scholarly journals Milk lymphocyte profile and macrophage functions: new insights into the immunity of the mammary gland in quarters infected with Corynebacterium bovis

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vitória M. Silva ◽  
Marina T. Souza ◽  
Maiara G. Blagitz ◽  
Fernando N. Souza ◽  
Camila F. Batista ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
B Lymphocytes ◽  
Bovine Milk ◽  
Lower Percentage ◽  
Nitrogen Species ◽  
Intramammary Infections ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Major Pathogens ◽  
Macrophage Viability

Abstract Backgrounds The present study explored the viability of bovine milk macrophages, their intracellular production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS), and their phagocytosis of Staphylococcus aureus, as well as the profile of lymphocytes, from healthy udder quarters and udder quarters infected by Corynebacterium bovis. The study included 28 healthy udder quarters from 12 dairy cows and 20 udder quarters infected by C. bovis from 10 dairy cows. The percentages of macrophages and lymphocytes were identified by flow cytometry using monoclonal antibodies. Macrophage viability, RONS production, and S. aureus phagocytosis were evaluated by flow cytometry. Results Milk samples from quarters infected with C. bovis showed a lower percentage of macrophages but an increased number of milk macrophages per mL and a higher percentage of macrophages that produced intracellular RONS and phagocytosed S. aureus. No effect of C. bovis infection on macrophage viability was found. Udder quarters infected by C. bovis showed a higher percentage of T cells and CD4+ T lymphocytes, but no effect was found on the percentage of CD8+ CD4− T, CD8− CD4− T, or B lymphocytes. Conclusions Thus, our results corroborate, at least in part, the finding that intramammary infections by C. bovis may offer protection against intramammary infections by major pathogens.

scholarly journals Milk Lymphocyte Profile and Macrophage Functions: New Insights Into the Immunity of the Mammary Gland in Quarters Infected With Corynebacterium Bovis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vitória M. Silva ◽  
Marina T. Souza ◽  
Maiara G. Blagitz ◽  
Fernando N. Souza ◽  
Camila F. Batista ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
Monoclonal Antibodies ◽  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
B Lymphocytes ◽  
Lower Percentage ◽  
Nitrogen Species ◽  
Intramammary Infections ◽  
Major Pathogens ◽  
Macrophage Viability

Abstract BackgroundsThe present study explored the viability of milk macrophages, their intracellular production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS), and their phagocytosis of S. aureus, as well as the profile of lymphocytes, from healthy udder quarters and udder quarters infected by Corynebacterium bovis. The study included 28 healthy udder quarters from 12 dairy cows and 20 udder quarters infected by C. bovis from 10 dairy cows. The percentages of macrophages and lymphocytes were identified by flow cytometry using monoclonal antibodies. Macrophage viability, RONS production, and S. aureus phagocytosis were evaluated by flow cytometry. ResultsMilk samples from quarters infected with C. bovis showed a lower percentage of macrophages but an increased number of milk macrophages per mL and a higher percentage of macrophages that produced intracellular RONS and phagocytosed S. aureus. No effect of C. bovis infection on macrophage viability was found. Udder quarters infected by C. bovis showed a higher percentage of T cells and CD4+ T lymphocytes, but no effect was found on the percentage of CD8+ CD4- T, CD8- CD4- T, or B lymphocytes. ConclusionsThus, our results corroborate, at least in part, the finding that intramammary infections by C. bovis may offer protection against intramammary infections by major pathogens.

BEHAVIORAL STRESS AND THE CELL COUNT OF BOVINE MILK

1970 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 217-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. G. Whittlestone ◽  
R. Kilgour ◽  
H. de Langen ◽  
G. Duirs
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Cell Count ◽  
Bovine Milk ◽  
Marked Rise ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Behavioral Stress ◽  
History Of

Normal dairy cows were “stressed” by simple isolation from the herd and chasing by a dog. Quarter milk samples showed, in some instances, a marked rise in cell count, the quarters responding having, in general, a history of infection though the counts were normal before stressing. An injection of 50 units of ACTH produced similar though less marked effects.

scholarly journals The effect of pre-enrichment on recovery ofStreptococcus agalactiae, Staphylococcus aureusand mycoplasma from bovine milk

1989 ◽  
Vol 103 (3) ◽  
pp. 465-474 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. C. Thurmond ◽  
J. W. Tyler ◽  
D. M. Luiz ◽  
C. A. Holmberg ◽  
J. P. Picanso
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Storage Temperature ◽  
Bovine Milk ◽  
The Other ◽  
Bovine Blood ◽  
Sample Storage ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
California Mastitis Test ◽  
Direct Inoculation ◽  
Culture Procedure

SUMMARYThe study was conducted to determine whether pre-enrichment would increase sensitivity of detectingStreptococcus (Str.) aqalactiae, Staphylococcus (S.) aureus, and mycoplasma in bovine milk. Two procedures were followed, one involving direct inoculation of milk on bovine blood agar, and the other involving preenrichment in broth followed by inoculation on agar. Logistic regression was used to predict the probability of isolation as a function of culture procedure and two additional covariates. the California Mastitis Test (CMT) score of the milk and the type of sample (indicating sample storage temperature and herd mastitis status). A total of 13778 milk samples was cultured for each of the three bacteria. By using results of both direct inoculation and pre-enrichment, the probability of isolation compared to use of direct inoculation only and adjusted for effects of other variables was increased 3·6-fold forStr. agalactiae, 1·6-fold forS. aureusand 1·7- fold for mycoplasma. The probability of isolation for all three bacteria increased as the CMT score increased. ForStr. agalactiae, there was a statistical interaction predicting that enrichment improved the odds of isolation more from milk with high CMT scores than from milk with low scores. Results indicate that preenrichment can substantially increase the sensitivity of bacteriological screening of dairy cows for mastitis caused byStr. agalactiae,S. aureus, and mycoplasma.

scholarly journals Total and Differential Cell Counts as a Tool to Identify Intramammary Infections in Cows after Calving

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 727
Author(s):  
Alfonso Zecconi ◽  
Gabriele Meroni ◽  
Valerio Sora ◽  
Roberto Mattina ◽  
Micaela Cipolla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Roc Analysis ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Intramammary Infections ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Dry Cow Therapy ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
First Time ◽  
Major Pathogens

Milk differential somatic cells count (DSCC), made possible under field conditions by the recent availability of a high-throughput milk analyzer may represent an improvement in mastitis diagnosis. While an increasing number of studies reports data on DSCC on individual cow samples, very few concerns DSCC from quarter milk samples. This paper reports for the first time the results of a retrospective study aiming to assess the performance of total (SCC), DSCC, and a novel calculated marker (PLCC) measured on quarter milk samples as a method to identify cows at risk for intramammary infection (IMI) in the first 30 days after calving. Overall, 14,586 valid quarter milk samples (3658 cows) taken in the first 30 days of lactation were considered. Quarters with major pathogens (MP) IMI, as expected, showed significantly higher means for SCC, DSCC, and PLCC. The accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of the diagnosis based on different cut-offs calculated by ROC analysis are relatively close among DSCC, PLCC, and SCC (up to cut-off of 200,000 cells/mL). However, decision-tree analysis which includes the costs of analysis, but also the costs of the actions taken after test results showed as PLCC has the lowest cost among the three markers, and PLCC and SCC are cost effective when MP prevalence is higher than 6–10%. This diagnostic approach is of high interest particularly when selective dry cow therapy is applied to improve animal health at the herd level.

The neutrophil function and lymphocyte profile of milk from bovine mammary glands infected with Streptococcus dysgalactiae

2015 ◽  
Vol 82 (4) ◽  
pp. 460-469 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maiara G Blagitz ◽  
Fernando N Souza ◽  
Camila F Batista ◽  
Luis Fernando F Azevedo ◽  
Nilson Roberti Benites ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Mammary Glands ◽  
Neutrophil Function ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Streptococcus Dysgalactiae ◽  
T Lymphocyte Subsets ◽  
Intramammary Infections ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Culture Negative

Streptococcus dysgalactiaeis a bacterium that accounts for a notable proportion of both clinical and subclinical intramammary infections (IMIs). Thus, the present study explores the function of milk neutrophils and the lymphocyte profile in mammary glands naturally infected withStreptococcus dysgalactiae. Here, we used 32 culture-negative control quarters from eight clinically healthy dairy cows with low somatic cell counts and 13S. dysgalactiae-infected quarters from six dairy cows. Using flow cytometry, we evaluated the percentage of milk monocytes/macrophages and neutrophils, expression of CD62L, CD11b and CD44 by milk neutrophils, the levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and phagocytosis ofStaphylococcus aureusby milk neutrophils, and neutrophil viability. Furthermore, the percentages of B cell (CD21+) and T lymphocyte subsets (CD3+/CD4+/CD8−; CD3+/CD8+/CD4−; and CD3+/CD8−/CD4−), and the expression of CD25 by T milk lymphocytes (CD3+) and T CD4+milk cells were also assessed by flow cytometry using monoclonal antibodies. The present study showed a higher SCC and percentage of milk neutrophils, and a decrease in the percentage of milk monocytes/macrophages fromS. dysgalactiae-infected quarters when compared to uninfected ones. We also observed a higher expression of CD11b by milk neutrophils and a tendency toward a decrease in neutrophil apoptosis rate inS. dysgalactiae-infected quarters. In addition, theS. dysgalactiae-infected quarters had higher percentages of milk T cells (CD3+) and their subset CD3+CD8+CD4−cells. Overall, the present study provided new insights intoS. dysgalactiaeIMIs, including distinct lymphocyte profiles, and a tendency toward an inhibition of apoptosis in milk neutrophils.

scholarly journals Milk Iodine Content in Slovakia

2008 ◽  
Vol 77 (4) ◽  
pp. 533-538 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Paulíková ◽  
H. Seidel ◽  
O. Nagy ◽  
G. Kováč
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Bovine Milk ◽  
Goat Milk ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Feeding Period ◽  
Seasonal Differences ◽  
Iodine Status ◽  
Milk Samples

The aim of this work was to map actual iodine status and its seasonal differences in raw milk of dairy cows, sheep, and goats in various regions of Slovakia. Iodine concentrations were determined in 457 samples of raw milk from dairy cows, 78 samples of sheep, and 16 samples of goat milk collected in various regions of Slovakia from 2002 to 2007. Among all the 457 samples of bovine milk, iodine content below 50 μg l-1 was recorded in 114 samples (24.94%); 294 samples (64.33%) ranged between 50 and 200 μg l-1; 19 samples (4.16%) from 200 to 500 μg l-1; 17 samples (3.72%) between 500 and 1 000 μg l-1, and 13 samples (2.85%) showed iodine concentrations over 1 000 μg l-1. regional concentrations showed the highest values in the Western, then Middle and Eastern Slovakia, and the lowest values in Northern Slovakia (p < 0.05, p < 0.01). In sheep and goat milk samples, we found iodine concentrations below 80 μg l-1 in 49 sheep (62.8%) and in 6 goats below 60 μg l-1 (37.5%), which are indicative of iodine deficiency. When comparing seasonal differences, sheep and goat milk had higher iodine content during the winter feeding period, however, in dairy cows we recorded the opposite ratio. Except for goat milk (p < 0.01) the seasonal differences were not significant.

scholarly journals Subclinical intramammary infection does not affect bovine milk ethanol stability

2018 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. e135173
Author(s):  
Cristian Marlon de Magalhães Rodrigues Martins ◽  
Juliano Leonel Gonçalves ◽  
Bruna Gomes Alves ◽  
Marcos André Arcari ◽  
Marcos Veiga dos Santos
Keyword(s):  
Bovine Milk ◽  
Subclinical Mastitis ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Dairy Herds ◽  
Intramammary Infection ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Natural Exposure ◽  
Major Pathogens ◽  
Ethanol Stability

The present study hypothesized that intramammary infection (IMI) might reduce milk ethanol stability (MES), mainly when IMI is caused by major pathogens. Thus, this study evaluated the effect of IMI on bovine MES using a natural exposure experimental design. Ninety-four lactating cows from five dairy herds were selected once they were determined to have an IMI, based on milk bacteriological culturing with positive isolation and somatic cell count (SCC) > 200×103 cells/mL in two out of three composite milk samples collected during three consecutive weeks. After selection, cows were sampled a second time (within two weeks) for evaluation at mammary quarter level (n = 326): milk yield (kg/quarter/day), MES, composition (fat, protein, lactose, casein, total solids and solids-non-fat), and bacteriologic culture. The effect of subclinical mastitis on MES was tested by two models: 1) comparison of healthy vs. infected quarters; and 2) comparison of contralateral mammary quarter within cow. The only milk composition variable associated with MES was lactose (r = 0.18; P < 0.01). Subclinical IMI did not affect MES when the comparison was performed using both models (1 and 2). Likewise, MES did not change when infected quarters were sorted into two groups of pathogens (major, minor and infrequent; and contagious, environmental, minor and infrequent) and compared with healthy mammary quarters. Considering the results of both models, subclinical IMI did not affect MES of dairy cows.

Prevalence and distribution of mastitis pathogens in subclinically infected dairy cows in Flanders, Belgium

2007 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 478-483 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sofie Piepers ◽  
Luc De Meulemeester ◽  
Aart de Kruif ◽  
Geert Opsomer ◽  
Herman W Barkema ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Dairy Herd ◽  
Subclinical Mastitis ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Intramammary Infections ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Culture Positive ◽  
Mastitis Pathogens

The main objective was to determine the prevalence of intramammary infections (IMI) in dairy cows in Flanders, Belgium. Data were obtained from quarter milk samples of dairy herds subjected to a mandatory yearly screening of all lactating cows. A total of 178 668 quarter milk samples were collected at 1087 cross-sectional dairy herd screenings performed in three consecutive years. Of the dairy cows, 40% had at least one culture-positive quarter. More than 50% of all IMI were caused by non-aureus staphylococci. Streptococcus agalactiae is almost eradicated in Flanders, whereas Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from 18% of the culture-positive quarters. In addition, the distribution of mastitis pathogens in quarter milk samples from selected dairy cows with an elevated somatic cell count (SCC) is described. From 6390 cows with a geometric mean composite SCC ⩾250 000 cells/ml, nearly 65% had at least one culture-positive quarter. The majority of the IMI were caused by non-aureus staphylococci (41·1%), whereas Staph. aureus and aesculin-positive cocci were found in respectively 25% and 18% of the culture-positive milk samples. We conclude that more efforts are needed in the prevention and control of subclinical mastitis in Flanders. Non-aureus staphylococci are the predominant cause of IMI, warranting more research regarding the epidemiology and pathogenicity of those species.

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