Measures of anxiety, depression and stress in the antenatal and perinatal period following a stillbirth or neonatal death: a multicentre cohort study

Abstract Background The grief associated with the death of a baby is enduring, however most women embark on another pregnancy, many in less than a year following their loss. Symptoms of anxiety and depression are reported to be increased in pregnancies after perinatal death, although effect on maternal stress is less clear. Variation between individual studies may result from differences in gestation at sampling, the questionnaire used and the type of antecedent perinatal death. We aimed to describe quantitative measures of anxiety, depression, stress and quality of life at different timepoints in pregnancies after perinatal death and in the early postnatal period. Methods Women recruited from three sites in the North-West of England. Women were asked to participate if a previous pregnancy had ended in a perinatal death. Participants completed validated measures of psychological state (Cambridge Worry Score, Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Score (EPDS), Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item score) and health status (EQ-5D-5L™ and EQ5D-Visual Analogue Scale) at three time points, approximately 15 weeks’ and 32 weeks’ gestation and 6 weeks postnatally. A sample of hair was taken at approximately 36 weeks’ gestation for measurement of hair cortisol in a subgroup of women. The hair sample was divided into samples from each trimester and cortisol measured by ELISA. Results In total 112 women participated in the study. Measures of anxiety and depressive symptoms decreased from the highest levels at 15 weeks’ gestation to 6-weeks postnatal (for example mean GAD-7: 15 weeks 8.2 ± 5.5, 6 weeks postnatal 4.4 ± 5.0, p<0.001). Hair cortisol levels fell in a similar profile to anxiety and depression symptoms (p<0.05). In contrast, the median EQ-5D index, measuring health status was 0.768 at 15 weeks’ gestation (Interquartile range (IQR) 0.684-0.879), 0.696 at 32 weeks’ (IQR 0.637-0.768) and 0.89 (0.760-1.00) at 6 weeks postnatal. There was a negative relationship between EPDS and perceived health status. Conclusions This study demonstrated heightened anxiety and depressive symptoms and elevated cortisol levels in women in pregnancies after a stillbirth or neonatal death which decrease as pregnancy progresses. Further studies are needed to determine optimal care for women to address these negative psychological consequences.

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Women’s Experiences in the Antenatal and Perinatal Period Following a Stillbirth or Neonatal Death: A Multicentre Cohort Study

10.21203/rs.3.rs-345719/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Suzanne Thomas ◽

Louise Stephens ◽

Tracey A Mills ◽

Christine Hughes ◽

Alan Kerby ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Depressive Symptoms ◽

Mixed Methods ◽

Process Model ◽

Perinatal Death ◽

Dual Process ◽

Psychological State ◽

Depression Symptoms ◽

Hair Cortisol ◽

Specialist Service ◽

Cortisol Levels

Abstract Background The death of a baby before or shortly after birth is a profoundly distressing experience for women and their families. Although grieving the death of their baby, most women will embark on another pregnancy. Specialist antenatal services have been proposed to address the increased biomedical and psychological risks in pregnancies after perinatal death. This study aimed to explore the experiences of women in and shortly after pregnancy after loss to determine the psychological and economic impact and the effect of a specialist service. Methods This study adopted a mixed-methods approach using several sources of data: i) validated measures of psychological state (Cambridge Worry Score, Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Score (EPDS), Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item score), ii) measurement of hair cortisol, iii) face-to-face semi-structured interviews to explore women’s views and experiences of care during their pregnancy, and iv) a Social Return on Investment (SROI) analysis with a subgroup of women and staff participants at the lead site. Results In total 112 women participated in the study. Measures of anxiety and depressive symptoms decreased from the highest levels at 15 weeks’ gestation to 6-weeks postnatal (for example mean GAD-7: 15 weeks 8.2 ± 5.5, 6 weeks postnatal 4.4 ± 5.0, p < 0.001). Hair cortisol levels fell in a similar profile to anxiety and depression symptoms (p < 0.05). Thematic analysis of interviews (n = 20) described how stillbirth was a quiet, unspoken subject and that navigating subsequent pregnancies relied on expecting the worst and hoping for the best; mapping these themes onto the Dual Process Model of Bereavement found being pregnant complicated the grieving process as increased awareness of the risk of stillbirth drew parents focus back to loss. Attendance at a specialist service was valued; SROI analysis found that for £1 invested, £6.10 of value was generated, mostly relating to reduced negative psychological symptoms. Conclusions This mixed-methods study demonstrated heightened anxiety and depressive symptoms and elevated cortisol levels which decrease as pregnancy progresses. Specialist care was viewed favourably, and is cost-effective, but comparative studies are required to determine whether this model is superior to routine high-risk care and to identify which components are most valued.

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Caregiver burden versus intensity of anxiety and depression symptoms in parents of children with cerebral palsy as well as factors potentially differentiating the level of burden: a cross-sectional study (Poland)

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2019-036494 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (6) ◽

pp. e036494

Author(s):

Barbara Gugała

Keyword(s):

Cerebral Palsy ◽

Health Status ◽

Caregiver Burden ◽

Depression Scale ◽

Secondary Outcome ◽

Anxiety And Depression ◽

Depression Symptoms ◽

Emotional Involvement ◽

Children With Cerebral Palsy ◽

General Strain

ObjectivesTo assess the relationship between caregiver burden and severity of symptoms of anxiety/depression in parents of children with cerebral palsy (CP), and to identify factors differentiating the level of caregiver burden.SettingRegional rehabilitation centres in South-Eastern Poland.ParticipantsThe study involved 190 parents of children with CP, that is, 138 women and 52 men.Primary and secondary outcome measuresCaregiver burden was assessed using Caregiver Burden Scale (CBS), while the intensity of anxiety and depression symptoms was measured using Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Potential predictors were examined using Gross Motor Function Classification System for Cerebral Palsy (GMFCS), Barthel Index (BI) as well as a questionnaire focusing on the characteristics of the child, the parent and the family. The analyses applied Pearson’s linear correlation coefficient as well as multiple regression analysis.ResultsAll the CBS measures are significantly correlated to HADS-A (anxiety) and HADS-D (depression). Intensity of anxiety is most visibly linked to CBS measures of disappointment and environment (p<0.0001), while severity of depression is related to emotional involvement and general strain (p<0.0001). The factors differentiating caregiver burden measure in the subscales of general strain (p<0.0001) and social isolation (p<0.0001) include the child’s age and BI, and the parent’s health status; in the subscale of disappointment (p<0.0001)—the child’s age, BI, GMFCS, as well as the parent’s age and health status; in the subscale of emotional involvement (p=0.0007)—BI, and the parent’s health status; in the subscale of environment (p=0.0002)—the child’s age and BI.ConclusionsThere is a positive linear relationship between the caregiver burden measures and severity of anxiety and depression. Effort should be made to relieve caregiver burden in parents of children with CP.

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Prevalence and Influencing Factors of Anxiety and Depression Symptoms Amongst Surgical Nurses During COVID-19 Pandemic: A Large-Scale Cross-Sectional Study

10.21203/rs.3.rs-125116/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Chun-Xia Ren ◽

De-Cun Zhou ◽

Yin-Guang Fan ◽

Bao-Zhu Li ◽

Wan-Fei Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Social Support ◽

Depressive Symptoms ◽

Influencing Factors ◽

Rating Scale ◽

Depression Scale ◽

Anxiety And Depression ◽

Depression Symptoms ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Self Rating ◽

Surgical Nurses

Abstract BackgroundThe outbreak of novel 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has imposed an enormous physical and psychological pressure on people across the world. This study focused on evaluating the prevalence and influencing factors of anxiety and depression symptoms in surgical nurses during the epidemic in China. MethodA cross-sectional, multicenter quantitative study was conducted in Anhui province (China) from March 3, 2020 to March 19, 2020, with a questionnaire package which consisted of general information questionnaire，Zung's self-rating anxiety scale (SAS), Zung's self-rating Depression Scale (SDS) and social support rating scale (SSRS). A total of 3600 surgical nurses participated in the survey by Wechat and QQ. Data were analysed using multiple linear regression models. ResultsA total of 3492 surgical nurses from 12tertiary hospitals and 12 secondary hospitals in one province of mainland China completed the survey. The prevalence rates of anxiety symptoms and depressive symptoms were 24.83% and 22.39%, respectively. The average level of anxiety and depression of surgical nurses were higher than that of the Chinese norm (P< 0.05).Levels of social support for surgical nurses were significantly negatively associated with the degree of anxiety (r = -0.630, P < 0.001) and depression (r = -0.578, P < 0.001). Fertility status (β = 1.469, P = 0.003), hospital (β = -0.611, P < 0.001), participation in care for COVID-19 patients (β = 2.229, P < 0.001), likelihood of being infected with COVID-19 (β = 1.146, P < 0.001), social support (β = -0.623, P < 0.001) were significantly influencing surgical nurses’ anxiety degree. Similarly, these characteristics were significantly associated with the odds of experiencing depression symptoms in surgical nurses. Divorce and widowed surgical nurses (β = -2.654, P < 0.001) were significantly more likely to experience depressive symptoms than single nurses. ConclusionIn this survey, we found that the surgical nurses had high anxiety and depression symptoms during the COVID-19 outbreak in China. The findings suggest that targeted psychological interventions to promote the mental health of surgical nurses with psychological problems need to be immediately implemented.

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Anxiety and Depression among Hypertensive Outpatients in Afghanistan: A Cross-Sectional Study in Andkhoy City

International Journal of Hypertension ◽

10.1155/2018/8560835 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Mohammad Shoaib Hamrah ◽

Mohammad Hassan Hamrah ◽

Hideki Ishii ◽

Susumu Suzuki ◽

Mohammad Hussain Hamrah ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Chronic Diseases ◽

National Level ◽

Depression Scale ◽

Anxiety And Depression ◽

Depression Symptoms ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Hypertensive Patients ◽

Comorbid Anxiety ◽

Anxiety Depression

There is a relationship between mental and physical health. Depression and anxiety are linked with the development of several chronic diseases. The purpose of the present study was to determine the prevalence and factors associated with anxiety and depression among adult hypertensive outpatients in Afghanistan. Methods. Two hundred thirty-four consecutive hypertensive patients from December 2015 to August 2016 were recruited to complete the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) questionnaire, which has scores for classifying the participants having anxiety and depression symptoms. Results. Of the total 234 patients, 81 (34.6%) were males and 153 (65.4%) were females. The mean age was 54.6±12.7 for the hypertensive patients with anxiety and 63.8±15.0 for the hypertensive patients with depression while this figure was 49.5±10.2 for the adult participants in general population in Kabul city (Saeed, 2013). The prevalence of anxiety and depression (42.3% vs. 58.1%) among hypertensive persons is compared with the same mental disorders among Afghan refugees (39.3% vs. 22.1%) in Dalakee Refugee Camp (in Iran) (Hosseini Divkolaye and Burkle, 2017). Of the total participants, 99 had anxiety (42.3%), 136 had depression (58.1%), and 66 had (28.2%) comorbid anxiety-depression. Multivariate analysis was used. For anxiety age, female gender, smoking, diabetes mellitus, and 2 or more chronic diseases had a significant association. For depression, age and diabetes mellitus had a significant association, and for comorbid anxiety, depression, age, diabetes mellitus, and 2 or more chronic diseases had a significant association. Conclusion. This study shows that anxiety and depression are highly prevalent among hypertensive patients in an outpatient clinic in Afghanistan. There was an association between some sociodemographic and clinical characteristics and anxiety and depression. More studies are needed on a national level to inform the development of strategies for the prevention and control of psychological distress among patients with chronic diseases in Afghanistan.

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Factor Structure of the Mood and Anxiety Symptom Questionnaire does not Generalize to an Anxious/Depressed Sample

Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry ◽

10.1080/j.1440-1614.2006.01926.x ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 40 (11-12) ◽

pp. 1016-1024 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Mark J Boschen ◽

Tian P.S. Oei

Keyword(s):

Factor Structure ◽

Anxiety Symptom ◽

Clinical Sample ◽

Anxiety And Depression ◽

Depression Symptoms ◽

Tripartite Model ◽

Unit Of Analysis ◽

Symptom Questionnaire ◽

Confirmatory Factor ◽

Anxiety Depression

Objective: The tripartite model of anxiety and depression has been proposed as a representation of the structure of anxiety and depression symptoms. The Mood and Anxiety Symptom Questionnaire (MASQ) has been put forwards as a valid measure of the tripartite model of anxiety and depression symptoms. This research set out to examine the factor structure of anxiety and depression symptoms in a clinical sample to assess the MASQ's validity for use in this population. Method: The present study uses confirmatory factor analytic methods to examine the psychometric properties of the MASQ in 470 outpatients with anxiety and mood disorder. Results: The results showed that none of the previously reported two-factor, three-factor or five-factor models adequately fit the data, irrespective of whether items or subscales were used as the unit of analysis. Conclusion: It was concluded that the factor structure of the MASQ in a mixed anxiety/ depression clinical sample does not support a structure consistent with the tripartite model. This suggests that researchers using the MASQ with anxious/depressed individuals should be mindful of the instrument's psychometric limitations.

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Effectiveness and Safety of Xinkeshu Tablet (XKS) on Coronary Heart Disease Patients Combined with Anxiety and Depression Symptoms After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: A Protocol for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

10.21203/rs.3.rs-44377/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Mingtai Chen ◽

Yingnan Chen ◽

Ling Men ◽

Xiaoling Zhong ◽

Shudong Yang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Coronary Heart Disease ◽

Percutaneous Coronary Intervention ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Depression Scale ◽

Coronary Intervention ◽

Anxiety And Depression ◽

Depression Symptoms ◽

Percutaneous Coronary ◽

Anxiety Depression

Abstract Backgroud: It’s known that coronary heart disease (CHD) patients after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) was significantly associated with anxiety and depression symptoms. Several studies have showed that Xinkeshu tablet (XKS), a kind of Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) , could effectively improve post-PCI postoperative mood disorders in CHD patients. However, the intensity of evidence has been poor, limiting the further clinical application of XKS to patients above. This systematic review and meta-analysis will assess studies of the effectiveness and safety of XKS in CHD patients with anxiety and depression symptoms after PCI. Methods: A systematic literature search for articles up to July 2020 will be performed in following electronic databases: PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Chinese Scientific Journals Database (VIP) Database, Chinese Biomedical Database (CBM), Chinese Biomedical Literature Service System (SinoMed) and Wanfang Database. Inclusion criteria are randomized controlled trials of XKS applied on patients with CHD and depression. The primary outcome measures will be CHD-related clinical evaluation (frequency of acute attack angina, severity of angina pectoris, electrocardiographic changes, amount of nitroglycerin) and the scores or reducing fractions of depressive and anxiety measuring scales (the Hospital Anxiety / Depression Scale or other widely used anxiety / depression scale). The safety outcome measures will be adverse events, liver and kidney function. RevMan 5.3 software will be used for data synthesis, sensitivity analysis, subgroup analysis and risk of bias assessment. A funnel plot will be developed to evaluate reporting bias. Stata 12.0 will be used for meta-regression and Egger tests. We will use the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) system to assess the quality of evidence. Discussion: This study will provide a high-quality synthesis of the effects and safety of XKS for CHD patients with anxiety and depression symptoms after PCI. Ethics and dissemination This systematic review does not require ethics approval and will be submitted to a peer-reviewed journal. Trial registration number PROSPERO CRD42019131346.

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Anxiety, depression and cardiac anxiety in patients with implantable cardioverter-defibrillator according to gender and age

Rev Rene ◽

10.15253/2175-6783.20212261117 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 ◽

pp. e61117

Author(s):

Isabelle Brigliadori Ignácio ◽

Paolla Algarte Fernandes ◽

Suellen Rodrigues de Oliveira Maier ◽

Carina Aparecida Marost Dessotte

Keyword(s):

Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator ◽

Statistical Significance ◽

University Hospital ◽

Anxiety And Depression ◽

Depression Symptoms ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Cardioverter Defibrillator ◽

Cardiac Anxiety ◽

Gender And Age ◽

Anxiety Depression

Objective: to investigate the relationship between gender and age with symptoms of anxiety, depression and cardiac anxiety in patients with implantable cardioverter-defibrillator. Methods: cross-sectional study, with 76 patients with device attended in a university hospital. For data collection, a sociodemographic/clinical form and two validated scales were used in Brazil. In the analysis, the chi-square tests, exact Fischer and Mann-Whitney, with a significance level of 5% were adopted. Results: it was observed that the groups were homogeneous in terms of gender and age. Women presented higher medians in both anxiety and depression symptoms, with statistical significance. They also presented higher medians in symptoms of cardiac anxiety, but without statistical significance. Regarding age, no significant differences were found for the symptoms investigated. Conclusion: women presented more symptoms of anxiety and depression; however there was no relationship between the age of the patients and their symptoms.

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Cost-effectiveness of WHO Problem Management Plus for adults with mood and anxiety disorders in a post-conflict area of Pakistan: randomised controlled trial

The British Journal of Psychiatry ◽

10.1192/bjp.2020.138 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 217 (5) ◽

pp. 623-629 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Syed Usman Hamdani ◽

Zill-e- Huma ◽

Atif Rahman ◽

Duolao Wang ◽

Tao Chen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cost Effectiveness ◽

Depression Scale ◽

Anxiety And Depression ◽

Depression Symptoms ◽

Problem Management ◽

Post Conflict ◽

Intervention Cost ◽

The Mean ◽

The Cost ◽

Anxiety Depression

BackgroundWith the development of evidence-based interventions for treatment of priority mental health conditions in humanitarian settings, it is important to establish the cost-effectiveness of such interventions to enable their scale-up.AimsTo evaluate the cost-effectiveness of the Problem Management Plus (PM+) intervention compared with enhanced usual care (EUC) for common mental disorders in primary healthcare in Peshawar, Pakistan. Trial registration ACTRN12614001235695 (anzctr.org.au).MethodWe randomly allocated 346 participants to either PM+ (n = 172) or EUC (n = 174). Effectiveness was measured using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) at 3 months post-intervention. Cost-effectiveness analysis was performed as incremental costs (measured in Pakistani rupees, PKR) per unit change in anxiety, depression and functioning scores.ResultsThe total cost of delivering PM+ per participant was estimated at PKR 16 967 (US$163.14) using an international trainer and supervisor, and PKR 3645 (US$35.04) employing a local trainer. The mean cost per unit score improvement in anxiety and depression symptoms on the HADS was PKR 2957 (95% CI 2262–4029) (US$28) with an international trainer/supervisor and PKR 588 (95% CI 434–820) (US$6) with a local trainer/supervisor. The mean incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) to successfully treat a case of depression (PHQ-9 ≥ 10) using an international supervisor was PKR 53 770 (95% CI 39 394–77 399) (US$517), compared with PKR 10 705 (95% CI 7731–15 627) (US$102.93) using a local supervisor.ConclusionsThe PM+ intervention was more effective but also more costly than EUC in reducing symptoms of anxiety, depression and improving functioning in adults impaired by psychological distress in a post-conflict setting of Pakistan.

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0320 Psychological Correlates of Morningness/Eveningness in Latinx Pre-Adolescents

SLEEP ◽

10.1093/sleep/zsaa056.317 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 43 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. A121-A122

Author(s):

S T Nguyen-Rodriguez ◽

O M Buxton

Keyword(s):

Depressive Symptoms ◽

Perceived Stress ◽

Psychological Health ◽

Depression Scale ◽

Well Being ◽

Anxiety Symptoms ◽

Self Report ◽

Anxiety And Depression ◽

Average Score ◽

Depression Symptoms

Abstract Introduction Chronotype refers to a preference for morning hours (morningness) vs. evening hours (eveningness) when individuals tend to feel their best (e.g., higher energy levels). People may be classified at either end of this spectrum or along a continuum between these preferences. Among adolescents, eveningness is positively related to depression and anxiety, whereas morningness is negatively related to depression. However, less is known about the relationship of chronotype and psychological health in pre-teens and Latinx youth. The present study explored associations of morningness/eveningness with anxiety symptoms, depressive symptoms, and perceived stress among Latinx pre-adolescents in Southern California. Methods A purposive sample of 100 Latinx children, ages 10-12 years old, completed self-report surveys in their homes or a preferred location chosen by the parent. Measures included the Morningness/Eveningness Scale for Children (higher scores indicate morning preference), Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale and the Perceived Stress Scale (higher scores indicate higher anxiety, depression and stress, respectively). Associations were tested with Pearson correlations. Results The sample was 47% male with a mean±SD age of 10.9±0.8 years. Average score for morningness/eveningness was M=30.2±4.4 (range: 18-41), for anxiety symptoms was M=0.7±0.7 (range: 0-2.8), for depression symptoms was M=0.5±0.4 (range: 0-1.9) and for perceived stress was M=15.2±5.8 (range: 2-30). Greater morningness/eveningness scores, indicating more morningness, were associated with lower scores for anxiety symptoms (r=-.41, p<.001), depressive symptoms (r=-.36, p<.001) and perceived stress (r=-.33, p=.001). Conclusion As has been found for adolescents, higher morningness in Latinx pre-teens was related to less frequent anxiety and depression symptoms, as well as lower perceived stress. Youth experience a circadian phase delay during adolescence, shifting their preference toward eveningness, which may exacerbate stressors and negative mental health. Therefore, interventions to promote psychological well-being in pre-adolescents may help prevent worse psychological outcomes in Latinx children as they transition to adolescence. Support This work was supported by the National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under Award Numbers UL1GM118979, TL4GM118980, and RL5GM118978.

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A-68 Yoga Therapy in Pediatric Epilepsy

Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology ◽

10.1093/arclin/acz034.68 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 34 (6) ◽

pp. 928-928

Author(s):

I Cernokova ◽

M Benoit ◽

T Owen ◽

D Bearden ◽

K Ono

Keyword(s):

Pilot Study ◽

Seizure Frequency ◽

Attention Problems ◽

Small Sample ◽

Anxiety And Depression ◽

Depression Symptoms ◽

Parent Rating ◽

Yoga Therapy ◽

Anxiety Depression ◽

First Session

Abstract Objective This pilot study examines the effects of yoga therapy on anxiety, depression symptoms, inattention, and seizure frequency in children diagnosed with Epilepsy. Data Selection The sample consisted of 5 participants (4 male, 1 female), ages 7-12 years old, with diagnoses of generalized epilepsy, absence epilepsy, and complex partial epilepsy. Participants all had average cognitive abilities (IQ SS = 100.7; VCI SS = 106.3; PRI SS = 108.3), a diagnosis of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), and clinically significant levels of anxiety and depression. Participants participated in 30-45-minute-long yoga sessions over a 6-week period with 2-3 home sessions each week. Differences in hyperactivity, anxiety, depression, and inattention were measured via parent rating Likert scales (0-poor, 10-best) at 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months. Participants also completed weekly self-report measures to assess anxiety and depression (Revised Children’s Manifest Anxiety, Second Edition (RCMAS-2) and Children’s Depression Inventory, Second Edition (CDI-2)). Data Synthesis No significant reliable change differences were found between sessions; however, a downward trend was visible in reduction of anxiety (RCMAS-2; first session M = 16.4, last session M = 9.4) and depression symptoms (CDI-2; first session M = 52.8, last session M = 49.2). Further, parents reported a decrease in anxiety (first session M = 4.8, last session M = 6.4). No seizures were reported during the study. Conclusions There is no previous research using pediatric populations and yoga therapy effects on reducing seizure frequency, anxiety, depression, and attention problems. This pilot study showed promising results in reducing anxiety, and depression symptoms. Limitations of study include small sample size and attrition, which are both important to consider when conducting another study.

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