Factors associated with crack-cocaine early initiation: a Brazilian multicenter study

Abstract Background Crack-cocaine dependence is a serious public health issue, related to several psychiatric and psychosocial problems. Crack-cocaine users are usually embedded in a context of great social vulnerability, often associated with violence, poverty, family conflict and easy and early access to alcohol, tobacco and other drugs. Methods This cross-sectional study enrolled a consecutive sample of 577 patients admitted to 20 therapeutic communities located in Southern Brazil, between September 2012 and September 2013. A structured interview assessed life-time exposure to risk and protective factors for drug use, such as parental monitoring in childhood, deviant behaviors and peer pressure. Results Presence of family conflict (p = 0.002), maltreatment (p = 0.016), and deviant behavior prior to age 15 in a bivariate analysis predicted an earlier age of crack-cocaine initiation, whereas adolescents experiencing parental monitoring during adolescence started use later (p < 0.001). In the multivariate model, perceptions related to ease of access of illicit drugs (marijuana: p = 0.028, 95% CI = − 3.81, − 0.22; crack-cocaine: p < 0.001, 95% CI = − 7.40, − 4.90), and deviant behavior (threatening someone with a gun: p = 0.028, 95% CI = − 2.57, − 0.14) remained independent predictors of early age of crack-cocaine initiation. Conclusions Early onset of crack-cocaine use seems to be associated with exposure to family conflict, easy access to drugs and deviant behavior. Treatment and preventive programs should take these factors into account when designing and implementing community interventions.

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Factors Associated with Crack Cocaine Early Initiation: A Brazilian Multicentric Study

10.21203/rs.3.rs-62962/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Luciane Ogata Perrenoud ◽

Ronaldo Laranjeira ◽

Marcelo Ribeiro

Keyword(s):

Parental Monitoring ◽

Crack Cocaine ◽

Age Of Onset ◽

Peer Pressure ◽

Individual Characteristics ◽

Easy Access ◽

Public Health Issue ◽

Multicentric Study ◽

Deviant Behaviors ◽

Crack Use

Abstract Background: Crack cocaine is a serious public health issue, with many psychiatric and psychosocial consequences. The crack cocaine user is usually inserted in a context of great social vulnerability, often associated to violence, unstructured family functioning, antisocial peer factors and easy access to the consumption of alcohol, tobacco and illicit drugs such as crack, since an early age. Objective: To compare whether there was a relative influence of risk and protection factors in several domains on the age of onset of crack use by therapeutic community patients. Methods: This cross-sectional enrolled a consecutive sample of 577 patients admitted to 20 therapeutic communities located in different Brazilian states between September 2012 and September 2013. A detailed structured questionnaire was developed to be used that included investigations into possible pre-use predictive factors, such as parental monitoring in childhood, deviant behaviors and peer pressure, and subsequent factors such as deviant behaviors and involvement with crime. Student t test were performed to assess the association between associated factors and the mean age of onset of crack use. Results: The presence of constant problems in the family relationship (p=0.0020), situations of maltreatment (p=0.0162), and the presence of deviant behaviors resulted in significant differences in the age at which crack consumption began. Whereas, adolescents who had parental monitoring until the beginning of adolescence started use later (p=0.000). Conclusions: The age of onset of crack consumption seems to be influenced by numerous combinations of protective and risk factors, within a system that integrates social environments, relationship groups, individual characteristics and behavior patterns, highlighting these factors will allow the development of prevention strategies, as well as specific control strategies, both based on scientific-based information.

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Influence of Parental Monitoring on Adolescents’ Deviant Behaviors as Expressed by Married Adults in Ilorin Metropolis

Mimbar Sekolah Dasar ◽

10.17509/mimbar-sd.v7i3.27425 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (3) ◽

pp. 269-283

Author(s):

Kabir Adewale Adegunju

Keyword(s):

Parental Monitoring ◽

Deviant Behavior ◽

Positive Influence ◽

Family Type ◽

Survey Method ◽

Moderating Variables ◽

Deviant Behaviors ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Alpha Level ◽

Descriptive Survey

Deviant behavior is detrimental to adolescents, and parental monitoring is necessary to forestall this act. Consequently, this study investigated the influence of parental monitoring on adolescents' deviant behavior as expressed by married adults in the Ilorin metropolis. This study also investigated moderating variables, including gender, age, family type, and religion, on the respondents' view. It employed a descriptive survey method where 200 married adults were selected through simple random and purposive sampling techniques. The participants responded to a questionnaire titled 'Influence of Parental Monitoring on Deviant Behavior Questionnaire' (IPMDBQ).' The instrument's validity was conducted by a team of five experts from Nigeria, and the reliability yielded a correlation coefficient of 0.72. Besides, t-test and ANOVA statistical tools were employed to test the hypotheses at an alpha level of 0.05. The result revealed a positive influence of parental monitoring on adolescents' deviant behavior. It was found that there was no significant difference in the respondents' views based on gender, age, family type, and religion. Therefore, it is recommended that parents should monitor their wards appropriately to forestall deviant behavior among adolescents in Nigerian society.

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A qualitative study to understand drivers of psychoactive substance use among Nepalese youth

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0259021 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (11) ◽

pp. e0259021

Author(s):

Tulsi Ram Bhandari ◽

Bhushan Khatiwada ◽

Bibika Rajbhandari ◽

Amy Bestman ◽

Sabuj Kanti Mistry ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Substance Use ◽

Family Relationships ◽

Peer Pressure ◽

Structured Interview ◽

Cultural Factors ◽

Public Health Issue ◽

Individual Factors ◽

Psychoactive Substance ◽

Psychoactive Substances ◽

Psychoactive Substance Use

Background Psychoactive substance use among youth is an emerging public health issue in Nepal. This exploratory study aimed to better understand the drivers of psychoactive substance use among Nepalese youth in Rupandehi district of Nepal. Materials and methods This study used a qualitative approach for data collection. Both in-depth interviews (IDI, seven participants) and focus group discussions (FGD, 13 participants) were conducted among study participants who self-reported as psychoactive substance users or had history of psychoactive substance use. Participants for IDI were aged between 11 and 24 years and between 18 and 35 years old for FGDs. Semi-structured interview guides were prepared separately for IDIs and FDGs. Interviews were conducted in Nepali language and were audio recorded, which were there transcribed and translated into English for coding and analyses. In addition, interviews notes were taken by two research assistants. An inductive thematic analysis was used to analyze the data. Results This study identified a range of drivers of psychoactive substances use among Nepalese youths. Themes included (i) socio-cultural factors, (ii) individual factors, (iii) academic environment, (iv) physical environment and the (v) influence of media. The socio-cultural factors were categorized into sub-themes of family relationships, ethnic identity and psychoactive substance use and lack of social acceptance. Individual factors included peer pressure, stress relief and coping with financial challenges. Accessibility and availability of psychoactive substances in the surrounding environment and lack of monitoring and reinforcement of rules/ law and regulations were other drivers to psychoactive substance use among this Nepalese youth cohort. Conclusion Our study identified several important drivers of psychoactive substance use among youth in the Rupandehi district of Nepal. Future works are anticipated to further explore youth initiation and use of psychoactive substances and support the design of interventions that address these risk factors to reduce and prevent subsequent harms.

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Is Cannabis Tourism Deviant? A Theoretical Perspective

Tourism Review International ◽

10.3727/154427219x15561098338303 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 23 (1) ◽

pp. 71-77 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Tianyu Ying ◽

Jun Wen ◽

Hairong Shan

Keyword(s):

Moral Identity ◽

Deviant Behavior ◽

Theoretical Perspective ◽

Research Note ◽

Future Research ◽

Research Directions ◽

Tourism Research ◽

Self Identity ◽

Deviant Behaviors ◽

Future Research Directions

With the growth of cannabis tourism, destinations such as the Netherlands have begun to offer cannabis-related products and services to visitors, including tourists from countries where all drugs are strictly prohibited. Yet limited research has sought to understand cannabis-oriented tourists' efforts to neutralize deviant connotations, namely by justifying or rationalizing misbehavior, when deciding to participate in cannabis tourism. This research note proposes a framework of deviant consumption behavior (DCB) constructed of geographic shifting, self-identity shifting, and moral identity shifting from the perspective of cannabis-oriented tourists to delineate tourists' decision-making process around engaging in deviant behaviors. The proposed framework suggests that previously developed DCB frameworks in the marketing and consumer behavior literature should be adapted for use in outbound tourism research. This research note also highlights areas for debate and investigation regarding cannabis tourists' deviant behavior. Future research directions are provided based on the proposed framework as it applies to deviant tourism research.

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Ethical climate and deviant behavior among employees of selected public and private universities: The case of the emerging country

Corporate Governance and Organizational Behavior Review ◽

10.22495/cgobr_v3_i2_p3 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 30-39 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Grace Oluwafunmilayo Obalade ◽

Kayode Kingsley Arogundade

Keyword(s):

Ethical Climate ◽

Deviant Behavior ◽

Private Universities ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

State University ◽

Public And Private ◽

Deviant Behaviors ◽

University Of Technology ◽

Multistage Sampling ◽

Simple Regression

The study was borne out of the need to assess the effect of ethical climate on deviant behavior among employees in the educational institutions and the need to ascertain whether workplace deviant behavior has a force to bear with institutional ownership. Questionnaires (375) were distributed among the academic and administrative staff of Ekiti State University (EKSU), Afe Babalola University Ado-Ekiti (ABUAD), the Federal University of Technology Akure (FUTA) and Elizade University, Ilara-Mokin (EU); selected using multistage sampling technique. Descriptive statistics (table, percentage) and inferential statistics (simple regression) were employed to analyse the data. Simple regression was used to analyse the data. Based on the test of the hypothesis, the study found that deviant behavior among employees of selected public and private universities can be significantly determined by ethical climate factors. Ethical climate contributed significantly to deviant behaviors in the public and private universities showing probability of t-statistic (.012 &.022) lesser than 5%. Hence, it is concluded that the ethical climate or wrong ethical system is the major determinant of deviant behaviors in selected public and private universities.

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Accessing Voluntary HIV Testing in the Construction Industry: A Qualitative Analysis of Employee Interviews from the Test@Work Study

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18084184 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (8) ◽

pp. 4184

Author(s):

Sarah Somerset ◽

Catrin Evans ◽

Holly Blake

Keyword(s):

Sexual Health ◽

Hiv Testing ◽

Construction Industry ◽

Large Scale ◽

Early Stage ◽

Structured Interview ◽

Health Check ◽

Public Health Issue ◽

Health Awareness ◽

Health Checks

HIV, globally, remains a significant public health issue and community HIV testing can help to identify those with HIV at an early stage of disease. The workplace offers a prime location for provision of opt-in HIV testing as part of wider health promotion initiatives. The construction industry offers a key opportunity for HIV testing provision in a generally male-dominated group exhibiting some risky behaviors related to HIV. The intervention was an optional one-off individual health check with tailored health advice and signposting, offered to the construction workforce in health check events delivered as part of a large-scale multi-site research program called Test@Work. The events were undertaken at 10 participating organizations (21 events across 16 different sites), none had previously offered sexual health awareness or HIV testing to their workforce. Participants were invited to participate in a semi-structured interview following general health checks which included HIV testing. Out of 426 employees attending the health check events, 338 (79.3%) consented to interview on exit. Accessing HIV testing at work was valued because it was convenient, quick, and compatible with work demands. Interviewees identified HIV risks for construction including drug use, high numbers of sexual partners and job-related exposures, e.g., to used needles. Health seeking in construction was limited by stigma and low support, with particular barriers for non-permanent workers. The organization of the construction industry is complex with multiple organizations of different sizes having responsibility for varying numbers of employees. A disparity between organizational policies and employment circumstances is evident, and this generates significant health inequalities. To combat this, we recommend that organizations in the construction sector offer their employees awareness-raising around health behaviors and health protection in packages, such as toolbox talks. We recommend these be accompanied by annual health checks, including sexual health awareness and opt-in workplace HIV testing. This approach is highly acceptable to the workforce in the industry and removes barriers to access to healthcare.

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Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome Among Adolescents in India: a Population-Based Study

10.21203/rs.3.rs-902711/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Sowmya Ramesh ◽

Ransi Ann Abraham ◽

Avina Sarna ◽

Harshpal S Sachdev ◽

Nizamuddin Khan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Census Data ◽

Healthy Lifestyle ◽

Hdl Cholesterol ◽

Population Based ◽

Multivariate Logistic Regression Model ◽

Public Health Issue ◽

Bivariate Analysis ◽

Nutrition Survey

Abstract Background: In India, the prevalence of overweight among adolescents is on the rise, setting the stage for an increase in metabolic syndrome (MS). This paper presents the national prevalence of MS in adolescents in India. Methods: A nationally representative data of adolescents (10–19 years) from the Comprehensive National Nutrition Survey was used. MS was defined based on the NCEP–ATP III criteria for adolescents. Bivariate analysis was used to report socio-demographic differentials in prevalence and to assess interstate variability. Multivariate logistic regression model was constructed to measure the association between socio-demographic characteristics and prevalence of MS. Census data from 2011 was projected to 2017 to calculate burden.Results: The prevalence of MS was 5.2% among adolescents. 11.9%, 15.4%, 26.0%, 31.9% and 3.7% had central obesity, high blood pressure, hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL-cholesterol and high fasting glucose, respectively. The prevalence was higher among males (5.7% vs. 4.7%, adjusted odds ratio (AOR): 1.3, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.0, 1.6), those residing in urban areas (7.9% vs 4.2%, AOR: 1.4, 95% CI: 1.1, 1.8), and from wealthier households as compared to their counterparts (8.3% vs. 2.4%, AOR: 3.4, 95% CI: 2.1, 5.5). There was wide interstate variability in the prevalence of MS (0.5% – 16.5%). In 2017, 14.2 million adolescents had MS in India.Conclusions: The prevalence of MS among adolescents in India is low and clustered in urban areas and richer households. Early prevention interventions promoting a healthy lifestyle, especially in high prevalence areas, are needed to keep MS from becoming a public health issue.

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Perceived Problems of Strike Action and Deviant Behavior at Selected Higher Institutions in Ekiti State, Nigeria

Indonesian Journal of Educational Counseling ◽

10.30653/001.201932.78 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 97-106

Author(s):

Yusuf Suleiman ◽

Muraina Kamilu Olanrewaju ◽

Jamiu Mahmood Suleiman

Keyword(s):

School Counselors ◽

Teenage Pregnancy ◽

Deviant Behavior ◽

Deviant Behaviors ◽

Descriptive Research ◽

Ex Post ◽

Ex Post Facto ◽

Research Questions ◽

High Level ◽

Higher Institutions

This study aimed to investigate the perceived problems of strike action and deviant behavior in selected higher institutions in Ekiti State, Nigeria. The descriptive research design of ex-post-facto type was used in the study. Three hundred respondents were selected randomly from two Universities. The respondents were measured with a self-developed scale, and the data obtained were analyzed using descriptive (mean) statistical analysis. Four research questions were raised and answered. The result showed that causes of strike action in selected higher institutions include non-payment of teacher’s salaries, low responds to problems confronting schools among others, problems of strike action in selected higher institutions include production of half-baked graduates, youth involvement in secret cult, widespread of examination malpractice, causes of deviant behavior in selected higher institutions include parental neglect, drug addiction, high level of poverty among others and problems of deviant behavior in selected higher institutions include incessant strike action, widespread of examination malpractice, prevalence of teenage pregnancy among others. Given these findings, the study recommended that school counselors should identify deviant behaviors and counsel adolescents on how it can be prevented and that Government should deem it fit to respond to the yearnings and aspirations of the workers in terms of quick payment of their salaries and other emoluments.

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Impact of COVID-19 on Youth With ADHD: Predictors and Moderators of Response to Pandemic Restrictions on Daily Life

Journal of Attention Disorders ◽

10.1177/10870547211063641 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 108705472110636

Author(s):

Eliana Rosenthal ◽

Sara Franklin-Gillette ◽

Hi Jae Jung ◽

Amanda Nelson ◽

Steven W. Evans ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Family Conflict ◽

School Engagement ◽

Parental Monitoring ◽

Sleep Problems ◽

Group Differences ◽

Infection Rates ◽

School Year ◽

Rule Breaking ◽

Pandemic Response ◽

Youth With Adhd

We examined COVID-19 symptoms and infection rates, disruptions to functioning, and moderators of pandemic response for 620 youth with ADHD and 614 individually matched controls (70% male; Mage = 12.4) participating in the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development study. There were no group differences in COVID-19 infection rate; however, youth with ADHD were more likely to exhibit COVID-19 symptoms ( d = 0.25), greater sleep problems ( d = −0.52), fear and negative emotions to infection risk ( d = −0.56), trouble with remote learning ( d = −0.54), rule-breaking behavior related to COVID-19 restrictions ( d = −0.23), family conflict ( d = −0.13), and were less prepared for the next school year ( d = 0.38). Youth with ADHD were less responsive to protective environmental variables (e.g., parental monitoring, school engagement) during the pandemic and may need more specialized support with return to in-person schooling and daily activities.

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Factors affecting deviant behavior of adolescents in Vietnam

Thu Dau Mot University Journal of Science ◽

10.37550/tdmu.ejs/2021.04.256 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 41-52

Keyword(s):

Deviant Behavior ◽

Peer Pressure ◽

Religion And Politics ◽

Small Contribution ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Analysis Process ◽

Education Environment ◽

Media And Technology ◽

Further Development ◽

Lisrel Model

In Vietnam, deviant behavior in adolescents is increasingly popular and gradually becomes a major concern of the whole society. The purpose of this study is to identify Factors affecting deviant behavior of Vietnamese adolescents, including: Nature of adolescence (Biology, Intelligence and Cognitive functions) and Nurture (Family atmosphere, Education environment, Media and technology, Peer Pressure, and Religion and Politics). 426 survey samples were collected to serve the data analysis process as well as all hypotheses were examined by using STATISTIC 10 ver., LISREL 8.8 with Covariance Matrix, and LISREL model. This research showed that The Factors of Nature of adolescence, Family atmosphere, Education environment, Social media and technology and Peer pressure could have important effect on behavior of adolescents in Vietnam, even resulted in some deviant behavior. The study makes suggestions to improve morality and foster personality for adolescents in Vietnam, as a small contribution to the country's further development.

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