scholarly journals Gonorrhoea: a systematic review of prevalence reporting globally

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane Whelan ◽  
Victoria Abbing-Karahagopian ◽  
Laura Serino ◽  
Magnus Unemo
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Sex Workers ◽  
New Caledonia ◽  
Local Population ◽  
The United States ◽  
Population Based ◽  
World Health ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Prevalence Data ◽  
Increased Risk

Abstract Background The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends periodic gonorrhoea prevalence assessments in the general population or proxies thereof (including pregnant women, women attending family planning clinics, military recruits, and men undergoing employment physicals for example) and in population groups at increased risk, including men-who-have-sex-with-men (MSM) and sex workers. Method We evaluated reported prevalence data, including estimates from proxy general population samples to reflect the WHO recommendations. We describe the outcomes from the general population country-by-country and extend previous reviews to include MSM, sex workers, and extragenital infections. Result and conclusion In our systematic search, 2015 titles were reviewed (January 2010–April 2019) and 174 full-text publications were included. National, population-based prevalence data were identified in only four countries (the United States of America, the United Kingdom, Peru, New Caledonia) and local population-based estimates were reported in areas within five countries (China, South Africa, Brazil, Benin, and Malawi). The remaining studies identified only reported test positivity from non-probability, proxy general population samples. Due to the diversity of the reviewed studies, detailed comparison across studies was not possible. In MSM, data were identified from 64 studies in 25 countries. Rectal infection rates were generally higher than urogenital or pharyngeal infection rates, where extragenital testing was conducted. Data on sex workers were identified from 41 studies in 23 countries; rates in female sex workers were high. Current prevalence monitoring was shown to be highly suboptimal worldwide. Serial prevalence monitoring of critical epidemiological variables, and guidelines to optimize prevalence study conduct and reporting beyond antenatal settings are recommended.

scholarly journals Hypertension in the United States Fire Service

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (10) ◽  
pp. 5432
Author(s):  
Saeed U. Khaja ◽  
Kevin C. Mathias ◽  
Emilie D. Bode ◽  
Donald F. Stewart ◽  
Kepra Jack ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
General Population ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
The United States ◽  
Fire Service ◽  
Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Cardiac Events ◽  
Antihypertensive Medications ◽  
Increased Risk

Hypertension is a major risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and cardiac remodeling and is associated with an increased risk of sudden cardiac events, the leading cause of duty-related death in the fire service. We assessed systemic blood pressures and prevalence of hypertension among US firefighters by decade of life. Medical records of career firefighters (5063 males and 274 females) from four geographically diverse occupational health clinics were assessed. Hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure ≥130 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure ≥80 mmHg, or taking antihypertensive medication. Results from the firefighter sample were compared to the US general population (2015–2016 and 2017–2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys). Among the total sample, 69% of firefighters met the criteria for hypertension and 17% were taking antihypertensive medications. Percentages of hypertensive male and female firefighters were 45% and 11% among 20–29 years old, respectively, and increased to 78% and 79% among 50–59 years old, respectively. Compared to the general population, male firefighters had a higher prevalence of hypertension (p < 0.05) across all age groups (11–16% higher). In order to improve firefighter health and protect against sudden incapacitation in this public safety occupational group, increased efforts are necessary to screen for and manage high blood pressure.

scholarly journals Surveillance of Colorectal Cancer (CRC) in Cystic Fibrosis (CF) Patients

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 84-95
Author(s):  
Fabio Ingravalle ◽  
Giovanni Casella ◽  
Adriana Ingravalle ◽  
Claudio Monti ◽  
Federica De Salvatore ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Cystic Fibrosis ◽  
General Population ◽  
Genetic Disorder ◽  
The United States ◽  
Screening Colonoscopy ◽  
Transmembrane Conductance Regulator ◽  
Transmembrane Conductance ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Speciality Training

Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is the commonest inherited genetic disorder in Caucasians due to a mutation in the gene CFTR (Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator), and it should be considered as an Inherited Colorectal Cancer (CRC) Syndrome. In the United States, physicians of CF Foundation established the “Developing Innovative Gastroenterology Speciality Training Program” to increase the research on CF in gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary diseases. The risk to develop a CRC is 5–10 times higher in CF patients than in the general population and even greater in CF patients receiving immunosuppressive therapy due to organ transplantation (30-fold increased risk relative to the general population). Colonoscopy should be considered the best screening for CRC in CF patients. The screening colonoscopy should be started at the age of 40 in CF patients and, if negative, a new colonoscopy should be performed every 5 years and every 3 years if adenomas are detected. For transplanted CF patients, the screening colonoscopy could be started at the age of 35, in transplanted patients at the age of 30 and, if before, at the age of 30. CF transplanted patients, between the age of 35 and 55, must repeat colonoscopy every 3 years. Our review draws attention towards the clinically relevant development of CRC in CF patients, and it may pave the way for further screenings and studies.

EPID-10. GLIOMA INCIDENCE AND SURVIVAL BY INCOME LEVEL IN THE UNITED STATES GENERAL POPULATION AGES AND ABOVE FROM 2000-2018

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (Supplement_6) ◽  
pp. vi87-vi88
Author(s):  
Jennifer Murillo ◽  
Elizabeth Anyanda ◽  
Jason Huang
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
General Population ◽  
Survival Data ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
The United States ◽  
Income Level ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Research Database ◽  
Income Levels ◽  
Average Survival

Abstract Gliomas are the most common primary malignant brain tumor in the United States with previous studies showing the incidence varied by age, sex, and race or ethnicity. Survival after diagnosis has also been shown to vary by these factors. Also, socioeconomic status and its association with various cancers have also been studied at length over time. PURPOSE: The purpose of our research was to quantify the differences in incidence and survival rates of gliomas in 15 years and older by income level. METHODS: This population-based study obtained incidence and survival data from the Incidence-SEER Research Database the general population. Average age incidence were generated by glioma groups and grouped by income levels. Survival rates were generated by overall glioma diagnosis grouped by observed survival at 12, 24, 36, 48 and 60 months and by again by income levels. The analysis included 94,207 patients with glioma diagnosed in those aged 15 years or older. RESULTS: Overall, 94, 207 patients diagnosed with glioma were analyzed. Of these, 1,089 (1.16%) fell into the &lt; $35k group, 1,684 (1.79%) in the $35k-$40k group, 3,473 (3.69%) in the $40k-$45k group, 5,647 (5.99%) in the $45k-$50k group, 7,138 (7.58%) in the $50k-$55k group, 6,468 (6.87%) in the $55k-$60k group, 15,348 (16.29%) in the $60k-$65k group, 13,216 (14.03%) in the $65k-$70k group, 9,035 (9.59%) in the $70k-$75k group, and 31,109 (33.02%) fell in &gt; $75k group. The data was also broken further down into survivability showing average survival. CONCLUSION: Incidence of glioma and 12, 24, 36, 48 and 60 month survival rates after diagnosis vary significantly by income level with higher income level greater than $75,000+ having higher incidence and higher survival rates compared with lower income levels. Further research is needed to help determine risk factors and barriers to care to help reveal health disparities.

scholarly journals Adolescent cannabis use, baseline prodromal symptoms and the risk of psychosis

2018 ◽  
Vol 212 (4) ◽  
pp. 227-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antti Mustonen ◽  
Solja Niemelä ◽  
Tanja Nordström ◽  
Graham K. Murray ◽  
Pirjo Mäki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
General Population ◽  
Birth Cohort ◽  
Psychotic Disorders ◽  
Temporal Order ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Cannabis Use ◽  
Prodromal Symptoms ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Icd 10

BackgroundThe association between cannabis use and the risk of psychosis has been studied extensively but the temporal order still remains controversial.AimsTo examine the association between cannabis use in adolescence and the risk of psychosis after adjustment for prodromal symptoms and other potential confounders.MethodThe sample (n = 6534) was composed of the prospective general population-based Northern Finland Birth Cohort of 1986. Information on prodromal symptoms of psychosis and cannabis use was collected using questionnaires at age 15–16 years. Participants were followed up for ICD-10 psychotic disorders until age 30 years using nationwide registers.ResultsThe risk of psychosis was elevated in individuals who had tried cannabis five times or more (hazard ratio, (HR) = 6.5, 95% CI 3.0–13.9). The association remained statistically significant even when adjusted for prodromal symptoms, other substance use and parental psychosis (HR = 3.0, 95% CI 1.1–8.0).ConclusionsAdolescent cannabis use is associated with increased risk of psychosis even after adjustment for baseline prodromal symptoms, parental psychosis and other substance use.Declaration of interestNone.

scholarly journals Increased risk of COVID ‐19 in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a general population‐based cohort study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yilun Wang ◽  
Kristin M D’Silva ◽  
April M Jorge ◽  
Xiaoxiao Li ◽  
Houchen Lyv ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Cohort Study ◽  
General Population ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Increased Risk

Abstract 15312: Racial Disparities in Trends in Mortality From Cardiac Arrests in the United States

Circulation ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 142 (Suppl_3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anas M Al Zubaidi ◽  
Graham Bevan ◽  
Mariam Rana ◽  
Abdul Rahman Al Armashi ◽  
Mustafa Alqaysi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Cardiac Arrest ◽  
African American ◽  
African Americans ◽  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Census Data ◽  
International Classification Of Diseases ◽  
The United States ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Increased Risk

Background: African Americans are at increased risk of fatal cardiac arrests, but population-based studies exploring contemporary epidemiology are not available. We sought to identify the trend in race-specific mortality from cardiac arrest in the United States. Methods: Using the multiple cause of death database, we identified all patients (Caucasians or African Americans) who died of cardiac arrest (International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision code I46.x listed as underlying cause of death) between 1999 and 2018. Age-adjusted mortality rates were standardized to the 2000 US census data, and stratified by age group (<35 years, 35-64 years, and ≥ 65 years). Results: A total of 311,065 cardiac arrest deaths were identified, with an overall age-adjusted mortality of 53.6 per million (Caucasian: 49.1 per million, African American: 90.6 per million). Overall, age-adjusted mortality decreased from 80.1 per million persons (1999) to 44.3 per million persons (2012), followed by 8.8% increase to 48.2 (2018). Between 2012 and 2018, African Americans had higher rates of increase (10.9%) compared with Caucasians (6.9%). Largest disparities in relative changes between 2012 and 2018 occurred in patients younger than 35 years (African American: 35%, Caucasians -11%), and patients ≥ 65 years (African Americans: 8%, Caucasians 4%), figure. Conclusions: Although the mortality due to cardiac arrest has declined in the US between 1999 and 2012, a recent increase has been noted between 2012 and 2018, particularly among younger African Americans. Studies should focus on identifying causes of disparities and identifying methods to reduce the racial gap.

Proximity to sex work sites is not associated with higher HIV prevalence in the general population in Zimbabwe

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariëlle Kloek ◽  
Caroline Bulstra ◽  
Sungai Chabata ◽  
Elizabeth Fearon ◽  
Isaac Taramusi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Sex Work ◽  
Sex Workers ◽  
Hiv Prevalence ◽  
Demographic And Health Surveys ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Prevalence Data ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Shortest Distance ◽  
Survey Sample

Abstract In Zimbabwe, as in other East and Southern African countries, HIV prevalence is largely geographically heterogeneous. We determined if, and to what extent, this heterogeneity is associated with proximity to sex work sites by type of site (city, economic growth point, international, seasonal, or transport), using Demographic and Health Surveys location-specific HIV prevalence data—including 16,121 individuals (aged 15-49 years) from 400 sample locations—and Centre for Sexual Health and HIV/AIDS Research data on locations of 56 sex work sites throughout Zimbabwe. We conducted univariate and multivariate multilevel logistic regression to determine the association between sex work proximity—calculated as the shortest distance by road from each survey sample location to the nearest sex work site—and HIV seropositivity. We found no association between locations of sex work and heterogeneity in HIV prevalence in the general population, possibly explained by the mobile nature of both female sex workers and their clients as individual-level indicators of sex work were still significantly associated with HIV.

scholarly journals Outpatient Antibiotic Prescribing in Massachusetts, 2011–2015

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
R Monina Klevens ◽  
Evan Caten ◽  
Scott W Olesen ◽  
Alfred DeMaria ◽  
Scott Troppy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Population Based ◽  
The State ◽  
World Health ◽  
Antibiotic Prescribing ◽  
Census Tracts ◽  
Outpatient Prescription ◽  
Ongoing Surveillance

Abstract Background The objectives of this study were to develop methods to measure population-based outpatient antibiotic prescribing in Massachusetts and to describe the findings as a first step toward institution of ongoing surveillance. Methods We analyzed outpatient prescription claims from the Massachusetts All-Payers Claims Database from 2011 to 2015. We grouped claims for antibiotics according to the World Health Organization’s Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System using the National Library of Medicine’s RXNorm database. We grouped prescribers into 17 specialties. Antibiotic use rates were calculated, and simple frequencies were used to describe patterns. Results The overall annual rate of outpatient antibiotic use for individuals aged 0–64 years was 696 prescriptions per 1000 people. During 2015, 68% of people in Massachusetts had no antibiotic prescription, and 17% had only 1 prescription. There was dramatic variability in antibiotic use rates by census tract within the state (rates of penicillin use ranged from 31 to 265 prescriptions per 1000 people, macrolides from 28 to 333, cephalosporins from 8 to 89, quinolones from 13 to 118). Antibiotic use rates were generally lower in urban census tracts. From 2011 to 2015, there was a 17% decline in antibiotic prescribing, with the greatest decline for macrolides (28%). Conclusions There was variability in antibiotic prescribing within Massachusetts by age, sex, and antibiotic class. Variation in antibiotic use across census tracts within the state was similar to the variation in use across US states. Continued measurement and detailed local population rates of antibiotic use in Massachusetts will provide feedback for local prescribers.

Conjugal multiple sclerosis in Isfahan, Iran: a population-based study

2007 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 673-675 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.H. Maghzi ◽  
M. Etemadifar ◽  
V. Shaygannejad ◽  
M. Saadatnia ◽  
M. Salehi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
General Population ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Marital Relationship ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Rare Form ◽  
Population Based Study ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Estimated Risk

Conjugal multiple sclerosis (MS) is a rare form of MS in which both spouses are affected, and at least one is affected after marriage. Among 1606 definite MS patients, 1076 were in marital relationship, among whom we identified six conjugal pairs, giving the conjugal rate of 0.5%. This rate is 12.5 times higher than the estimated risk of MS for the general population (0.04%). The observed conjugal rate suggests an increased risk of developing MS for MS patients' spouses, this could be due to transmission or, more likely, to the same environmental factors shared in adult life. Multiple Sclerosis 2007; 13: 673-675. http://msj.sagepub.com

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