scholarly journals The malaria burden of Amerindian groups of three Venezuelan states: a descriptive study based on programmatic data

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan C. Gabaldón-Figueira ◽  
Carlos Chaccour ◽  
Jorge Moreno ◽  
Maria Villegas ◽  
Leopoldo Villegas
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Malaria Incidence ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Descriptive Study ◽  
Malaria Burden ◽  
Indigenous Groups ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Fifty-three percent of all cases of malaria in the Americas in 2019 came from Venezuela, where the epidemic is heavily focused south of the Orinoco river, and where most of the country’s Amerindian groups live. Although the disease is known to represent a significant public health problem among these populations, little epidemiological data exists on the subject. This study aims to provide information on malaria incidence, geospatial clustering, and risk factors associated to Plasmodium falciparum infection among these groups. Methods This is a descriptive study based on the analysis of published and unpublished programmatic data collected by Venezuelan health authorities and non-government organizations between 2014 and 2018. The Annual Parasite Index among indigenous groups (API-i) in municipalities of three states (Amazonas, Bolivar, and Sucre) were calculated and compared using the Kruskal Wallis test, risk factors for Plasmodium falciparum infection were identified via binomial logistic regression and maps were constructed to identify clusters of malaria cases among indigenous patients via Moran’s I and Getis-Ord’s hot spot analysis. Results 116,097 cases of malaria in Amerindian groups were registered during the study period. An increasing trend was observed between 2014 and 2016 but reverted in 2018. Malaria incidence remains higher than in 2014 and hot spots were identified in the three states, although more importantly in the south of Bolivar. Most cases (73.3%) were caused by Plasmodium vivax, but the Hoti, Yanomami, and Eñepa indigenous groups presented higher odds for infection with Plasmodium falciparum. Conclusion Malaria cases among Amerindian populations increased between 2014 and 2018 and seem to have a different geographic distribution than those among the general population. These findings suggest that tailored interventions will be necessary to curb the impact of malaria transmission in these groups.

scholarly journals The malaria burden of Amerindian groups of three Venezuelan states: A descriptive study based on programmatic data

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Carlos Gabaldon-Figueira ◽  
Carlos Chaccour ◽  
Jorge E Moreno ◽  
Maria Villegas ◽  
Leopoldo Villegas
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Malaria Incidence ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Descriptive Study ◽  
Malaria Burden ◽  
Indigenous Groups

Abstract Background: Fifty-three percent of all cases of malaria in the Americas in 2019 came from Venezuela, where the epidemic is heavily focused south of the Orinoco river, and where most of the country’s Amerindian groups live. Despite the disease is known to represent a significant public health problem among these populations, little epidemiological data exists on the subject. This study aims to provide information on malaria incidence, geospatial clustering, and risk factors associated to Plasmodium falciparum infection among these groups.Methods: This is a descriptive study based on the analysis of published and unpublished programmatic data collected by Venezuelan health authorities and non-government organizations between 2014 and 2018. The Annual Parasite Index among indigenous groups (API-i) in municipalities of three states: Amazonas, Bolivar and Sucre was calculated and compared using the Kruskal Wallis test, risk factors for P. falciparum infection were identified via binomial logistic regression and maps were constructed to identify clusters of malaria cases among indigenous patients via Moran’s I and Getis-Ord’s hot spot analysis.Results: 116,097 cases of malaria in Amerindian groups were registered during the study period. An increasing trend was observed between 2014 and 2016 but reverted in 2018. Malaria incidence remains higher than in 2014 and hot spots were identified in the three states, although more importantly south of Bolivar. Most cases (73.3%) were caused by P. vivax, but the Hoti and Yanomami indigenous groups presented higher odds for infection with P. falciparum.Conclusion: Malaria cases among Amerindian populations increased between 2014 and 2018 and seem to have a different geographic distribution as those among the general population. Our findings suggest that tailored, cost-effective interventions will be needed to curb the negative impact of malaria transmission in these groups. Attention to the Hoti and Yanomami should be prioritized.

scholarly journals Risk of Plasmodium falciparum infection in south-west Burkina Faso - potential impact of expanding eligibility for seasonal malaria chemoprevention

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne L Wilson ◽  
Steve W Lindsay ◽  
Alfred Tiono ◽  
Jean Baptiste Yaro ◽  
Hilary Ranson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Burkina Faso ◽  
Malaria Transmission ◽  
Malaria Control ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
South West ◽  
Seasonal Malaria Chemoprevention ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Burkina Faso has one of the highest malaria burdens in sub-Saharan Africa despite the mass deployment of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) and use of seasonal malaria chemoprevention (SMC) in children aged up to 5 years. Identification of risk factors for Plasmodium falciparum infection in rural Burkina Faso could help to identify and target malaria control measures. Methods A cross-sectional survey of 1,199 children and adults was conducted during the peak malaria transmission season in south-west Burkina Faso in 2017. Logistic regression was used to identify risk factors for microscopically confirmed P. falciparum infection. A malaria transmission dynamic model was used to determine the impact on malaria cases averted of administering SMC to children aged 5–15 year old. Results P. falciparum prevalence was 32.8% in the study population. Children aged 5 to < 10 years old were at 3.74 times the odds (95% CI = 2.68–5.22, p < 0.001) and children aged 10 to 15 years old at 3.14 times the odds (95% CI = 1.20–8.21, p = 0.02) of P. falciparum infection compared to children aged less than 5 years old. Administration of SMC to children aged up to 10 years is predicted to avert an additional 57 malaria cases per 1000 population per year (9.4% reduction) and administration to children aged up to 15 years would avert an additional 89 malaria cases per 1000 population per year (14.6% reduction) in the Cascades Region, assuming coverage of pyrethroid-piperonyl butoxide ITNs. Conclusion Malaria infections were high in all age strata, although highest in children aged 5 to 15 years, despite roll out of core malaria control interventions. Given the burden of infection in school-age children, extension of the eligibility criteria for SMC could help reduce the burden of malaria in Burkina Faso and other countries in the region.

scholarly journals Ruminant and industrial sources of trans-fat and cardiovascular and diabetic diseases

2011 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne-Laure Tardy ◽  
Béatrice Morio ◽  
Jean-Michel Chardigny ◽  
Corinne Malpuech-Brugère
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Vaccenic Acid ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Industrial Sources ◽  
Ruminant Meat ◽  
The Impact

The various positional isomers of oleic acid (18 : 1Δ9c or 9c-18 : 1) may have distinct biological effects. Detrimental effects of consumption of industrial trans-fatty acids (TFA) (elaidic acid; 18 : 1Δ9t) from partially hydrogenated vegetable oils on CVD risk factors are well documented. In addition, epidemiological data suggest that chronic consumption of industrial sources of TFA could alter insulin sensitivity and predispose for type 2 diabetes. However, intervention studies on this issue have remained inconclusive. Moreover, very little information is available on the effect of natural sources of TFA (vaccenic acid; 18 : 1Δ11t) coming from dairy products and ruminant meat on the development of CVD and type 2 diabetes. The review focuses on the impact of the consumption of ruminant TFA in relation to cardiovascular risk factors, inflammation and type 2 diabetes.

scholarly journals Impact of The COVID-19 Pandemic on the Malaria Burden in Northern Ghana: Analysis of Routine Surveillance Data

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna-Katharina Heuschen ◽  
Alhassan Abdul-Mumin ◽  
Martin Nyaaba Adokiya ◽  
Guangyu Lu ◽  
Albrecht Jahn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Malaria Incidence ◽  
Information Management System ◽  
Northern Region ◽  
Surveillance Data ◽  
Northern Ghana ◽  
Malaria Burden ◽  
Routine Surveillance ◽  
Outpatient Departments ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic and its collateral damage severely impact health systems globally and risk to worsen the malaria situation in endemic countries. Malaria is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in Ghana. This study aims to analyze routine surveillance data to assess possible effects on the malaria burden in the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Northern Region of Ghana. Methods: Monthly routine data from the District Health Information Management System II (DHIMS2) of the Northern Region of Ghana were analyzed. Overall outpatient department visits and malaria incidence rates from the years 2015 to 2019 were compared to the corresponding data of the year 2020. Results: Compared to the corresponding periods of the years 2015 to 2019, overall visits and malaria incidence in pediatric and adult outpatient departments in northern Ghana decreased in March and April 2020, when major movement and social restrictions were implemented in response to the pandemic. Incidence slightly rebounded afterwards in 2020 but stayed below the average of the previous years. Data from inpatient departments showed a similar but more pronounced trend when compared to outpatient departments. In pregnant women, however, malaria incidence in outpatient departments increased after the first COVID-19 wave. Discussion: The findings from this study show that the COVID-19 pandemic affects the malaria burden in health facilities of Ghana, with declines in in- and outpatient rates. Pregnant women may experience reduced access to intermittent preventive malaria treatment and insecticide treated nets, resulting in subsequent higher malaria morbidity. Further data from other African countries, particularly on community-based studies, are needed to fully determine the impact of the pandemic on the malaria situation.

scholarly journals Main causes of complicated COVID-19 in patients with diabetes mellitus

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 23-31
Author(s):  
O.A. Halushko ◽  
O.A. Loskutov ◽  
M.A. Trishchynska ◽  
I.A. Kuchynska ◽  
M.V. Boliuk
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
World Health ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Team Approach ◽  
Patients With Diabetes ◽  
Complicated Course ◽  
The Impact

Background. Since December 2019, the new coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been marching confidently and aggressively across the planet. On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization has declared COVID-19 a pandemic. Among the risk factors for the development and severe course of COVID-19, there are old age, arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. However, recently, based on the epidemiological data obtained, diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a risk factor for infection with SARS-CoV-2, but the presence of concomitant diabetes is associated with a more severe course of COVID-19 and deterioration in treatment outcomes. What is the reason for the complicated course of COVID-19 in patients with diabetes mellitus? The need to answer this question led to the conduction of this study. The purpose was to determine the causes of complicated course of COVID-19 in patients with diabetes mellitus. Material and methods. We searched for publications using the search engines PubMed and Google Scholar by keywords: COVID-19, diabetes mellitus, hyperglycemia, carbohydrate metabolism disorders, complications. Results. The review of the scientific literature considers the main causes and pathogenetic mechanisms of COVID-19 complications in patients with diabetes mellitus. Groups of factors that worsen the course of the diseases have been identified, and it has been proven that current treatment of COVID-19 in patients with diabetes mellitus should take into account all available risk factors and include a multidisciplinary team approach involving specialists in emergency medicine, endocrinology, infectious diseases, respiratory support, nutritional science and rehabilitation. Conclusions. The main causes that worsen the course of COVID-19 in patients with diabetes mellitus are: 1) features of diabetes itself and the interaction of diabetes and COVID-19; 2) the impact of certain drugs used in the treatment of both diseases; 3) shortcomings in the organization of treatment and care of patients. The main factor that is crucial in the management of these patients is the normalization of blood glucose levels and carbohydrate balance, which must be achieved by all possible means.

The impact of stopping and starting indoor residual spraying on malaria burden in 14 districts of Uganda

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane Namuganga ◽  
Adrienne Epstein ◽  
Joaniter Nankabirwa ◽  
Arthur Mpimbaza ◽  
Moses Kiggundu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Incidence ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Indoor Residual Spraying ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Bed Nets ◽  
Malaria Burden ◽  
Vector Control Intervention ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The scale-up of malaria control efforts has led to marked reductions in malaria burden over the past twenty years, but progress has slowed. Implementation of indoor residual spraying (IRS) of insecticide, a proven vector control intervention, has been limited and difficult to sustain partly because questions remain on its added impact over widely accepted interventions such as bed nets. Using data from 14 enhanced surveillance health facilities in Uganda, a country with high bet net coverage yet high malaria burden, we estimate the impact of starting and stopping IRS. We show that stopping IRS resulted in a 5-fold increase in malaria incidence within 10 months, but reinstating IRS led to an over 5-fold decrease within 8 months. In areas where IRS was initiated and sustained, malaria incidence dropped by 85% after year 4. IRS could play a critical role in achieving global malaria targets, particularly in areas where progress has stalled.

scholarly journals National registry for sudden unexpected deaths of infants and children in England: why do we need one and do families want one?

2019 ◽  
Vol 104 (10) ◽  
pp. 989-993 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma Matthews ◽  
Peter Blair ◽  
Sanjay Sisodiya ◽  
Stuart Jones ◽  
Neil Sebire ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
National Registry ◽  
Infants And Children ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Unexpected Death ◽  
Infant Deaths ◽  
Unknown Risk ◽  
Infancy And Childhood

The sudden and unexpected death of an infant or child is devastating. An inability to explain why an infant or child died is difficult to accept for both families and professionals. No reliable national dataset exists to estimate precisely how many infants and children die unexpectedly each year in England. This lack of accurate epidemiological data belies the scale of this public health problem. Detailed controlled observational studies of infant deaths identifying risk factors and providing evidence-based advice for parents has seen a dramatic reduction in incidence over the last 30 years by almost 80% but greater knowledge is needed if future deaths of infants and older children are to be prevented and families optimally supported. We propose that a national registry of sudden unexpected deaths in infancy and childhood would accurately determine incidence, identify unknown risk factors and highlight good care practices, ensuring these can be standardised nationally. For such a project to be successful, however, parents must be at the heart of it. We held a consultation day between families, professionals and supporting charities (The Lullaby Trust, Child Bereavement UK, SUDC UK and CRY) to seek opinion on the desire for a registry and how best to ensure families are engaged. Here, we summarise our rationale for a registry and the feedback we received from attendees regarding their views of the proposal and the practical aspects of administering it.

scholarly journals Rotavirus disease burden pre-vaccine introduction in young children in Rural Southern Mozambique, an area of high HIV prevalence

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. e0249714
Author(s):  
Sozinho Acácio ◽  
Tacilta Nhampossa ◽  
Llorenç Quintò ◽  
Delfino Vubil ◽  
Marcelino Garrine ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Disease Burden ◽  
Conditional Logistic Regression ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Daily Basis ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Severe Diarrhea ◽  
Vaccine Introduction ◽  
Rotavirus Vaccines ◽  
The Impact

Background Rotavirus vaccines have been adopted in African countries since 2009, including Mozambique (2015). Disease burden data are needed to evaluate the impact of rotavirus vaccine. We report the burden of rotavirus-associated diarrhea in Mozambique from the Global Enteric Multicenter Study (GEMS) before vaccine introduction. Methods A case-control study (GEMS), was conducted in Manhiça district, recruiting children aged 0–59 months with moderate-to-severe diarrhea (MSD) and less-severe-diarrhea (LSD) between December 2007 and November 2012; including 1–3 matched (age, sex and neighborhood) healthy community controls. Clinical and epidemiological data and stool samples (for laboratory investigation) were collected. Association of rotavirus with MSD or LSD was determined by conditional logistic regression and adjusted attributable fractions (AF) calculated, and risk factors for rotavirus diarrhea assessed. Results Overall 915 cases and 1,977 controls for MSD, and 431 cases and 430 controls for LSD were enrolled. Rotavirus positivity was 44% (217/495) for cases and 15% (160/1046) of controls, with AF = 34.9% (95% CI: 32.85–37.06) and adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR) of 6.4 p< 0.0001 in infants with MSD compared to 30% (46/155) in cases and 14% (22/154) in controls yielding AF = 18.7%, (95% CI: 12.02–25.39) and aOR = 2.8, p = 0.0011 in infants with LSD. The proportion of children with rotavirus was 32% (21/66) among HIV-positive children and 23% (128/566) among HIV-negative ones for MSD. Presence of animals in the compound (OR = 1.9; p = 0.0151) and giving stored water to the child (OR = 2.0, p = 0.0483) were risk factors for MSD; while animals in the compound (OR = 2.37, p = 0.007); not having routine access to water on a daily basis (OR = 1.53, p = 0.015) and washing hands before cooking (OR = 1.76, p = 0.0197) were risk factors for LSD. Conclusion The implementation of vaccination against rotavirus may likely result in a significant reduction of rotavirus-associated diarrhea, suggesting the need for monitoring of vaccine impact.

Reducing Your Risk of Alzheimer’s Dementia: Building a Better Brain as We Age

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (7) ◽  
pp. 1257-1265
Author(s):  
David A Bennett
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cohort Studies ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Religious Orders ◽  
Medical Risk ◽  
Alzheimer Dementia ◽  
Medical Risk Factors ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Dementia Onset

Abstract Alzheimer’ dementia is a large and growing public health problem. Of utmost importance for limiting the impact of the disease on society is the prevention of dementia, that is, delay onset either by years whereby death ensues prior to dementia onset. The Religious Orders Study and the Rush Memory and Aging Project are two harmonized cohort studies of aging and dementia that include organ donation at death. Ongoing since 1994 and 1997, respectively, we published on the association of numerous experiential, psychological, and medical risk factors for dementia, many of which are potentially modifiable. Here, selected findings are reviewed based on a presentation at the 2020 National Academy of Neuropsychology given virtually in Chicago in October of 2020.

scholarly journals Vitamin D in Cardiovascular and Renal Disease Prevention / Vitamin D u Prevenciji Kardiovaskularne i Bubrežne Bolesti

2013 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-15
Author(s):  
Draško Pavlović ◽  
Josipa Josipović ◽  
Nikola Pavlović
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Vitamin D ◽  
Renal Disease ◽  
Health Problem ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Biological Mechanism

Summary Cardiovascular disease is a well-known public health problem. In the last ten years nephrologists have recognized chronic kidney disease not only as a public health problem but also as one of the major cardiovascular risk factors. There are observational data that support the concept that vitamin D is involved in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular and renal disease or that at least vitamin D deficiency is a risk factor for these diseases. In this brief review epidemiological data will be presented and the biological mechanism of the vitamin D effect on cardiovascular and renal disease will be discussed.

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