scholarly journals Light control of catechin accumulation is mediated by photosynthetic capacity in tea plant (Camellia sinensis)

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ping Xiang ◽  
Qiufang Zhu ◽  
Marat Tukhvatshin ◽  
Bosi Cheng ◽  
Meng Tan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Net Photosynthetic Rate ◽  
Photosynthetic Rate ◽  
Transpiration Rate ◽  
Photosynthetic Capacity ◽  
Epigallocatechin Gallate ◽  
Tea Plant ◽  
High Light ◽  
Light Intensities ◽  
Tea Plants

Abstract Background Catechins are crucial in determining the flavour and health benefits of tea, but it remains unclear that how the light intensity regulates catechins biosynthesis. Therefore, we cultivated tea plants in a phytotron to elucidate the response mechanism of catechins biosynthesis to light intensity changes. Results In the 250 μmol·m− 2·s− 1 treatment, the contents of epigallocatechin, epigallocatechin gallate and total catechins were increased by 98.94, 14.5 and 13.0% respectively, compared with those in the 550 μmol·m− 2·s− 1 treatment. Meanwhile, the photosynthetic capacity was enhanced in the 250 μmol·m− 2·s− 1 treatment, including the electron transport rate, net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate and expression of related genes (such as CspsbA, CspsbB, CspsbC, CspsbD, CsPsbR and CsGLK1). In contrast, the extremely low or high light intensity decreased the catechins accumulation and photosynthetic capacity of the tea plants. The comprehensive analysis revealed that the response of catechins biosynthesis to the light intensity was mediated by the photosynthetic capacity of the tea plants. Appropriately high light upregulated the expression of genes related to photosynthetic capacity to improve the net photosynthetic rate (Pn), transpiration rate (Tr), and electron transfer rate (ETR), which enhanced the contents of substrates for non-esterified catechins biosynthesis (such as EGC). Meanwhile, these photosynthetic capacity-related genes and gallic acid (GA) biosynthesis-related genes (CsaroB, CsaroDE1, CsaroDE2 and CsaroDE3) co-regulated the response of GA accumulation to light intensity. Eventually, the epigallocatechin gallate content was enhanced by the increased contents of its precursors (EGC and GA) and the upregulation of the CsSCPL gene. Conclusions In this study, the catechin content and photosynthetic capacity of tea plants increased under appropriately high light intensities (250 μmol·m− 2·s− 1 and 350 μmol·m− 2·s− 1) but decreased under extremely low or high light intensities (150 μmol·m− 2·s− 1 or 550 μmol·m− 2·s− 1). We found that the control of catechin accumulation by light intensity in tea plants is mediated by the plant photosynthetic capacity. The research provided useful information for improving catechins content and its light-intensity regulation mechanism in tea plant.

scholarly journals Effects of the reciprocal grafting on the photosynthesis of two genotypes tomato offspring under selenium stress

2019 ◽  
Vol 136 ◽  
pp. 07008
Author(s):  
Shiyao Shan ◽  
Huizhong Luo ◽  
Jinpeng Zhu ◽  
Zhiyu Li ◽  
Huanxiu Li
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Net Photosynthetic Rate ◽  
Photosynthetic Rate ◽  
Transpiration Rate ◽  
Functional Activity ◽  
Theoretical Basis ◽  
Photosynthetic Capacity ◽  
Growth Characteristics ◽  
Cherry Tomato ◽  
Fresh Weight

To study the effects of the reciprocal grafting on the photosynthesis of two genotypes tomato offspring under selenium stress, red ball cherry tomato cherry 5-5-1 and yellow ball cherry tomato yellow RTY-3-2 post-grafting generation (red scion, red rootstock, yellow scion and yellow rootstock) and seedlings (red CK and yellow CK) planted in 10 mg·kg-1 selenium soil, and the pot experiment was carried out to study the effects of the reciprocal grafting on the growth characteristics and the photosynthesis of tomato offspring under selenium stress. The results showed that grafting increased the fresh weight of the organs of the offspring, the ratio of root to shoot, and the functional activity of the roots of the plants, which was conducive to the growth of tomato offspring. Simultaneously, it could effectively improve the photosynthetic capacity of grafted offspring leaves at the seedling stage. The grafted offspring of rootstocks had the best effect on improving the net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate and stomatal conductance of tomato leaves, and decreased intercellular CO2 concentration. Among them, the best effect of yellow rootstock was to provide ideas and theoretical basis for the production of selenium-enriched tomatoes in the selenium-deficient areas in the future.

Photosynthetic characteristics of a purple sulfur bacterium grown under different light intensities

1972 ◽  
Vol 18 (12) ◽  
pp. 1825-1828 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Takahashi ◽  
K. Shiokawa ◽  
S. Ichimura
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Photosynthetic Rate ◽  
Photosynthetic Characteristics ◽  
High Light ◽  
Bacteriochlorophyll A ◽  
Low Light ◽  
Purple Sulfur Bacterium ◽  
Light Intensities ◽  
Rate Of Photosynthesis ◽  
Structural Mechanisms

Photosynthetic characteristics of a purple sulfur bacterium, Chromatium, strain D, cultured under various light intensities were examined. With a decrease in the light intensity used for culture, the bacteriochlorophyll a content per unit cell nitrogen increased. Also, at low light intensities, the rate of photosynthesis (per unit bacteriochlorophyll a) was higher in samples grown under low light than in those grown under high light. These two responses to low light intensity are adaptations that ensure a high photosynthetic rate for the purple sulfur bacterium that usually occurs in a dimly lit environment. Possible chemical and structural mechanisms involved are discussed.

scholarly journals Response of in vitro Cultured Palm Oil Seedling Under Saline Condition to Elevated Carbon Dioxide and Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density

2012 ◽  
pp. 52-64
Author(s):  
Pet Roey Pascual ◽  
Krienkai Mosaleeyanon ◽  
Kanokwan Romyanon ◽  
Chalermpol Kirdmanee
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Net Photosynthetic Rate ◽  
Elevated Co2 ◽  
Photosynthetic Rate ◽  
Transpiration Rate ◽  
Pigment Contents ◽  
Salinity Levels ◽  
Oil Palms ◽  
Ambient Co2

Salt stress elicits various physiological and growth responses of oil palm. A laboratory experiment was conducted to determine the responses of oil palms cultured in vitro under varying salinity levels (0, 85.5, 171.11, 342.21 and 684.43 mM NaCl) to elevated CO2 (1000 μmol CO2/mol) and PPFD (100±5 μmol m-2s-1) in terms of growth characteristics, pigment contents and photosynthetic abilities. After 14 days of culture, net photosynthetic rate (μmol CO2 m-2s-1) of oil palms across varying salinity levels was 5.33 times higher than those cultured under ambient CO, (380±100 Mmol CO2/mol) and PPFD (50±5 μmol m-2s -1). At increased net photosynthetic rate (elevated CO2 and PPFD), despite having no significant difference in pigment contents (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll and carotenoid) between different CO2 and PPFD levels, dry weight and percent dry matter were 0.26 and 0.11 times higher, respectively, as compared to those cultured under ambient CO2 and PPFD. In the same elevated CO2 and PPFD level, across all salinity levels, stomatal conductance was 0.30 times lower than those cultured under ambient CO2 and PPFD. At reduced stomatal conductance (elevated CO2 and PPFD), transpiration rate was also reduced by 0.30 times. Thus with increased net photosynthetic rate and reduced transpiration rate, water use efficiency was increased by 7.22 times, across all salinity levels, than those cultured at ambient CO2 and PPFD. These were considered essential for NaCl produces iso-osmotic stress.

scholarly journals Light intensity regulates phototaxis, foraging and righting behaviors of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius

PeerJ ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. e8001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiangnan Sun ◽  
Xiaomei Chi ◽  
Mingfang Yang ◽  
Jingyun Ding ◽  
Dongtao Shi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Foraging Behavior ◽  
Sea Urchins ◽  
High Light Intensity ◽  
High Light ◽  
Strongylocentrotus Intermedius ◽  
Low Light ◽  
Low Light Intensity ◽  
Light Intensities ◽  
Significant Difference

Small sea urchins Strongylocentrotus intermedius (1–2 cm of test diameter) are exposed to different environments of light intensities after being reseeded to the sea bottom. With little information available about the behavioral responses of S. intermedius to different light intensities in the environment, we carried out an investigation on how S. intermedius is affected by three light intensity environments in terms of phototaxis, foraging and righting behaviors. They were no light (zero lx), low light intensity (24–209 lx) and high light intensity (252–2,280 lx). Light intensity had obvious different effects on phototaxis. In low light intensity, sea urchins moved more and spent significantly more time at the higher intensity (69–209 lx) (P = 0.046). S. intermedius in high light intensity, in contrast, spent significantly more time at lower intensity (252–690 lx) (P = 0.005). Unexpectedly, no significant difference of movement (average velocity and total distance covered) was found among the three light intensities (P > 0.05). Foraging behavior of S. intermedius was significantly different among the light intensities. In the no light environment, only three of ten S. intermedius found food within 7 min. In low light intensity, nine of 10 sea urchins showed successful foraging behavior to the food placed at 209 lx, which was significantly higher than the ratio of the number (two of 10) when food was placed at 24 lx (P = 0.005). In the high light intensity, in contrast, significantly less sea urchins (three of 10) found food placed at the higher light intensity (2,280 lx) compared with the lower light intensity (252 lx) (10/10, P = 0.003). Furthermore, S. intermedius showed significantly longer righting response time in the high light intensity compared with both no light (P = 0.001) and low light intensity (P = 0.031). No significant difference was found in righting behavior between no light and low light intensity (P = 0.892). The present study indicates that light intensity significantly affects phototaxis, foraging and righting behaviors of S. intermedius and that ~200 lx might be the appropriate light intensity for reseeding small S. intermedius.

scholarly journals Effects of Exogenous 6-Benzyladenine on Dwarfing, Shoot Branching, and Yield of Tea Plant (Camellia sinensis)

HortScience ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (5) ◽  
pp. 651-655 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liping Zhang ◽  
Chen Shen ◽  
Jipeng Wei ◽  
Wenyan Han
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Camellia Sinensis ◽  
Photosynthetic Rate ◽  
Tea Plant ◽  
Shoot Branching ◽  
Tea Plants ◽  
Lateral Branches ◽  
Spring Yield

6-Benzyladenine (6-BA) is a safe and efficient cytokinin. The adult tea plants of the cv. Longjing 43 were used in this study. The foliar portion of tea bushes were sprayed with different concentrations (50, 100, 200, or 400 mg·L−1) of 6-BA after heavy pruning, when three to four leaves grew out in late May. The effects of 6-BA application on the growth of the new shoots and lateral branches were quantified. After 5 months, treatments with 50, 100, 200, or 400 mg·L−1 6-BA suppressed plant height by 11.0%, 18.0%, 21.0%, or 22.0%, respectively; 6-BA at 100, 200, or 400 mg·L−1 decreased the number of lateral branches by 20.0%, 23.0%, or 18.0%, respectively. Meanwhile, treatments with 50, 200, or 400 mg·L−1 6-BA increased the length of lateral branches by 38.0%, 79.0%, or 81.0% respectively; 200 mg·L−1 6-BA increased the diameter of lateral branches by 8.0%. In addition, after 2 months, 50 or 200 mg·L−1 6-BA did not significantly affect the growth of functional leaves, 50, 100, or 200 mg·L−1 6-BA did not significantly affect photosynthetic rate (Pn) as compared with the control. Furthermore, 200 or 400 mg·L−1 6-BA significantly increased spring tea yield by 28.9% or 13.3%, respectively as compared with the control. In conclusion, 6-BA at the four concentrations promoted dwarfing and the formation of productive lateral branches and increased the spring yield, and 200 mg·L−1 6-BA exerted the best comprehensive effect.

scholarly journals Transcriptome analysis of genes and pathways associated with metabolism in Scylla paramamosain under different light intensities during indoor overwintering

BMC Genomics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Na Li ◽  
Junming Zhou ◽  
Huan Wang ◽  
Changkao Mu ◽  
Ce Shi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Light Intensity ◽  
Differentially Expressed Genes ◽  
High Light ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Scylla Paramamosain ◽  
Strong Impact ◽  
Low Light ◽  
Light Intensities ◽  
Light Group

Abstract Background Scylla paramamosain is one of the commercially crucial marine crustaceans belonging to the genus Scylla, which is commonly distributed along the coasts of China, Vietnam, and Japan. Genomic and transcriptomic data are scarce for the mud crab. Light intensity is one of the ecological factors that affect S. paramamosain during indoor overwintering. To understand the energy metabolism mechanism adapted to light intensity, we analyzed the transcriptome of S. paramamosain hepatopancreas in response to different light intensities (0, 1.43, 40.31 μmol·m− 2·s− 1). Results A total of 5052 differentially expressed genes were identified in low light group (LL group, 3104 genes were up-regulated and 1948 genes were down-regulated). A total of 7403 differentially expressed genes were identified in high light group (HL group, 5262 genes were up-regulated and 2141 genes were down-regulated). S. paramamosain adapts to different light intensity environments through the regulation of amino acids, fatty acids, carbon and energy metabolism. Different light intensities had a strong impact on the energy generation of S. paramamosain by influencing oxygen consumption rate, aerobic respiration, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis pathway, the citrate cycle (TCA cycle) and fatty acid degradation. Conclusion Low light is more conducive to the survival of S. paramamosain, which needs to produce and consume relatively less energy to sustain physiological activities. In contrast, S. paramamosain produced more energy to adapt to the pressure of high light intensities. The findings of the study add to the knowledge of regulatory mechanisms related to S. paramamosain metabolism under different light intensities.

Changes in Levels of a-Tocopherol and Ascorbate in Spruce Needles at Three Low Mountain Sites Exposed to Mg2+-Deficiency and Ozone

1994 ◽  
Vol 49 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 171-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
U. Schmieden ◽  
A. Wild
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Light Intensity ◽  
Chlorophyll A ◽  
Antioxidant Status ◽  
Photosynthetic Capacity ◽  
High Light Intensity ◽  
High Light ◽  
Absolute Level ◽  
Ozone Concentrations ◽  
Spruce Needles

The main objective of this study was the com parison of changes in levels of α-tocopherol and ascorbate in needles of spruce trees with various degrees of damage at three low mountain sites. The ascorbate content in needles of spruce trees with various degrees of dam age differs in the course of seasons as well as in the absolute level. The antioxidant status was affected mainly during summer. The content of ascorbate in needles of dam aged trees was significantly increased compared to that of undamaged trees. Despite seasonal and daily fluctuations, the level of ascorbate seems to be a good indicator for the degree of dam age in the case of symptoms described as montane yellowing. Together with an increasing content of α-tocopherol per chlorophyll, a rise of ascorbate content indicates enhanced oxidative stress in the needles of damaged trees, particularly in summer. Asc/αToc ratios were increased in needles of damaged trees. At the studied sites enhanced oxidative stress could be caused by the com bined action of Mg2+-deficiency, high ozone concentrations and high-light intensity, all inducing an increased production of radicals in combination with a reduced photosynthetic capacity

EAR LENGTH AND SPIKELET NUMBER OF WHEAT GROWN AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES AND LIGHT INTENSITIES

1965 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 345-353 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. C. Friend
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
High Light ◽  
Morphological Development ◽  
Spikelet Number ◽  
Light Intensities ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Total Plant ◽  
Effects Of Temperature

The number of spikelets on the differentiating inflorescence and the ear at anthesis was highest at high light intensities and at low temperatures. The length of the developing inflorescence and the ear, the height of the main stem, and the total plant dry weight at the time of anthesis were also greatest under these conditions.These results are related to differential effects of temperature and light intensity on the rates and duration of apical elongation, morphological development of the ear, and spikelet formation.

scholarly journals Orange Rust Effects on Leaf Photosynthesis and Related Characters of Sugarcane

Plant Disease ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 95 (6) ◽  
pp. 640-647 ◽  
Author(s):  
Duli Zhao ◽  
Neil C. Glynn ◽  
Barry Glaz ◽  
Jack C. Comstock ◽  
Sushma Sood
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Quantum Yield ◽  
Net Photosynthetic Rate ◽  
Photosynthetic Rate ◽  
Transpiration Rate ◽  
Carbon Fixation ◽  
Dark Respiration ◽  
Western Hemisphere ◽  
Maximum Quantum Yield ◽  
Leaf Photosynthesis

Orange rust of sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrids), caused by Puccinia kuehnii, is a relatively new disease in the Western Hemisphere that substantially reduces yields in susceptible sugarcane genotypes. The objective of this study was to determine the physiological mechanisms of orange rust–induced reductions in sugarcane growth and yield by quantifying effects of the disease on leaf SPAD index (an indication of leaf chlorophyll content), net photosynthetic rate, dark respiration, maximum quantum yield of CO2 assimilation, carbon fixation efficiency, and the relationships between these leaf photosynthetic components and rust disease ratings. Plants growing in pots were inoculated with the orange rust pathogen using a leaf whorl inoculation method. A disease rating was assigned using a scale from 0 to 4 with intervals of 0.5. At disease ratings ≥2, the rust-infected leaf portion of inoculated plants showed significant reductions in SPAD index, maximum quantum yield, carbon fixation efficiency, stomatal conductance, leaf transpiration rate, and net photosynthetic rate; but the rusted portion of the infected leaves had increased intercellular CO2 concentration and leaf dark respiration rate. Although leaf SPAD index, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate at the rust-infected portion decreased linearly with increased rust rating, the effect of orange rust on photosynthetic rate was much greater than that on stomatal conductance and transpiration. Unlike earlier reports on other crops, reduction in leaf photosynthesis by orange rust under low light was greater than that under high light conditions. These results help improve the understanding of orange rust etiology and physiological bases of sugarcane yield loss caused by orange rust.

scholarly journals METABOLIC CONDITIONS IN CHLORELLA

1948 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack Myers ◽  
Marian Cramer
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Nitrogen Assimilation ◽  
Nitrogen Deficiency ◽  
Chlorella Pyrenoidosa ◽  
High Light Intensity ◽  
High Light ◽  
Overflow Metabolism ◽  
High Co2 ◽  
Light Intensities ◽  
N Assimilation

1. The effect of nitrate reduction and assimilation on the CO2/O2 quotient of gas exchange has been used as an index of the relative rates of carbon and nitrogen assimilation in Chlorella pyrenoidosa. Changes in over-all metabolism induced by starvation, high light intensity, and nitrogen deficiency have been studied in comparison with the metabolism of cells growing at light-limiting intensities. 2. Starvation, which results in depletion of carbohydrate reserves, gives rise to a high CO2/O2 quotient (∼0.9) during photosynthesis and, therefore, a high C/N assimilation ratio. Starved cells apparently restore their normal C/N ratio before becoming growing cells. 3. Under photosynthesis-saturating light intensities cells show the high CO2/O2 quotient (0.9) indicative of a high C/N assimilation ratio. Return to low light intensities is followed by the abnormally low CO2/O2 quotient (∼0.4) of a low C/N assimilation ratio. High light intensity apparently gives rise to a condition of a limiting rate of nitrogen assimilation and to an overflow metabolism analogous to that found in other microorganisms. 4. Nitrogen deficiency leads to a completely carbohydrate metabolism in short time experiments and makes still more pronounced the effects characteristic of high light intensity alone. 5. Considerations of nutritional economy sustain the experimental evidence in establishing the metabolism of cells growing under light-limiting intensities as the normal or reference metabolic condition in Chlorella.

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