scholarly journals Potential role of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in air pollution-induced non-malignant respiratory diseases

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marit Låg ◽  
Johan Øvrevik ◽  
Magne Refsnes ◽  
Jørn A. Holme
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Air Pollution ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Respiratory Effects ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
Pah Exposure

AbstractEpidemiological studies have found strong associations between air pollution and respiratory effects including development and/or exacerbation of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) as well as increased occurrence of respiratory infections and lung cancer. It has become increasingly clear that also polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) may affect processes linked to non-malignant diseases in the airways. The aim of the present paper was to review epidemiological studies on associations between gas phase and particle-bound PAHs in ambient air and non-malignant respiratory diseases or closely related physiological processes, to assess whether PAH-exposure may explain some of the effects associated with air pollution. Based on experimental in vivo and in vitro studies, we also explore possible mechanisms for how different PAHs may contribute to such events. Epidemiological studies show strongest evidence for an association between PAHs and asthma development and respiratory function in children. This is supported by studies on prenatal and postnatal exposure. Exposure to PAHs in adults seems to be linked to respiratory functions, exacerbation of asthma and increased morbidity/mortality of obstructive lung diseases. However, available studies are few and weak. Notably, the PAHs measured in plasma/urine also represent other exposure routes than inhalation. Furthermore, the role of PAHs measured in air is difficult to disentangle from that of other air pollution components originating from combustion processes. Experimental studies show that PAHs may trigger various processes linked to non-malignant respiratory diseases. Physiological- and pathological responses include redox imbalance, oxidative stress, inflammation both from the innate and adaptive immune systems, smooth muscle constriction, epithelial- and endothelial dysfunction and dysregulated lung development. Such biological responses may at the molecular level be initiated by PAH-binding to the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), but possibly also through interactions with beta-adrenergic receptors. In addition, reactive PAH metabolites or reactive oxygen species (ROS) may interfere directly with ion transporters and enzymes involved in signal transduction. Overall, the reviewed literature shows that respiratory effects of PAH-exposure in ambient air may extend beyond lung cancer. The relative importance of the specific PAHs ability to induce disease may differ between the biological endpoint in question.

Ambient air pollution and cardiovascular diseases: From bench to bedside

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (8) ◽  
pp. 818-825 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simone Vidale ◽  
Carlo Campana
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Air Pollution ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Ambient Air Pollution ◽  
Particulate Matter Exposure

Air pollution has a great impact on health, representing one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Previous experimental and epidemiological studies suggested the role of pollutants as risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. For this reason, international guidelines included specific statements regarding the contribution of particulate matter exposure to increase the risk of these events. In this review, we summarise the main evidence concerning the mechanisms involved in the processes linking air pollutants to the development of cardiovascular diseases.

scholarly journals APExpose_DE, an air quality exposure dataset for Germany 2010–2019

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandre Caseiro ◽  
Erika von Schneidemesser
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Time Resolution ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Ambient Air Pollution ◽  
Major Influence ◽  
Resolution Level

AbstractExposure to poor air quality is considered a major influence on the occurrence of cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. Air pollution has also been linked to the severity of the effects of epidemics such as COVID-19 caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Epidemiological studies require datasets of the long-term exposure to air pollution. We present the APExpose_DE dataset, a long-term (2010–2019) dataset providing ambient air pollution metrics at yearly time resolution for NO2, NO, O3, PM10 and PM2.5 at the NUTS-3 spatial resolution level for Germany (corresponding to the Landkreis or Kreisfreie Stadt in Germany, 402 in total).

scholarly journals Emission sources, Characteristics and risk assessment of particulate bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) from traffic sites

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Balram Ambade ◽  
Amit Kumar ◽  
Mohd Latif
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
Standard Value ◽  
Pm2.5 Concentration ◽  
Total Average

Abstract Atmospheric PM2.5 size particulate-associated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) were analyzed from December 2018 to May 2019 over three traffic sites of Chota Nagpur Plateau (CNP) of India were analyzed to study their temporal and seasonal variations. Over the last few decades, CNP becomes a hotspot of air pollution due to traffic and anthropogenic activities. The PM2.5 concentration was higher than the value given by the National Ambient Air Quality (NAAQ) standard value. The results show the total average concentration of PAHs was found 141.48±22.86, 163.80 ±30.43, and 171.60±26.23 ng/m3 over site (Adityapur) ADP, (Sakchi) SKI, and Mango (MGO), respectively. The PM2.5 total average concentration was found 67.91± 14.04, 79.70± 13.53, and 103.20± 21.77µg/m3 over site ADP, SKI, and MGO, respectively. Diagnostic ratio analysis reveals that the source of PM2.5 associated with PAHs was petrogenic, pyrogenic, coal combustion, and vehicular emission. Backward trajectories model and fire count data were also used for air parcel movement up to height 4500 m above the earth’s surface. The traffic campaign has provided a rare opportunity for the CNP region for the collection of more air pollution baseline data, which could be helpful in the formulation of air pollution reduction policies in the future

scholarly journals Effect of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Exposure on Cognitive Development in 5 Years Old Children

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 619
Author(s):  
Barbora Blazkova ◽  
Anna Pastorkova ◽  
Ivo Solansky ◽  
Milos Veleminsky ◽  
Milos Veleminsky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Cognitive Development ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Third Trimester ◽  
The Third ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
Pah Exposure ◽  
Visual Motor ◽  
The Impact

Objectives: To analyze the impact of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in ambient air at the time of delivery and five years of age on cognitive development in five year old children. Materials and Methods: Two cohorts of children born in the years 2013 and 2014 from Karvina (Northern Moravia, n = 70) and Ceske Budejovice (Southern Bohemia, n = 99) were studied at the age of five years for their cognitive development related to the exposure to PAHs, determined in the ambient air as the concentration of benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) and OH–PAH (hydroxy-PAH) metabolites in urine of the newborns at the time of delivery. As psychological tests, the Bender Visual Motor Gestalt Test (BG test) and the Raven Colored Progressive Matrices (RCPM test) were used. Results: Concentrations of B[a]P in the third trimester of mother’s pregnancies were 6.1 ± 4.53 ng/m3 in Karvina, and 1.19 ± 1.28 ng/m3 (p < 0.001) in Ceske Budejovice. Neither the outcome of the RCPM test nor the BG test differed between children in Karvina vs. Ceske Budejovice, or boys vs. girls. Cognitive development in five year old children was affected by the higher exposure to PM2.5 during the third trimester in girls in Karvina. Conclusions: We did not observe any significant effect of prenatal PAH exposure on psychological cognitive tests in five year old children.

Air Pollution, Health and Exercise: A Review

1996 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-56
Author(s):  
Simon Jenkins ◽  
David Hay
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Clinical Evidence ◽  
Allergic Diseases ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Airway Reactivity ◽  
Poor Understanding ◽  
Severe Exercise

The effects of air pollution on health are complex. Carbon monoxide, ozone, sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide have received most attention from scientific research. Until recently, however, the role of particulates has been much neglected. While there is a good understanding of the effects of certain pollutants in isolation, there is a poor understanding of the combined effects of different pollutants found in ambient air. The interactions between air pollution, allergic respiratory disease and exercise are the focus of this paper. Epidemiological studies suggest that allergic diseases such as asthma and hay fever have become more common over the last 50 years. Air pollution is not implicated directly, but there is evidence that air pollutants can alter airway reactivity and exacerbate asthma in allergic individuals. Exercise is an important factor because most asthmatics are prone to asthma triggered by moderate to severe exercise. The clinical evidence for health risks associated with atmospheric pollution is considerable, but the epidemiological evidence is less convincing. We find that this field of research is still largely unresolved and is hampered by conflicting use of terminology. In particular, the distinction between allergic disease and (less definitive) ‘sensitivities’ must be clarified. Further research is needed and the associations between sensitivity to air pollutants disease and exercise should be a focus.

Risk assessment of lung cancer related to environmental PAH pollution sources

2004 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 115-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adolf Vyskocil ◽  
Claude Viau ◽  
Michel Camus
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Pollution Sources ◽  
Quantitative Risk Assessment ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
Individual Pahs ◽  
Pah Exposure ◽  
Toxic Equivalents ◽  
Female Lung Cancer

We assessed the lung cancer risk in six localities with aluminium smelting activities and five with other polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) pollution sources, using two quantitative risk assessment (QRA) approaches for PAH mixtures and compared their risk predictions against actual cancer incidence. In the first approach, carcinogen exposure was estimated from animal-derived BaP toxic equivalents (BaPeq) of individual PAHs. The upper bound lifetime risk estimates ranged between 0.012-4.7×10-5 and 0.019-0.94×10-5 in the aluminium and other localities, respectively. The second approach assumed that the potency of PAH mixtures was linked to their BaP content and lifetime lung cancer unit risk gradients were estimated from epidemiological studies based on BaP exposure measurements. Lifetime risks ranged between 0.02-89×10-5 and 0.06-6.8×10-5 in the aluminium and other localities, respectively. Predicted risks were generally higher in smelter towns, and higher when based on epidemiological studies than on BaPeq. In smelting communities, there was a linear relationship (R2≈0.8) between female lung cancer rates and PAH exposure estimates. To conclude, animal/BaPeq-based QRAs predicted lower risks than occupational/BaP-based QRAs. Epidemiological validation of the QRA could be performed for elevated past exposure to PAHs, but not for currently lower concentrations.

scholarly journals An Association Between Long-Term Exposure to Ambient Air Pollution and Mortality From Lung Cancer and Respiratory Diseases in Japan

2011 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 132-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kota Katanoda ◽  
Tomotaka Sobue ◽  
Hiroshi Satoh ◽  
Kazuo Tajima ◽  
Takaichiro Suzuki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Air Pollution ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Ambient Air Pollution

Environmental and Hygienic Assessment of Ambient Air Pollution in Oil-Producing and Oil-Refining Areas of the Republic of Bashkortostan and Population Health Status

2020 ◽  
pp. 26-32
Author(s):  
Z.B. Baktybaeva ◽  
R.A. Suleymanov ◽  
T.K. Valeev ◽  
N.R. Rahmatullin ◽  
E.G. Stepanov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Health Status ◽  
Nitrogen Dioxide ◽  
Population Health ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Oil Refining ◽  
Disease Rates ◽  
Total Suspended Particles

Introduction. High density of oil-producing and refining facilities in certain areas of Bashkortostan significantly affects the environment including ambient air quality in residential areas. Materials and methods. We analyzed concentrations of airborne toxicants (sulfur and nitrogen oxides, nitrogen and carbon oxides, hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, xylenes, toluene, phenol and total suspended particles) and population health status in the cities of Ufa, Sterlitamak, Salavat, Blagoveshchensk, and the Tuymazinsky District in 2007–2016. Pearson's correlation coefficients (r) were used to establish possible relationships between medico-demographic indicators and air pollution. Results. Republican fuel and energy enterprises contributed the most to local air pollution levels. Gross emissions from such enterprises as Bashneft-Ufaneftekhim and Bashneft-Navoil reached 43.69–49.77 thousand tons of pollutants per year. The levels of some air pollutants exceeded their maximum permissible concentrations. Elevated concentrations of ammonia, total suspended particles, nitrogen dioxide, and carbon monoxide were registered most frequently. High rates of congenital abnormalities, respiratory diseases in infants (aged 0-1), general mortality and morbidity of the population were observed in some oil-producing and refining areas. The correlation analysis proved the relationship between the concentration of carbon monoxide and general disease rates in adults based on hospital admissions (r = 0.898), general incidence rates in children (r = 0.957), and blood disease rates in infants (r = 0.821). Respiratory diseases in children correlated with nitrogen dioxide emission levels (r = 0.899). Conclusions. Further development of oil-producing, petrochemical and oil-refining industries should be carried out taking into account socio-economic living conditions of the population.

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