High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among normotensive and hypertensive pregnant women in Ghana

Abstract Background Hypovitaminosis D in pregnancy is associated with adverse health outcomes in mothers, newborns and infants. This study assessed the levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] in normotensive pregnancies and in preeclampsia, evaluated the association between vitamin D deficiency and preeclampsia risk; and determined the foeto-maternal outcome in preeclamptic women with vitamin D deficiency. Methods This case-control study was conducted among pregnant women who visited the Comboni Hospital, in Ghana from January 2017 to May 2018 for antenatal care. A total of 180 pregnant women comprising 88 preeclamptic women (PE) and 92 healthy normotensive pregnant women (NP) were recruited. Socio-demographic, clinical and obstetric data were obtained using validated questionnaires. Blood pressure and anthropometrics were measured, and blood samples were collected for the estimation of 25- hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique. Lipids (total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol) were also estimated. Results A total of 81.7% of the study participants had vitamin D deficiency. Of these, 88.6% of the women with PE had vitamin D deficiency compared to 75.0% in the NP. Vitamin D levels were significantly reduced in the PE women compared to the normotensive pregnant women (p = 0.001). A higher proportion of the preeclamptic women who were vitamin D deficient had preterm delivery (p < 0:0001) and delivered low birth weight infants (p < 0:0001), and infants with IUGR (p < 0:0001) compared to the control group (p < 0:0001). Pregnant women with PE presented with significant dyslipidemia, evidenced by significantly elevated TC (p = 0.008), LDL (p < 0.0001), triglycerides (p = 0.017) and a significantly reduced HDL (p = 0.001) as compared to NP. In the preeclamptic women, serum 25(OH) D showed an inverse, but not significant association with TC (β = − 0.043, p = 0.722, TG (β = − 0.144, p = 0.210) and LDL (β = − 0.076, p = 0.524) and a positive, but not significant association with HDL (β = 0.171, p = 0.156). Conclusion The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency is high in both normotensive pregnancies and pregnancies complicated by preeclampsia but amplified in preeclampsia. Higher proportion of pregnant women with hypovitaminosis D had preterm babies and delivered low birth weight neonates. Additional studies are needed to explore the potential benefits and optimal dosing of vitamin D use in pregnancy, especially in sub-Saharan Africa.

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High Prevalence of Vitamin D deficiency among normotensive and hypertensive pregnant women in Ghana

10.21203/rs.3.rs-174322/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Linda Ahenkorah Fondjo ◽

Worlanyo Tashie ◽

William K. B. A. Owiredu ◽

Enoch Appiah Adu-Gyamfi ◽

Laila Seidu

Keyword(s):

Vitamin D ◽

Birth Weight ◽

Low Birth Weight ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

Vitamin D Deficiency ◽

Hypovitaminosis D ◽

Sub Saharan Africa ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Vitamin D Levels ◽

In Pregnancy

Abstract Background: Hypovitaminosis D in pregnancy is associated with adverse health outcomes in mothers, newborns and infants. This study assessed the levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] in normotensive pregnancies and pregnancies complicated by preeclampsia, and evaluated the association between vitamin D deficiency and foeto-maternal outcome. Methods: This case-control study was conducted among pregnant women who visited the Comboni Hospital, in Ghana from January 2017 to May 2018 for antenatal care. A total of 180 pregnant women comprising 88 preeclamptic women (PE) and 92 healthy normotensive pregnant women (NP) were recruited. Socio-demographic, clinical and obstetric data were obtained using validated questionnaires. Blood pressure and anthropometrics were measured, and blood samples were collected for the estimation of 25(OH)D using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique. Lipids (total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol) and were also estimated. Results: A total of 81.7% of the study participants had vitamin D deficiency. Of these, 88.6% of the women with PE had vitamin D deficiency compared to 75.0% in the NP. Vitamin D levels was significantly reduced in the PE women compared to the normotensive pregnant women (p=0.001). A higher proportion of the preeclamptic women who were vitamin D deficient had preterm delivery (p < 0:0001) and delivered low birth weight infants (p < 0:0001), and infants with IUGR (p < 0:0001) compared to the control group (p < 0:0001). Pregnant women with PE presented with significant dyslipidaemia, evidenced by significantly elevated TC (p=0.008), LDL (p<0.0001), triglycerides (p=0.017) and a significantly reduced HDL (p=0.001) as compared to NP. In the preeclamptic women, serum 25(OH)D showed an inverse, but not significant association with TC (β= -0.087, p=0.464), TG (β= -0.143, p=0.233) and LDL (β= -0.101, p=0.388) and a positive, but not significant association with HDL (β= 0.166, p=0.154). Conclusion: The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency is high in both normotensive pregnancies and pregnancies complicated by preeclampsia but amplified in preeclampsia. Higher proportion of pregnant women with hypovitaminosis D had preterm babies and delivered low birth weight neonates. Additional studies are needed to explore the potential benefits and optimal dosing of vitamin D use in pregnancy especially in sub-Saharan Africa.

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Very high rates of vitamin D insufficiency in women of child-bearing age living in Beijing and Hong Kong

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114507844382 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 99 (6) ◽

pp. 1330-1334 ◽

Cited By ~ 43

Author(s):

Jean Woo ◽

Christopher W. K. Lam ◽

Jason Leung ◽

Winny Y. Lau ◽

Edith Lau ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Vitamin D ◽

Hong Kong ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

Vitamin D Deficiency ◽

Vitamin D Insufficiency ◽

Dietary Intakes ◽

Hydroxyvitamin D ◽

The North ◽

25 Hydroxyvitamin D ◽

The Relationship

We aimed to describe the vitamin D status of young women living in two Chinese cities in the spring – Beijing in the north (latitude 39° north) and Hong Kong (latitude 22° north) in the south. We also examined the relationship between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and parathyroid hormone (PTH) concentrations to determine a threshold for serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D above which there is no further suppression of PTH. Finally, we examined whether dietary Ca intake influences this relationship. Non-pregnant women aged 18–40 years (n 441) were recruited between February and June. Fasting blood was collected and dietary intakes were assessed using 5 d food records. Mean serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration was lower in Beijing than Hong Kong women (29 v. 34 nmol/l; P < 0·001). Vitamin D deficiency ( ≤ 25 nmol/l) was indicated in 40 % of Beijing and 18 % of Hong Kong women, and over 90 % of women in both cities were insufficient ( ≤ 50 nmol/l). Mean Ca and vitamin D intakes were 478 mg/d and 2·0 μg/d, respectively. The relationship between 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration and PTH was linear throughout the range with a slope of − 0·36 (different from 0; P < 0·001; R 0·26), with no apparent threshold. There was no influence of Ca intake on the relationship between 25-hydroxyvitamin D and PTH concentration. Vitamin D deficiency is common and insufficiency is very common in non-pregnant women in Hong Kong and Beijing during spring. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D was inversely associated with PTH with no apparent threshold. Strategies such as vitamin D fortification or supplementation may be required.

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Vitamin D Status and Its Determinants in Healthy Slovenian Pregnant Women

Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism ◽

10.1159/000439093 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 67 (2) ◽

pp. 96-103 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Aneta Soltirovska Salamon ◽

Evgen Benedik ◽

Borut Bratanič ◽

Manca Velkavrh ◽

Irena Rogelj ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Vitamin D ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

Vitamin D Deficiency ◽

Sun Exposure ◽

Physical Activities ◽

Dietary Intakes ◽

Hydroxyvitamin D ◽

Day Range ◽

The Status ◽

25 Hydroxyvitamin D

Background/Aims: Vitamin D deficiency is a common underdiagnosed condition. The aim of this was to analyze the status of vitamin D and its determinants in healthy Slovenian pregnant women. Methods: A total of 132 volunteer pregnant women completed a questionnaire including baseline demographics, food frequency, physical activities; anthropometrical measurements, body mass index and levels of 25-(OH)D in serum were performed during the third trimester, and dietary intakes were assessed during the 27-28th week of gestation. Results: Vitamin D deficiency was present in 14% while insufficiency was present in 41% of women. The risk for inadequacy was higher in women older than 30 years (p = 0.01), in those with less frequent outdoor physical activity (p = 0.01) and in pregnancies during the low sun exposure season (p = 0.04). Insufficiency was not significantly more frequent in less educated women, unemployed and in those living in urban area. The median value of vitamin D from habitual dietary intake was 1.5 µg/day (range 0.1-13.4) and did not influence 25-hydroxyvitamin D level (p = 0.91). Conclusions: The prevalence of vitamin D inadequacy was 55% and was dependent on age, season and outdoor physical activities. The results suggest a discrepancy between vitamin D intake through habitual diet and the reference needs.

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Evaluation of Maternal Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels in Patients with Hyperemesis Gravidarum at Early Gestational Weeks

Eurasian Journal of Family Medicine ◽

10.33880/ejfm.2020090302 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. 123-130

Author(s):

Burcu Kayılı ◽

Muhammet Ali Oruç ◽

Yasemin Alan ◽

Murat Alan ◽

Deniz Can Öztekin

Keyword(s):

Vitamin D ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

Vitamin D Deficiency ◽

Hyperemesis Gravidarum ◽

Control Group ◽

Hydroxyvitamin D ◽

Severe Deficiency ◽

Vitamin D Levels ◽

25 Hydroxyvitamin D ◽

The Mean

Aim: The aim of this study was to compare vitamin D levels between pregnant women with hyperemesis gravidarum before 12 weeks of gestation and healthy pregnant women at similar ages. Methods: Sixty pregnancies with hyperemesis gravidarum and 60 age compatible healthy pregnancies applied to our facility were included in the study. Demographic characteristics, maternal thyroid function tests and 25-Hydroxyvitamin D levels were evaluated. Student t test was used for the variables with normal distribution and Mann-Whitney U test was used to analyze the variables without normal distribution. Results: Only one pregnant woman had normal vitamin D levels (>30ng/ml), whereas 71 patients had deficiency (10-30 ng/ml), and 48 had severe deficiency (<10 ng/ml). The mean vitamin D level of the total 120 pregnancies was 11.9±5.00 ng/ml (9.92±3.67 ng/ml in case group, 13.88±5.38 ng/ml in control group). The mean value of vitamin D was found to be significantly lower in hyperemesis gravidarum. 45% (n=27) of the pregnant women had vitamin D deficiency, whereas 55% (n=33) of them had severe deficiency. Free T3 and T4 levels were significantly higher than the control group, and thyroid-stimulating hormone level was significantly lower. Conclusion: Vitamin D levels of pregnant women with hyperemesis gravidarum were significantly lower. Vitamin D deficiency should be considered in patients with hyperemesis gravidarum. Keywords: pregnancy, hyperemesis gravidarum, Vitamin D deficiency

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Vitamin D Status in Pregnancy: Fetomaternal Outcome and Correlation with Cord Blood Vitamin D

Indian Journal of Medical Biochemistry ◽

10.5005/jp-journals-10054-0018 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

pp. 42-48

Author(s):

Sanjay Jain ◽

Arijit Debnath ◽

Somosri Ray

Keyword(s):

Vitamin D ◽

Cord Blood ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

Vitamin D Deficiency ◽

Hypovitaminosis D ◽

P Value ◽

Strong Positive Correlation ◽

Vitamin D Status ◽

The Mean ◽

In Pregnancy

ABSTRACT Introduction Hypovitaminosis D in pregnancy has been reported to cause various maternal effects, i.e., hypocalcemia, subclinical myopathy, increased risk of preeclampsia (PE), gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), cesarean sections, and fetal effects, i.e., neonatal tetany, hyperbilirubinemia congenital rickets, infantile rickets, etc. Only few Indian studies are available in this regard. Objective To estimate serum vitamin D levels in pregnant women, cord blood, and study fetomaternal outcomes. Materials and methods A prospective observational study was conducted on 54 consecutive pregnant women and their newborn babies. Serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D [25(OH)D] level was estimated in all women at the time of admission in labor ward. They were followed up to delivery and 48 hours postpartum. Vitamin D was also estimated in cord blood collected during delivery. All results were recorded and analyzed statistically. Results The mean 25(OH)D level in pregnancy was 6.81 ± 7.38 ng/mL. The mean 25(OH)D level in their babies (cord blood) was 6.34 ± 7.05 ng/mL. There was very strong positive correlation between maternal and fetal serum 25(OH)D levels (p-value 0.001, r-value 0.9). Vitamin D deficiency was strongly associated with obesity, PE, and GDM (p-value 0.001). Neonatal jaundice and tetany were also significantly associated with severe vitamin D deficiency. Conclusion Low levels of vitamin D have been observed in pregnant women and their newborn babies. Hypovitaminosis D has been associated with adverse fetomaternal outcomes. As there is a strong correlation of maternal and neonatal levels, supplementing vitamin D in a pregnant women might improve these adverse pregnancy outcomes. How to cite this article Gupta M, Debnath A, Jain S, Saini V, Ray S. Vitamin D Status in Pregnancy: Fetomaternal Outcome and Correlation with Cord Blood Vitamin D. Indian J Med Biochem 2017;21(1):42-48.

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Cross-sectional study of factors that influence the 25-hydroxyvitamin D status in pregnant women and in cord blood in Germany

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114513001438 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 110 (10) ◽

pp. 1895-1902 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

Catrin Wuertz ◽

Peter Gilbert ◽

Wolfgang Baier ◽

Clemens Kunz

Keyword(s):

Vitamin D ◽

Cord Blood ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

Vitamin D Deficiency ◽

Maternal Blood ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Blood Samples ◽

Hydroxyvitamin D ◽

25 Hydroxyvitamin D

There is increasing evidence of an association between a low maternal vitamin D status and a high risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. In a cross-sectional study, we investigated the vitamin D status of pregnant women to determine potentially influencing factors. Between December 2010 and February 2012, 261 maternal blood samples and 328 cord blood samples were collected for the analysis of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), intact parathyroid hormone, alkaline phosphatase and Ca concentrations. Demographical characteristics and clinical data were recorded by a questionnaire and from medical files. The overall median maternal and cord blood 25(OH)D levels were 25·0 (interquartile range 12·6–45·5) nmol/l and 34·1 (interquartile range 17·7–58·6) nmol/l, respectively. During the winter months, 98 % of the maternal blood samples and 94 % of the cord blood samples had 25(OH)D levels < 50 nmol/l. In the summer months, 49 % of the women and 35 % of the cord blood samples were vitamin D deficient. Using logistic regression models, significant risk factors for maternal vitamin D deficiency were found to be physical inactivity (adjusted OR (aOR) 2·67, 95 % CI 1·06, 6·69, P= 0·032) and a non-European country of origin (aOR 3·21, 95 % CI 1·0, 10·28, P= 0·047) after controlling for season and independent risk factors. These results are the first 25(OH)D data for pregnant women in Germany. They indicate the need for urgent implementation of strategies to prevent vitamin D deficiency by healthcare authorities that are in charge of preventing vitamin D deficiency, especially during these sensitive stages of life.

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Factors Associated with Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentration in Two Cohorts of Pregnant Women in Southern Ontario, Canada

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu11010123 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 123 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Maude Perreault ◽

Caroline J. Moore ◽

Gerhard Fusch ◽

Koon K. Teo ◽

Stephanie A. Atkinson

Keyword(s):

Vitamin D ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

Family Study ◽

Vitamin D Status ◽

Southern Ontario ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Hydroxyvitamin D ◽

The Family ◽

25 Hydroxyvitamin D ◽

In Pregnancy

Vitamin D deficiency in pregnancy is widely reported, but whether this applies in North America is unclear since no population-based surveys of vitamin D status in pregnancy exist in Canada or the United States. The objectives were to assess (i) the intake and sources of vitamin D, (ii) vitamin D status, and (iii) factors associated with serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD) concentration in two cohorts of pregnant women from Southern Ontario, Canada, studied over a span of 14 years. Maternal characteristics, physical measurements, fasting blood samples and nutrient intake were obtained at enrolment in 332 pregnant women from the Family Atherosclerosis Monitoring In early Life (FAMILY) study and 191 from the Be Healthy in Pregnancy (BHIP) study. Serum 25-OHD was measured by LC/MS-MS. The median (Q1, Q3) total vitamin D intake was 383 IU/day (327, 551) in the FAMILY study and 554 IU/day (437, 796) in the BHIP study. Supplemental vitamin D represented 64% of total intake in participants in FAMILY and 78% in BHIP. The mean (SD) serum 25-OHD was 76.5 (32.9) nmol/L in FAMILY and 79.7 (22.3) nmol/L in BHIP. Being of European descent and blood sampling in the summer season were significantly associated with a higher maternal serum 25-OHD concentration. In summary, health care practitioners should be aware that vitamin D status is sufficient in the majority of pregnant Canadian women of European ancestry, likely due to sun exposure.

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Vitamin D status in Sudanese pregnant women: a cross-sectional study

Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene ◽

10.1093/trstmh/trz054 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 113 (9) ◽

pp. 569-571 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ahmed A Gaffer ◽

Duria A Rayis ◽

Osama G Elhussein ◽

Ishag Adam

Keyword(s):

Vitamin D ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

Vitamin D Deficiency ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Vitamin D Status ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Hydroxyvitamin D ◽

History Of ◽

25 Hydroxyvitamin D

Abstract Background Maternal vitamin D deficiency is associated with maternal and perinatal adverse effects. This study was conducted to assess the vitamin D status among pregnant Sudanese women. Methods A total of 180 pregnant women were enrolled in a cross-sectional study in Saad Abualila Hospital, Khartoum, Sudan. The medical history of each woman was collected and 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] was measured using an electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. Results The median age, gravidity and gestational age was 27.7 y, 1.0 and 10.7 weeks, respectively. Of the 180 woman, 169 (93.9%) had vitamin D deficiency (≤20 ng/ml). There was no correlation between the 25(OH)D level and body mass index (r=−0.135, p=0.071) or haemoglobin level (r= 0.001, p=0.999). Conclusions The current study showed a high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency. Further studies investigating the risk factors for vitamin D deficiency and the outcome of pregnancy are needed.

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Exploring the concept of functional vitamin D deficiency in pregnancy: impact of the interaction between 25-hydroxyvitamin D and parathyroid hormone on perinatal outcomes

American Journal of Clinical Nutrition ◽

10.1093/ajcn/nqy150 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 108 (4) ◽

pp. 821-829 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Andrea Hemmingway ◽

Louise C Kenny ◽

Lucio Malvisi ◽

Mairead E Kiely

Keyword(s):

Vitamin D ◽

Parathyroid Hormone ◽

Vitamin D Deficiency ◽

Gestational Hypertension ◽

Reference Group ◽

Geometric Mean ◽

Perinatal Outcomes ◽

Hydroxyvitamin D ◽

25 Hydroxyvitamin D ◽

In Pregnancy

AbstractBackgroundAssociations of vitamin D with perinatal outcomes are inconsistent and few studies have considered the wider calcium metabolic system.ObjectivesWe aimed to explore functional vitamin D deficiency in pregnancy by investigating associations between vitamin D status, parathyroid hormone (PTH), and perinatal outcomes.DesignSCOPE (Screening for Pregnancy Endpoints) Ireland is a prospective cohort study of low-risk, nulliparous pregnant women. We measured serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] and PTH at 15 wk of gestation in 1754 participants.ResultsMean ± SD 25(OH)D was 56.6 ± 25.8 nmol/L (22.7 ± 10.3 ng/mL) and geometric mean (95% CI) PTH was 7.84 pg/mL (7.7, 8.0 pg/mL) [0.86 pmol/L (0.85, 0.88 pmol/L)]. PTH was elevated in 34.3% of women who had 25(OH)D <30 nmol/L and in 13.9% of those with 25(OH)D ≥75 nmol/L. Whereas 17% had 25(OH)D <30 nmol/L, 5.5% had functional vitamin D deficiency, defined as 25(OH)D <30 nmol/L with elevated PTH. Elevated mean arterial pressure (MAP), gestational hypertension, pre-eclampsia, and small-for-gestational-age (SGA) birth were confirmed in 9.2%, 11.9%, 3.8%, and 10.6% of participants, respectively. In fully adjusted regression models, neither low 25(OH)D nor elevated PTH alone increased the risk of any individual outcome. The prevalence of elevated MAP (19.1% compared with 9.7%) and SGA (16.0% compared with 6.7%) were highest (P < 0.05) in those with functional vitamin D deficiency compared with the reference group [25(OH)D ≥75 nmol/L and normal PTH]. The adjusted prevalence ratio (PR) and RR (95% CIs) for elevated MAP and SGA were 1.83 (1.02, 3.27) and 1.53 (0.80, 2.93), respectively. There was no effect of functional vitamin D deficiency on the risk of gestational hypertension (adjusted RR: 1.00; 95% CI: 0.60, 1.67) or pre-eclampsia (adjusted RR: 1.17; 95% CI: 0.32, 4.20).ConclusionThe concept of functional vitamin D deficiency, reflecting calcium metabolic stress, should be considered in studies of vitamin D in pregnancy.The SCOPE pregnancy cohort is registered at http://www.anzctr.org.au as ACTRN12607000551493.

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A study of vitamin D levels and associated deficiency in pregnancy and its effect on maternal and fetal outcome

International Journal of Reproduction Contraception Obstetrics and Gynecology ◽

10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20164637 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 84

Author(s):

Anupama Dave ◽

Monica Verma ◽

Neelam Jain ◽

Atisha Dave

Keyword(s):

Vitamin D ◽

Birth Weight ◽

Low Birth Weight ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

Vitamin D Deficiency ◽

Causal Relation ◽

Fetal Outcome ◽

Poor Growth ◽

Vitamin D Levels ◽

Low Birth Weight Babies

Background: From conception the embryo is dependent on the mother for all nutritional requirements until birth. Vitamin D deficiencies have adverse effect on pregnancy outcome result in poor growth, prematurity, NTD, even congenital anomalies. The aim and objectives of the study was to assess the prevalence of deficiencies among pregnant woman attending M.Y. Hospital and assess the correlation with the pregnancy complications.Methods: Total 110 patients were studied for vitamin d levels and associated obstetrical complications and risk factors over a period of six months. 53 pregnant women were found to be deficient with vitamin D.Results: 53 pregnant women out of total of 110 were deficient in vitamin D levels. Maximum patients belonged to group (21-30yr) of age. Vitamin D deficiency was more in housewives (65.3%) and in urban(86.8%). Low birth weight<2.5kg were born 50(45.5%) and 2 IUD. 2 were diagnosed NTD in USG reports. 80% low birth weight babies were born in vitamin D deficient women.Conclusions: Our study fails to show a causal relation between low vitamin D level and adverse maternal and fetal outcome in terms of preeclampsia, cesarean delivery, oligo and diabetes. There was a relation between vitamin D deficiency and low birth weight babies.

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