scholarly journals Quinolone resistant Salmonella species isolated from pediatric patients with diarrhea in central Iran

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elnaz Abbasi ◽  
Ehsanollah Ghaznavi-Rad
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Pediatric Patients ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Central Iran ◽  
Empiric Antibiotic Therapy ◽  
Infectious Diarrhea ◽  
Culture Methods ◽  
Class 1 ◽  
Empiric Antibiotic ◽  
Resistance Patterns

Abstract Background This study aimed to investigate the frequency and the antibiotic resistance patterns of Salmonella species that were isolated from infectious diarrhea samples taken from pediatric patients in central Iran. Methods The study analyzed 230 stool specimens that were cultured on XLD, MacConkey agar and GN broth. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was used to identify the Salmonella genus. The antibiotic resistance profiles and the frequency of quinolone and integron genes were obtained. Results Out of 230 samples of infectious diarrhea, 21 (9.1%) cases of Salmonella spp. were identified using culture methods. Another 28 (12.1%) samples had positive PCR results, with S. serovar Paratyphi B and C (9/21; 42.8%) and S. Typhi (3/21; 14.3%) being the most recognized. The highest antibiotic resistance rates were found for nalidixic acid (15/21; 71.4%), tetracycline (9/21; 42.8%). However, six (28.5%) of isolates were found resistant to cotrimoxazole, ampicillin and chloramphenicol. Among the plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) determinants, qnrS, qnrA, and qnrB were positive in (9/15; 60%), (6/15; 40%) and (3/15; 20%) of the isolates, respectively. Class 1 and 2 integrons were identified in 15 (71.4%) and 3 (14.3%) isolates, respectively. Conclusion High rates of quinolone resistant and low frequency of MDR Salmonella spp. isolates were identified in central Iran, similar to findings in other parts of Asia. To prevent the spread of these resistant strains, the antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella spp. isolates should be under constant surveillance, and empiric antibiotic therapy should be adapted appropriately.

Antimicrobial Resistance and Presence of Class 1 Integrons Among Different Serotypes of Salmonella spp. Recovered From Children with Diarrhea in Tehran, Iran

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 160-166
Author(s):  
Seyedeh Hanieh Eshaghi Zadeh ◽  
Hossein Fahimi ◽  
Fatemeh Fardsanei ◽  
Mohammad Mehdi Soltan Dallal
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Class 1 Integron ◽  
Class 1 Integrons ◽  
Food Borne ◽  
Class 1 ◽  
Resistance Patterns ◽  
C 30

Background: Salmonellosis is a major food-borne disease worldwide. The increasing prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among food-borne pathogens such as Salmonella spp. is concerning. Objective: The main objective of this study is to identify class 1 integron genes and to determine antibiotic resistance patterns among Salmonella isolates from children with diarrhea. Methods: A total of 30 Salmonella isolates were recovered from children with diarrhea. The isolates were characterized for antimicrobial susceptibility and screened for the presence of class 1 integron genes (i.e. intI1, sulI1, and qacEΔ1). Results: The most prevalent serotype was Enteritidis 36.7%, followed by Paratyphi C (30%), and Typhimurium (16.7%). The highest rates of antibiotic resistance were obtained for nalidixic acid (53.3%), followed by streptomycin (40%), and tetracycline (36.7%). Regarding class 1 integrons, 36.7%, 26.7%, and 33.3% of the isolates carried intI1, SulI, and qacEΔ1, respectively, most of which (81.8%) were multidrug-resistant (MDR). Statistical analysis revealed that the presence of class 1 integron was significantly associated with resistance to streptomycin and tetracycline (p = 0.042). However, there was no association between class 1 integron and other antibiotics used in this study (p > 0.05). Conclusion: The high frequency of integron class 1 gene in MDR Salmonella strains indicates that these mobile genetic elements are versatile among different Salmonella serotypes, and associated with reduced susceptibility to many antimicrobials.

Antibiotic resistance patterns of Pseudomonas spp. isolated from faecal wastes in the environment and contaminated surface water

2020 ◽  
Vol 96 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathilde Camiade ◽  
Josselin Bodilis ◽  
Naouel Chaftar ◽  
Wassila Riah-Anglet ◽  
Johan Gardères ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Enteric Bacteria ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Pathogenic Species ◽  
Pseudomonas Species ◽  
Class 1 ◽  
Resistance Patterns ◽  
Faecal Bacteria ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Patterns

ABSTRACT The Pseudomonas genus, which includes environmental and pathogenic species, is known to present antibiotic resistances, and can receive resistance genes from multi-resistant enteric bacteria released into the environment via faecal rejects. This study was aimed to investigate the resistome of Pseudomonas populations that have been in contact with these faecal bacteria. Thus, faecal discharges originating from human or cattle were sampled (from 12 points and two sampling campaigns) and 41 Pseudomonas species identified (316 isolates studied). The resistance phenotype to 25 antibiotics was determined in all isolates, and we propose a specific antibiotic resistance pattern for 14 species (from 2 to 9 resistances). None showed resistance to aminoglycosides, tetracycline, or polymyxins. Four species carried a very low number of resistances, with none to β-lactams. Interestingly, we observed the absence of the transcriptional activator soxR gene in these four species. No plasmid transfer was highlighted by conjugation assays, and a few class 1 but no class 2 integrons were detected in strains that may have received resistance genes from Enterobacteria. These results imply that the contribution of the Pseudomonas genus to the resistome of an ecosystem first depends on the structure of the Pseudomonas populations, as they may have very different resistance profiles.

scholarly journals Low Frequency of Adenovirus, Rotavirus, and Norovirus in Pediatric Diarrheal Samples from Central Iran

2021 ◽  
Vol In Press (In Press) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elnaz Abbasi ◽  
Mahdieh Mondanizadeh ◽  
Alex van Belkum ◽  
Ehsanollah Ghaznavi-Rad
Keyword(s):  
Pediatric Patients ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Central Iran ◽  
Viral Gastroenteritis ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Bacterial Gastroenteritis ◽  
Viral Enteritis ◽  
Acute Viral Gastroenteritis

Background: Acute viral gastroenteritis is a disorder that affects children globally but mostly in developing countries. Adenoviruses, rotaviruses, and noroviruses are the leading viral causes of childhood gastroenteritis. Objectives: This study is the first to investigate the frequency of these viruses in diarrheal samples from pediatric patients living in central Iran. Methods: A total of 173 samples of pediatric diarrhea, from May 2015 to May 2016, were included in this descriptive cross-sectional study. The samples were analyzed using in-house developed PCR and reverse transcription (RT)-PCR methods to investigate the frequency of adenoviruses, rotaviruses, and noroviruses. Results: Out of 173 samples of pediatric diarrhea, eight were shown to contain enteric viruses (4.6%): (1) four with adenoviruses (2.3%); (2) three with rotaviruses (1.7%); and (3) one with a genogroup II norovirus (0.6%). Most of the positive samples were obtained from children under the age of seven. The most common additional clinical symptoms in pediatric patients with viral agents were fever, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Conclusions: In central Iran, adenoviruses and rotaviruses were rarely found as agents responsible for gastroenteritis. Although viral gastroenteritis in this area had less frequency than bacterial gastroenteritis, we need to monitor all enteropathogenic agents for longer periods to understand better real endemicity and the possibility of unexpected viral enteritis outbreaks.

scholarly journals Feasibility of informing syndrome-level empiric antibiotic recommendations using publicly available antibiotic resistance datasets

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 140
Author(s):  
Quentin J. Leclerc ◽  
Nichola R. Naylor ◽  
Alexander M. Aiken ◽  
Francesc Coll ◽  
Gwenan M. Knight
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Open Access ◽  
Bloodstream Infection ◽  
National Level ◽  
Empiric Antibiotic Therapy ◽  
Antibiotic Prescribing ◽  
Current Form ◽  
Bacterial Aetiology ◽  
Empiric Antibiotic ◽  
Common Infection

Background: Antibiotics are often prescribed empirically to treat infection syndromes before causative bacteria and their susceptibility to antibiotics are identified. Guidelines on empiric antibiotic prescribing are key to effective treatment of infection syndromes, and need to be informed by likely bacterial aetiology and antibiotic resistance patterns. We aimed to create a clinically-relevant composite index of antibiotic resistance for common infection syndromes to inform recommendations at the national level. Methods: To create our index, we used open-access antimicrobial resistance (AMR) surveillance datasets, including the ECDC Surveillance Atlas, CDDEP ResistanceMap, WHO GLASS and the newly-available Pfizer ATLAS dataset. We integrated these with data on aetiology of common infection syndromes, existing empiric prescribing guidelines, and pricing and availability of antibiotics. Results:  The ATLAS dataset covered many more bacterial species (287) and antibiotics (52) than other datasets (ranges = 8-11 and 16-32 respectively), but had a similar number of samples per country per year. Using these data, we were able to make empiric prescribing recommendations for bloodstream infection, pneumonia and cellulitis/skin abscess in up to 44 countries. There was insufficient data to make national-level recommendations for the other six syndromes investigated. Results are presented in an interactive web app, where users can visualise underlying resistance proportions to first-line empiric antibiotics for infection syndromes and countries of interest. Conclusions: We found that whilst the creation of a composite resistance index for empiric antibiotic therapy was technically feasible, the ATLAS dataset in its current form can only inform on a limited number of infection syndromes. Other open-access AMR surveillance datasets are largely limited to bloodstream infection specimens and cannot directly inform treatment of other syndromes. With improving availability of international AMR data and better understanding of infection aetiology, this approach may prove useful for informing empiric prescribing decisions in settings with limited local AMR surveillance data

scholarly journals Comparison of virulence markers and antibiotic resistance in enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli isolated ten years apart in Tehran

2010 ◽  
Vol 5 (04) ◽  
pp. 248-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nader Shahrokhi ◽  
Saeid Bouzari ◽  
Anis Jafari
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Dna Hybridization ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia Coli ◽  
Significant Shift ◽  
Bacterial Populations ◽  
Virulence Markers ◽  
Class 1 ◽  
Resistance Patterns

Introduction: Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) causes diarrhoea by producing heat-labile (LT) or heat-stable (ST) enterotoxins after colonizing the small intestine by means of colonization factors (CFs). Although detection of the toxins is sufficient for verification of ETEC isolates, toxin-positive strains may be further analyzed for the presence of CFs. Antibiotics may shorten the duration of diarrhoea caused by ETEC, but the rapid emergence of resistant strains limits their usefulness. Methodology: ETEC isolates collected 10 years apart were compared for the prevalence of toxin types, CFs and antibiotic resistance. DNA/DNA hybridization with digoxigenin (DIG)-labeled probes was used for the detection of toxin types, and CF-typing was performed by DNA hybridization using DIG-labeled probes for cfaD and CS6 with slide agglutination. Disk diffusion was used to determine antibiotic resistance. The presence of class 1 integrons was detected by PCR. Results: ST-positive isolates were the most prevalent among the isolates from 1988, but a significant shift towards LT-gene carriage was observed in the 1998 group. CFA/I and CFA/IV were the most common CF types within both groups. The most prevalent resistance patterns among these isolates were ACSTSXT followed by ASTSXT and ASSXT. Conclusion: Our study of the two groups of isolates showed that the rate of LT and ST gene carriage, as well as antibiotic resistance markers, has changed in the ten years separating the two bacterial populations. These variations show the importance of monitoring pathogenic bacteria to obtain a near realistic picture of the circulating bacterial pathogens.

scholarly journals Microbiological monitoring of causative agents of nosocomial infection in the urological clinic

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 293-300
Author(s):  
Margarita N. Slesarevskaya ◽  
Anna A. Spiridonova ◽  
Margarita V. Krasnova ◽  
Sergeii A. Reva ◽  
Nariman K. Gadzhiev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Empiric Antibiotic Therapy ◽  
Saint Petersburg ◽  
Microbiological Monitoring ◽  
Microbiological Examination ◽  
Empiric Antibiotic ◽  
Causative Agents ◽  
High Level ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Medical University

The analysis of the results of microbiological examination of urine samples of 1022 patients (559 women and 463 men) who were hospitalized at the urological clinic of the I.P. Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University in period from 2018 to 2020 was performed. The age of the patients varied from 18 to 88 years (average 63.1 17.6 years). In 587 (57.5%) patients, gram-negative microflora was detected, in 355 (34.7%) gram-positive microflora, and in 80 (7.8%) mixed microflora. Escherichia coli (28.2%), Enterococcus faecalis (20.9%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (14.1%) and bacteria of the Staphylococcaceae family (11.6%) were prevailed in the structure of uropathogens. The share of other microorganisms did not exceed 5%. A high level of microflora resistance to ampicillin, cephalosporins of the 2nd and 3rd generations, fluoroquinolones was noted. The highest level of antibiotic resistance was observed in K. pneumonia. In general the results obtained correspond to the general trends in the dynamics of the etiological structure and the level of antibiotic resistance of nosocomial urinary tract infections. This study confirms the need for local microbiological monitoring to develop optimal regimens for empiric antibiotic therapy and perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis.

scholarly journals A Study of Prevalence of Aerobic Bacteria and Fungi in Sputum Specimens of Patients with Post Tubercular Bronchiectasis

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 1468
Author(s):  
Gattu Suresh Kumar ◽  
Sabinkar Babu Lal ◽  
M. Laxmikanth
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽  
Aerobic Bacteria ◽  
Klebsiella Pneumonia ◽  
Culture Methods ◽  
Resistance Patterns ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi ◽  
One Year

<p><strong>Background:</strong> Patients with Post TB bronchiectasis colonize many aerobic bacteria and fungi and lead to an increase in exacerbations and decrease in quality of life.</p><p><strong>Objective:</strong> To study the prevalence of aerobic bacteria and fungi in sputum specimens of patients with post tubercular bronchiectasis and to find out the local antibiotic sensitivity and resistance patterns.</p><p><strong>Materials and Methods:</strong> This prospective observational study was carried out over a period of one year comprising of 50 patients with post Tubercular Bronchiectasis who were above 18 yrs, completed ATT smear negative and HRCT showing bronchiectactic changes. Identification of organisms from sputum samples were done by classical aerobic microbial staining and culture methods. Descriptive and inferential statistical analysis was carried out in this study.</p><p><strong>Results:</strong> This study comprises of the 50 patients with a larger group of individuals under the age group of 51-60 (30%), along with bronchial colonization of aerobic bacteria being 78% and growth of fungi being 2%.Among the 39 patients,16 patients (32%) had grown Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 12 patients(24%) had grown Klebsiella pneumoniae, 8 patients(16%) had grown Streptococcus species and rest 3 patients(6%) had grown staphylococcus species. The Antibiotic resistance noted highest being Amikacin (56.4%), piperacillin-tazobactam showing the least (2.6%) and highest sensitivity with imipenem(100%).</p><p><strong> Conclusion:</strong> This study signifies that prevalence of aerobic bacteria, especially Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumonia was common in patients with post tubercular bronchiectasis. The Antibiotic resistance noted highest being Amikacin (56.4%) and sensitivity with imipenem(100%). In patients colonizing Pseudomonas aeruginosa, there was significant decline in lung function.</p>

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