifted to the right side. The foot is formed at a size of 230 µm, the gill rudiments appear when the larva reaches 270 µm. The development of the larval shell and larval hinge of the mollusc is considered in detail. The development of the larval shell of C. ciliatum is similar to the development of other family members. Throughout all the larval stages, the shell has a rounded shape with a low umbos, and the prodissoconch II has a clearly visible concentric structure. The C. ciliatum larval hinge is characterized by weak differentiation and the absence of pronounced cardinal teeth typical for other Cardiidae. However, the lateral structures of the castle – ridges and flanges – are well developed. The ligament begins to form at a size of 240–250 µm and occupies a lateral position. The settlement of the cockle takes place in September in the subtidal zone. After the metamorphosis, a large radial sculpture is formed on the dissoconch and a number of small spikes are formed at the rib of the posterior shoulder.

scholarly journals Flightin maintains myofilament lattice organization required for optimal flight power and courtship song quality in Drosophila

2017 ◽  
Vol 284 (1854) ◽  
pp. 20170431 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samya Chakravorty ◽  
Bertrand C. W. Tanner ◽  
Veronica Lee Foelber ◽  
Hien Vu ◽  
Matthew Rosenthal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Output ◽  
Lattice Structure ◽  
Courtship Song ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Male Reproductive Success ◽  
Supporting Evidence ◽  
Force Transmission ◽  
Wingbeat Frequency ◽  
Terminal Domain ◽  
Flight Muscles

The indirect flight muscles (IFMs) of Drosophila and other insects with asynchronous flight muscles are characterized by a crystalline myofilament lattice structure. The high-order lattice regularity is considered an adaptation for enhanced power output, but supporting evidence for this claim is lacking. We show that IFMs from transgenic flies expressing flightin with a deletion of its poorly conserved N-terminal domain ( fln ΔN62 ) have reduced inter-thick filament spacing and a less regular lattice. This resulted in a decrease in flight ability by 33% and in skinned fibre oscillatory power output by 57%, but had no effect on wingbeat frequency or frequency of maximum power output, suggesting that the underlying actomyosin kinetics is not affected and that the flight impairment arises from deficits in force transmission. Moreover, we show that fln ΔN62 males produced an abnormal courtship song characterized by a higher sine song frequency and a pulse song with longer pulses and longer inter-pulse intervals (IPIs), the latter implicated in male reproductive success. When presented with a choice, wild-type females chose control males over mutant males in 92% of the competition events. These results demonstrate that flightin N-terminal domain is required for optimal myofilament lattice regularity and IFM activity, enabling powered flight and courtship song production. As the courtship song is subject to female choice, we propose that the low amino acid sequence conservation of the N-terminal domain reflects its role in fine-tuning species-specific courtship songs.

scholarly journals Observations on the predatory potential of Lutzia fuscana on Aedes aegypti larvae: implications for biological control (Diptera: Culicidae)

2016 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 137
Author(s):  
Soujita Pramanik ◽  
Sampa Banerjee ◽  
Soumyajit Banerjee ◽  
Goutam K. Saha ◽  
Gautam Aditya
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Instar Larva ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
The Body ◽  
Larval Habitats ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Augmentative Release ◽  
Predatory Potential

Among the natural predators, larval stages of the mosquito <em>Lutzia fuscana (</em>Wiedemann, 1820) (Diptera: Culicidae) bear potential as a biological control agent of mosquitoes. An estimation of the predatory potential of the larva of <em>L. fuscana</em> against the larva of the dengue vector <em>Aedes aegypti</em> (Linnaeus, 1762) (Diptera: Culicidae) was made to highlight its use in vector management. Laboratory experiments revealed that the larva of<em> L</em>. <em>fuscana</em> consumes 19 to 24 <em>A. aegypti</em> larvae per day, during its tenure as IV instar larva. The consumption of <em>A. aegypti</em> larvae was proportionate to the body length (BL) and body weight (BW) of the predatory larva<em> L. fuscana</em> as depicted through the logistic regressions: y = 1 / (1 + exp(-(-2.09 + 0.35*BL))) and y = 1 / (1 + exp(-(0.4+ 0.06*BW))). While the prey consumption remained comparable among the days, the net weight gained by the <em>L</em>. <em>fuscana</em> larva showed a decreasing trend with the age. On the basis of the results, it is apparent that the larva of the mosquito <em>L. fuscana</em> can be used in the regulation of the mosquito <em>A. aegypti</em> through augmentative release, particularly, in the smaller mosquito larval habitats.

scholarly journals Effect of Leaves and Fruits Ethanolic Extract of Duranta repens on Mosquito Culex pipens pipens

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 870-876 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baghdad Science Journal
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
High Mortality ◽  
Culex Pipiens ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Pupal Stage ◽  
Fourth Generation ◽  
Larval Instars ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Biological Performance

The study aimes to investigate the effects of leaves & fruits ethanolic extract of Duranta repens L. on biological performance for all stages of life cycle of the mosquito Culex pipiens piepiens L., For this purpose the mosquitoes were reared in the laboratory till the fourth generation .Different concentrations of leaves (800,1000,1200,1400ppm) and fruits (800,1000,1200ppm) were tested on (eggs,larval stages,pupal stages and the adult stages). The results revealed that the extracts gave highest mortality rate for the eggs at(100%) compared with control,fruits extract shown highest mortality rate of the four larval instars (100%)at 1200ppm compared with leave extract at(80,50,33.33,20%).Also the extract caused a high mortality rate for pupal stage compared with fruits extract at(76.66,53.33%)respectively.Also ethanolic extract caused a 83.33,76.66% for male &femail. Developmental deformation was observed.. In conclusion, the findings of the present study indicate that the leaves &fruits extracts of Duranta repens L., , can be widely and effectively used in the control of mosquito.

scholarly journals Calcium-Dependent Myosin from Insect Flight Muscles

1974 ◽  
Vol 63 (5) ◽  
pp. 553-563 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Lehman ◽  
Belinda Bullard ◽  
Kathleen Hammond
Keyword(s):  
Atpase Activity ◽  
Insect Flight ◽  
Calcium Regulation ◽  
Regulatory Proteins ◽  
Myosin Molecule ◽  
Thin Filaments ◽  
Actomyosin Atpase ◽  
Calcium Dependent ◽  
Regulatory Systems ◽  
Flight Muscles

Calcium regulation of the insect actomyosin ATPase is associated with the thin filaments as in vertebrate muscles, and also with the myosin molecule as in mollusks. This dual regulation is demonstrated using combinations of locust thin filaments with rabbit myosin and locust myosin with rabbit actin; in each case the ATPase of the hybrid actomyosin is calcium dependent. The two regulatory systems are synergistic, the calcium dependency of the locust actomyosin ATPase being at least 10 times that of the hybrid actomyosins described above. Likewise Lethocerus myosin also contains regulatory proteins. The ATPase activity of Lethocerus myosin is labile and is stabilized by the presence of rabbit actin. Tropomyosin activates the ATPase of insect actomyosin and the activation occurs irrespective of whether the myosin is calcium dependent or rendered independent of calcium.

scholarly journals Indirect flight muscles in Drosophila melanogaster as a tractable model to study muscle development and disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (1-2-3) ◽  
pp. 167-173
Author(s):  
Saroj Jawkar ◽  
Upendra Nongthomba
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Muscle Development ◽  
Myoblast Fusion ◽  
Successful Development ◽  
Adult Muscle ◽  
Attachment Sites ◽  
Flight Muscles ◽  
And Function

Myogenesis is a complex multifactorial process leading to the formation of the adult muscle. An amalgamation of autonomous processes including myoblast fusion and myofibrillogenesis, as well as non-autonomous processes, such as innervations from neurons and precise connections with attachment sites, are responsible for successful development and function of muscles. In this review, we describe the development of the indirect flight muscles (IFMs) in Drosophila melanogaster, and highlight the use of the IFMs as a model for studying muscle development and disease, based on recent studies on the development and function of IFMs.

scholarly journals STUDIES ON AMPHIBIAN YOLK

1963 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuichi Karasaki
Keyword(s):  
Fine Particles ◽  
Lattice Structure ◽  
Hexagonal Lattice ◽  
Superficial Layer ◽  
Crystalline Lattice ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Embryonic Cells ◽  
Amphibian Species ◽  
Ca 50 ◽  
Band Spacing

The yolk platelets of mature eggs and young embryonic cells of all amphibian species studied (Rana pipiens, Triturus pyrrhogaster, Diemictylus viridescens, Rana nigromaculata, and Bufo vulgaris) have a superficial layer of fine particles or fibrils (ca. 50 A in diameter), a central main body with a crystalline lattice structure, and an enclosing membrane approximately 70 A in thickness. Electron micrographs of the main body reveal hexagonal net (spacing ca. 70 A), square net (spacing ca. 80 A), and parallel band (spacing from 35 to 100 A but most frequent at ca. 70 A) patterns. The crystalline structure is believed to be a simple hexagonal lattice made of closely packed cylindrical rods. Each rod is estimated to be about 80 A in diameter and 160 A in length.

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