Chemical Composition and Anti-Microbial Activity of Hog Plum (Spondias mombin L.) Peel Oil Extracted from Different Regions of Tropical Climates

The hydro-distilled essential oil of hog plum peel may be used for enhancing the flavor and taste of food products as well as for hiding the unpleasant odor of drugs. Thus, the waste peels of Spondias mombin appear to have economic importance. To find out the chemical composition and anti-microbial properties of hog plum peel oil, the samples were collected from different regions of Bangladesh for extraction and identification of volatile compounds by GC-MS, where dichloromethane was used as an extraction solvent. The required standard analytical methods were used to assay the anti-microbial properties of hog plums. In this study, pentenyl-3-thy-met-4-alpha-methyl-alpha-ethanol-oxiranen (29.04%), (3,3.1,1)-4-dimethylethyl-1,1-phenol (8.00%), cycohexanol-3 (10.85%), 4-hydroxy-penzeneethanamine (7.09%), hydroxylamine (4.63%), dibutyl phthalate (6.85%), etc., were majorly determined. Consequently, the highest content of 75.81% volatile compounds was found in the Dinajpur district, where the lowest content of 35.00% was found in the Rajshahi district. In contrast, 33 volatile compounds were identified in hog plum peels collected from the Barishal district, whereas 22 compounds were detected in the peel samples collected from the Dinajpur district. In addition, the antimicrobial activity of the oil was analyzed by the disk diffusion method, and the results revealed that the highest Ciprocin content was recorded in the hog plums of Barishal (22.0–23.0 mm), while the lowest was recorded in the Mymensingh sample (20.67–21.63 mm), which was on par with Rajshahi sample (20.70–21.50 mm). The results of the anti-fungal activities of the peel oil showed the highest zone of inhibition against the Aspergillus niger (11.63 ± 0.0003 mm) and Penicillium oxalicum (13.67 ± 1.97 mm) content of the Rajshahi and Pabna district samples, respectively.

Effect of processing conditions on quality of juice extracted from hog plum fruit

The effect of processing conditions such as machine shaft speed, loading and level of ripeness of the Spondias mombin fruit on quality (i.e moisture, ash, fibre, fat and protein contents) of juice extracted were investigated in this study using a newly designed juice extractor for Spondias mombin fruit. The moisture content of the extracted juice was observed to initially decrease as the shaft speed increased from 120 to 130 rpm and then increased with increase in shaft speed from 130 to150 rpm. Increase in loading from 5 to 15 kg per time increased the moisture content of the juice at different shaft speeds. As the shaft speed and rate of loading per time increases, the ash content of the juice also increases. Increase in shaft speed also increased the fibre, fat and protein contents of the juice. The effect of the processing conditions considered indicates that separate and interactive effects of the three factors on the qaulity parameters of the juice were significant (p<0.05). Keywords: Hog plum, Ripeness, Machine, Processing, Juice, Quality

Hog plums: Its importance, potentials and future prospects

Hog plums, scientifically known as Spondias mombin are medicinal plants that are rich in nutrients and antioxidants, and are of great importance in the food/agricultural industries and the health sector. In the food industries, it is an important fruit crop that can be eaten raw, juiced and processed for making jam, ice cream and jellies, and also provides farmers an alternative feeding material for lactating ruminants to help in galactogenesis and lactopoiesis. In the health sector, hog plums fruit, leaves and stem extract possess antimicrobial, cytotoxic, anti-tyrosinase, diuretic and febrifuge activities for the treatment of certain disease conditions, and it can be effectively preserved by wax coating of the fruits. Methanolic extract of Spondias contain methyl gallate, a substance that has the potential to facilitate apoptotic cell death in human glioblastoma, lung, and breast cancer Hog plums are also rich in vitamins, it strengthens the immune system, protects against heart disease, and stimulates the production of collagen which keeps the body healthy. It is a plant that has obvious and promising health benefits, and as such more research into its properties is advisable. Preservation of hog plum can be achieved by wax coating, retardation of ripening and senescence, and application of growth regulators.

Effect of dietary levels of hog plum (Spondias mombin) leaf meal on blood profile of Red Sokoto bucks

This research was carried out to update the baseline data on haematology and serum biochemical parameters of Red Sokoto bucks. The Bucks were allotted to five treatments having three replicates each in a completely randomized design. The hog plum leaf meal (HPLM) was fed at levels of 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40% in treatment 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 respectively. The experimental diets and clean drinking water were offered to the animals ad libitum. 2mL of blood was taken for heamatological analysis and placed in a vacuum tube containing 10% ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA). Measured parameters include packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin concentration (Hb), red blood cell (RBC), white blood cells (WBC), Neutrophils, Basophils, Eosinophils, Monocytes and Lymphocytes and another 2mL of blood sample was also taken for serum biochemistry analysis and was also placed in a separate vaccum tube without anti-clotting agent. Measured parameters for serum biochemistry include glucose, total protein, albumin, globulin, urea, creatinine, sodium, potassium and chlorine. Packed cell volume (PCV), red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells (WBC), haemoglobin (Hb), neutrophils, eosinophils and lymphocytes differed (P<0.05, P<0.01) among treatments. However, basophils and monocytes were not significantly (P>0.05) affected. The white blood cells differentials were slightly different between treatment groups but were within the reference range. The relative Lymphocytes counts was higher (P<0.05) in 30% and 40%HPLM T5 (72.42%, 73.57%) than other treatments groups which were 70.23%, 65.17% and 70.31% for 0, 10 and 20% HPLM, respectively. The serum glucose values obtained in this study The values obtained for total protein, globulin and potassium were not significantly different (P<0.05). The albumin and urea values obtained have the lowest value at 3.82g/l (control) and 30% HPLM (4.46mmol/l) respectively. Creatinine and sodium were significantly higher in 40% (147.00mmol/l) and 20% HPLM (169.33mmol/l) respectively and Values for chlorine was observed to be similar (P<0.0.05) having the lowest value at 10% HPLM (84.23 mmol/l). were significantly higher (P<0.05) on 10% (8.00 mmol/l) and 20% HPLM (8.36 mmol/l) respectively. The study indicated that hog plum leaf meal could be used as feed resources to raise goats. Cette recherche a été effectuée pour mettre à jour les données de base sur l'hématologie et les paramètres biochimiques sériques des mâles Sokoto rouges. Les Bucks ont été attribués à cinq traitements ayant trois répliques chacun dans une conception complètement randomisée. La farine de feuilles de prunier (HPLM) a été nourrie à des niveaux de 0, 10, 20, 30 et 40% dans le traitement 1, 2, 3, 4 et 5 respectivement. Les régimes expérimentaux et l'eau potable propre ont été offerts aux animaux ad libitum. 2mL de sang a été pris pour l'analyse hématologique et placé dans un tube à vide contenant 10% d'acide tétra acetic d'éthylène diamine (EDTA). Les paramètres mesurés comprennent le volume cellulaire emballé (PCV), la concentration d'hémoglobine (Hb), les globules rouges (RBC), les globules blancs (WBC), les neutrophiles, les basophiles, les éosinophiles, les monocytes et les lymphocytes et un autre échantillon de sang de 2 mL a également été prélevé pour l'analyse de biochimie sérique et a également été placé dans un tube d'évacuation séparé sans agent anticoagulation. Les paramètres mesurés pour la biochimie sérique comprennent le glucose, la protéine totale, l'albumine, la globuline, l'urée, la créatinine, le sodium, le potassium et le chlore. Le volume de cellules emballées (PCV), les globules rouges (RBC), les globules blancs (WBC), l'hémoglobine (Hb), les neutrophiles, les éosinophiles et les lymphocytes différaient (P<0.05, P<0.01) parmi les traitements. Cependant, les basophiles et les monocytes n'ont pas été affectés de manière significative (P>0.05). Les différentiels des globules blancs étaient légèrement différents entre les groupes de traitement, mais se trouvaient dans la fourchette de référence. Les comptes relatifs de lymphocytes étaient plus élevés (P<0.05) dans 30% et 40%HPLM T5 (72.42%, 73.57%) que les autres groupes de traitements qui étaient 70.23%, 65.17% et 70.31% pour 0, 10 et 20% HPLM, respectivement. Les valeurs de glucose sérique obtenues dans cette étude Les valeurs obtenues pour la protéine totale, la globuline et le potassium n'étaient pas significativement différentes (P<0.05). Les valeurs d'albumine et d'urée obtenues ont la valeur la plus basse à 3,82 g/l (contrôle) et 30 % hplm (4,46 mmol/l) respectivement. La créatinine et le sodium étaient significativement plus élevés dans 40% (147.00mmol/l) et 20% HPLM (169.33mmol/l) respectivement et les valeurs pour le chlore ont été observées pour être semblables (P<0.05) ayant la valeur la plus basse à 10% HPLM (84.23 mmol/l). étaient significativement plus élevés (P<0.05) sur 10% (8,00 mmol/l) et 20% HPLM (8.36 mmol/l) respectivement. L'étude a indiqué que la farine de feuilles de prunier pourrait être utilisée comme ressources d'alimentation pour élever des chèvres..

A Tangy Twist Review on Hog-Plum: Spondias pinnata (L.f.) Kurz

<em>Spondias pinnata</em> (L.f.) Kurz., belongs to the Anacardiaceae family, generally referred to as Indian Hog plum, a deciduous, glabrous tree with a healthy fruit to eat. Hog plum is a mild deciduous tree plant of high nutritional value, stubby calories and abundant in vegetable proteins, zinc, chitin, starch, vitamins and minerals. Traditional use of various parts of <em>S. pinnata</em> includes diarrhea, dysentery, stomach troubles, hyperacidity, wounds, sprain, rheumatism, gonorrhoea, tuberculosis, aphrodisiac, arrow poison antidote, dyspepsia, dysentery, ring worms, abscess painful joints, refrigerant, tonic, antiseptic, astringent, mental disorders, tuberculosis, vomiting and many more. A number of pharmacological activities were reported from several extracts of <em>S. pinnata</em> and its parts that include hypoglycemic, anti-cancer, ulcer-protective, antidiarrhoeal, anti-microbial, hepatoprotective, thrombolytic, anti-inflammatory, antiarthritic, analgesic, antipyretic, antihypertensive, anthelmintic, diuretic and laxative, anti-tuberculosis, cytotoxic, antioxidant, anti-hyperlipidemic, ischemia reperfusion injury and preconditioning of heart, anxiolytic, reduce side effects of chemotherapy, ameliorating, platelet aggregation inhibitory activity and acute and sub-chronic toxicity. A few phytochemicals were detailed on this plant. The chemical components of <em>S. pinnata</em> include different amino acids, carbohydrates, terpenoids, flavonoids, polysaccharides, steroids and so on. Various solvent extract and their gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis have confirmed the structures of a number of important phytoconstituents. Hence this review can be a good reference for researchers who would undertake further investigation about <em>S. pinnata</em>.

Anastrepha spp. (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Ximenia americana and other tropical fruits in a Brazilian savannah

The aim of this work was to evaluate the infestation of Anastrepha species in several fruit tree species and A. alveata in wild plum Ximenia americana L. (Olacaceae), as well as the fruit fly community in a Savannah area using faunal indexes and population fluctuation. For this, we installed McPhail traps and carried out collections at Palmeiras home garden, municipality of São Pedro of Piauí, state of Piaui, northeastern Brazil. We noted high infestation of A. alveata in wild plum, with 144.2 puparia/kg, 216.1 puparia/kg and 321.6 puparia/kg for the years 2014, 2015 and 2016. The infestation indexes of A. obliqua in red mombin (Spondias purpurea) were 146.1 puparia/kg in 2016 and 479.2 puparia/kg in 2017, and in umbu-hog plum (Spondias sp.) 607.3 puparia/kg in 2017, both from the Anacardiaceae family. The species that composed the fruit fly community were A. alveata, A. ethalea (predominant), A. obliqua, A. zenildae (dominant and accessory), A. sororcula, A. fraterculus and Anastrepha sp. (accidental). The population fluctuation of A. ethalea occurred from March to October, while A. alveata presented population peaks in the fruiting of wild plum, between October and December

Economics of shifting land from field crops to hog plum (Spondias mombin L.) cultivation in southern Bangladesh

The study was carried out to analyse the economics of shifting land from field crops to hog plum cultivation in southern Bangladesh during July to September 2018. A total of 120 farmers were selected by using multistage stratified random sampling technique to collect primary data. Result of the study shows that the per hectare average total cost of hog plum cultivation was Tk. 94,126. The average yield of hog plum was 7.97 t ha-1. Net return from hog plum cultivation was Tk. 126,921 per hectare. By cultivating hog plum, farmers obtained 56 to 93% higher net return than the other existing cropping patterns. Since the BCR (2.94), NPV (Tk. 2215,000) and IRR (59%) were very high, the land shifting decision towards hog plum cultivation was sensible. However, BCR was very low in the initial stages of hog plum plantation. Initial investment support from public or private sector could facilitate the growth of this cultivation practice. Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. Tech. 10(2): 155-163, December 2020