Assessment of Staphylococcus aureus along milk value chain and its public health importance in Sebeta, central Oromia, Ethiopia

Abstract Background Public health and infection control prevention and surveillance efforts in the United States have primarily focused on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). We describe the public health importance of methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) in selected communities. Methods We analyzed Emerging Infections Program surveillance data for invasive S. aureus (SA) infections (isolated from a normally sterile body site) in 8 counties in 5 states during 2016. Cases were considered healthcare-associated if culture was obtained >3 days after hospital admission; if associated with dialysis, hospitalization, surgery, or long-term care facility (LTCF) residence within 1 year prior; or if a central venous catheter was present ≤2 days prior. Incidence per 100 000 census population was calculated, and a multivariate logistic regression model with random intercepts was used to compare MSSA risk factors with those of MRSA. Results Invasive MSSA incidence (31.3/100 000) was 1.8 times higher than MRSA (17.5/100 000). Persons with MSSA were more likely than those with MRSA to have no underlying medical conditions (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 2.06; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.26–3.39) and less likely to have prior hospitalization (aOR, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.60–0.82) or LTCF residence (aOR, 0.37; 95% CI, 0.29–0.47). MSSA accounted for 59.7% of healthcare-associated cases and 60.1% of deaths. Conclusions Although MRSA tended to be more closely associated with healthcare exposures, invasive MSSA is a substantial public health problem in the areas studied. Public health and infection control prevention efforts should consider MSSA prevention in addition to MRSA.

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Anisakid Parasites, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus in Sushi and Sashimi from Seattle Area Restaurants

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x-57.4.311 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 57 (4) ◽

pp. 311-317 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

ANN M. ADAMS ◽

LINDA L. LEJA ◽

KAREN JINNEMAN ◽

JENNIFER BEEH ◽

GALE A. YUEN ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Bacillus Cereus ◽

Fecal Coliforms ◽

Grocery Stores ◽

Public Health Importance ◽

Third Stage ◽

Plate Counts ◽

And Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Anisakid Nematodes

Samples of salmon, tuna, mackerel, and rockfish sushi were analyzed for parasites from 32 of the approximately 50 restaurants in the Seattle area that prepare sushi. The restaurants were sampled up to three times over a 19-month period. Some specialty grocery stores providing restaurants and consumers with sashimi were also sampled. Salmon sushi was most commonly affected with almost 10% of pieces infected with a maximum of 3 nematodes per piece. Only single infections were present in mackerel sushi with frequency of 5%; and tuna and rockfish sushi were free of nematodes. All nematodes were third-stage juveniles of the genus Atiisakis. Except for two moribund nematodes, all juveniles from sushi were dead, most likely the result of the practice of using fish that have been previously frozen. The two moribund nematodes were present in one salmon sushi sample, indicating that incompletely frozen product had been used. For the sashimi, no parasites were found in tuna; however, a live anisakid was found in one collection of rockfish sashimi. Efforts to detect anisakid nematodes with nondestructive methods were generally unsuccessful. Neither inspection per ultraviolet light nor by candling was effective for salmon sushi. Candling was also ineffective for mackerel but was useful for rockfish and appears to be appropriate for the analysis of tuna sushi. Results of analyses of rice from sushi samples from 19 of the restaurants indicated that the pH levels were at 4.6 or below, and no fecal coliforms were detected. Most of the aerobic plate counts were below log 6, with only 2 between log 6 and log 7. Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus were detected in rice from six restaurants each, but in no samples were these two organisms found together, and levels were well below those of public health importance.

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Public Health Importance of Methicillin-Sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA): Results From Pilot Surveillance in Five Counties, 2014–2015

Open Forum Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/ofid/ofv133.833 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2 (suppl_1) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Isaac See ◽

Nicole Gualandi ◽

Ghinwa Dumyati ◽

Mackenzie Koeck ◽

Ruth Lynfield ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Public Health Importance

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Physicochemical and Microbiological Post-Harvest Losses of Camel Milk Along the Camel Milk Value Chain in Isiolo, Kenya

Current Research in Nutrition and Food Science Journal ◽

10.12944/crnfsj.4.2.01 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 80-89 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Nicanor Odongo ◽

Peter Lamuka ◽

George Abong ◽

Joseph Matofari ◽

Khalif Abey

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Value Chain ◽

Microbiological Quality ◽

Viable Count ◽

Camel Milk ◽

Total Viable Count ◽

Microbial Counts ◽

Post Harvest ◽

The Mean ◽

Milk Value Chain

Camel milk value chain experiences a lot of constrains which are likely to leads to high post-harvest losses due to physicochemical and microbiological changes. However, the magnitude of these quality and quantity losses have not been quantified. The objective of this study was to quantify these losses at different stages along the camel milk value chain. The study established the mean pH along the Isiolo value chain to range from 6.5 to 6.6 and did not show significant (p>0.05) difference along the chain. The percentage lactic acid ranged from 1.63 to 2.07 and showed significant (p<0.05) different along the chain. 3.57% and 4.76% of milk at delivered at bulking/cooling hub in Isiolo town and terminal market at Eastleighin Nairobi,respectively, failed alcohol test. Total viable count (TVC) showed the highest count along the chain (1.78x106 to 8.1x108) while Staphylococcus aureus showed the lowest count along the chain (1.3x104 to 2.0x106). Generally the microbial counts increased along the chain. This could be due to the longer withholding time of the milk at the various points along the chain. More milk was lost due to Total viable count standard than coliform counts standard, 100% of milk at the terminal Eastleigh market, Nairobi were rejected due to TVC while 92.5% rejected due to coliform counts. Camel milk value chain was therefore shown to be of poor microbiological quality which results to a lot of milk post-harvest losses.

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Bacterial assessment of street-vended hog plum (Spondias mombin) and its public health importance

Bangladesh Veterinarian ◽

10.3329/bvet.v32i1.29253 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 32 (1) ◽

pp. 19-26

Author(s):

A Siddiqu ◽

S Nasrin ◽

M Moonmoon ◽

MA Islam ◽

MM Khatun

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Viable Count ◽

Penicillin G ◽

Biochemical Tests ◽

Public Health Importance ◽

E Coli ◽

Spondias Mombin ◽

Hand Wash ◽

Hog Plum

To determine the microbial load of hog plum (Spondias mombin) (Local name Amra) sold by street vendors at Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU) campus and Mymensingh city, samples of raw hog plum wash (n = 5), hand wash of vendors (n = 5), knife wash (n = 5) and stick wash (n = 5) were collected from five different hog plum vendors. Microbial quality of hog plums was assessed by total viable count (TVC), total coliform count (TCC) and total staphylococcal count (TSC). Samples were inoculated into Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB) agar, MacConkey agar and Mannitol Salt (MS) agar. Identification of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli (E. coli) were confirmed by sugar fermentation and biochemical tests. TVC ranged from log 6.9 to 6.8 cfu/mL in raw hog plum wash, log 6.9 to 5.8 cfu/mL in vendors' hand wash, log 5.9 to 4.9 cfu/mL in stick wash and log 5.3 to 5.2 cfu/mL in knife wash samples. TCC of raw hog plum wash sample was log 3.4 to 2.3 cfu/mL and in vendors hand wash samples log 3.4 to 1.3 cfu/mL. TCC were not detected in stick and knife wash samples. TSC ranged from log 4.6 to 4.6 cfu/mL in raw hog plum wash, log 5.7 to 4.6 cfu/mL in vendors' hand wash, log 4.6 to 3.6 cfu/mL in stick wash and log 4.5 to 4.5 cfu/mL in knife wash samples. Staphylococcus aureus were sensitive to ciprofloxacin, gentamicin and vancomycin and resistant to ampicillin and cephalexin. E. coli were sensitive to ciprofloxacin and gentamicin and resistant to ampicillin, penicillin G and cephalexin. It is indicated that hog plum sold at BAU campus and Mymensingh city street harbour multidrug-resistant food-borne bacteria causing possible public health hazards.Bangl. vet. 2015. Vol. 32, No. 1, 19-26

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Viral Agents of Gastroenteritis Public Health Importance and Outbreak Management

PsycEXTRA Dataset ◽

10.1037/e546112006-001 ◽

1990 ◽

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Public Health Importance ◽

Outbreak Management

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An Overview of Gambling in India

10.25259/gjmpbu_7_2020 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 ◽

pp. 4

Author(s):

Sanju George ◽

Jessy Fenn ◽

Kripa Robonderdeep

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Public Health Importance ◽

The World

Gambling is a popular pastime in India, as in most cultures across the world. Although research from India is limited, there is enough evidence to suggest that it should be of public health importance. In this brief paper, we look at the evolution of gambling in India and also discuss potential ways forward to address this issue.

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Incidence of Staphylococcus aureus and its Enterotoxins in Chicken Meat and its Products

International Journal of Veterinary Science ◽

10.37422/ijvs/20.077 ◽

2020 ◽

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Health Hazard ◽

Chicken Meat ◽

Isolation Technique ◽

Mean Values ◽

Unsaturated Fat ◽

Permissible Limits ◽

Production Activity ◽

Different Types

Chicken meat are being widely consumed as they contain high protein and a healthier unsaturated fat type. Chicken burger represent a consumer palatable chicken product. Both chicken and its products are liable to different types of contamination during their preparation and processing. Contamination by S. aureus and its enterotoxins poses a major public health hazard to chicken meat consumes. During this study 100 different samples of chicken fillet, deboned thigh, wing, mechanically deboned meat (MDM) and chicken burger (20 each) was collected from market and investigated for their S. aureus count and ability of the isolated strains to produce enterotoxins using conventional plating and isolation technique as well as using SET-RPLA toxin detection kit. Results revealed that mean values of S. aureus count in all samples exceeded the permissible limits and hence being unacceptable. MDM isolated exhibited staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) production of three different types SEA, SEC and SED. Meanwhile chicken burger S. aureus isolates produced only SEA and SEC enterotoxins. While isolated S. aureus from chicken fillet and deboned thigh didn’t exhibit any enterotoxin production activity. It’s recommended to follow the hygienic practices during different processing stages to avoid the risk of S. aureus and its enterotoxins.

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Prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and pattern of antimicrobial resistance in mastitis milk of cattle in Chitwan, Nepal

BMC Veterinary Research ◽

10.1186/s12917-021-02942-6 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Asmita Shrestha ◽

Rebanta Kumar Bhattarai ◽

Himal Luitel ◽

Surendra Karki ◽

Hom Bahadur Basnet

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Subclinical Mastitis ◽

World Health ◽

Dairy Herds ◽

Microbiological Analysis ◽

Biochemical Tests ◽

Methicillin Resistant ◽

Milk Samples

Abstract Background The threat of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) exists globally and has been listed as a priority pathogen by the World Health Organization. One of the sources of MRSA emergence is livestock and its products, often raised in poor husbandry conditions. There are limited studies in Nepal to understand the prevalence of MRSA in dairy animals and its antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profile. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Chitwan, one of the major milk-producing districts of Nepal, from February 2018 to September 2019 to estimate the prevalence of MRSA in milk samples and its AMR profile. The collected milk samples (n = 460) were screened using the California Mastitis Test (CMT) and positive samples were subjected to microbiological analysis to isolate and identify S. aureus. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was used to identify the presence of the mecA gene and screen for MRSA. Results In total, 41.5% (191/460) of milk samples were positive in the CMT test. Out of 191 CMT positive milk samples, the biochemical tests showed that the prevalence of S. aureus was 15.2% (29/191). Among the 29 S. aureus isolates, 6.9% (2/29) were identified as MRSA based on the detection of a mecA gene. This indicates that that 1.05% (2/191) of mastitis milk samples had MRSA. The antibiotic sensitivity test showed that 75.9% (22/29) and 48.3% (14/29) S. aureus isolates were found to be sensitive to Cefazolin and Tetracycline respectively (48.3%), whereas 100% of the isolates were resistant to Ampicillin. In total 96.6% (28/29) of S. aureus isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR). Conclusions This study revealed a high prevalence of S. aureus-mediated subclinical mastitis in dairy herds in Chitwan, Nepal, with a small proportion of it being MRSA carrying a mecA gene. This S. aureus, CoNS, and MRSA contaminated milk poses a public health risk due to the presence of a phenotype that is resistant to very commonly used antibiotics. It is suggested that dairy herds be screened for subclinical mastitis and treatments for the animals be based on antibiotic susceptibility tests to reduce the prevalence of AMR. Furthermore, future studies should focus on the Staphylococcus spp. to explore the antibiotic resistance genes in addition to the mecA gene to ensure public health.

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Reconciling Epidemiology’s Aspirations and Capabilities

American Journal of Epidemiology ◽

10.1093/aje/kwaa271 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

David A Savitz

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Epidemiologic Studies ◽

Public Health Importance ◽

Public Health Action ◽

Action Current ◽

Current Trends ◽

The Face ◽

Health Action ◽

New Challenges ◽

Health Applications

Abstract Interpreting the results of epidemiologic studies calls for objectivity and rigorous scrutiny, acknowledging the limitations that temper the applicability of the findings to public health action. Current trends have posed new challenges to balancing goal of scientific objectivity and validity with public health applications. The ongoing tension between epidemiology’s aspirations and capability has several sources: the need to overpromise in research proposals, compromising methodologic rigor because of public health importance, defending findings in the face of hostile critics, and appealing to core constituencies who have specific expectations from the research.

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