Effects of material hardship on depression among adults in South Korea: insights from by the Korea Welfare Panel Study 2008–2017

Abstract Background Low socioeconomic status deemed by income-based measures is a risk factor for depression. Material hardship is commonly used as a multidimensional socioeconomic indicator to identify the struggles that low-income households encounter that are not captured by conventional income-based measures. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of material hardship on depression. Methods We used wave 3 (2008) to wave 12 (2017) panel data collected by the Korea Welfare Panel Study. The material hardship measure included six dimensions: food, housing, medical care, paying utility bills, education, and financial hardship. Depression was measured using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CESD-11). A generalised estimating equation model was applied to test the causal association between material hardship and log transferred CESD-11. Results The first time point comprised 3,866 participants. Those who continually experienced material hardship had higher depression scores (male: β = 2.82, female: β = 3.98, p-value: < .0001). Food hardship was the most critical risk factor (male: β = 3.29, female: β = 4.05, p-value: < .0001). Conclusions Material hardship is associated with increased risk of depression, especially food hardship. We should consider guaranteeing food security, and community and policy makers should consider material hardship in their approach when identifying low-income populations at high risk for depression.

Download Full-text

Association Between Changes in Depressive Symptoms and Hazardous Drinking: Findings From the Korea Welfare Panel Study (2013–2018)

Frontiers in Public Health ◽

10.3389/fpubh.2021.809043 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

Author(s):

Sung Hoon Jeong ◽

Doo Woong Lee ◽

Soo Hyun Kang ◽

Seung Hoon Kim ◽

Eun-Cheol Park ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Depressive Symptoms ◽

Panel Study ◽

Depression Scale ◽

Estimating Equation ◽

Epidemiologic Studies ◽

Equation Model ◽

Hazardous Drinking ◽

South Korean ◽

Longitudinal Association

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the longitudinal association between changes in depressive symptoms and hazardous drinking among South Korean adults.Participants/Methods: This study was conducted using a sample drawn from participants enrolled in the Korea Welfare Panel Study (KoWePS) from 2013 to 2018. Hazardous drinking was defined as a score of 11 points for men and seven points for women on the Korean version of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test. Depressive symptoms were evaluated using an 11-item version of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. A generalized estimating equation model was used to analyze the association between changes in depressive symptoms and hazardous drinking.Results: Of the 12,878 people registered with KoWePS and without follow-up losses from 2013 to 2018, a total of 2,341 were included in this study, excluding those under the age of 19 and those with missing data. Persistent depressive symptoms (men, odds ratio [OR]: 2.20, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.48–3.21; women, OR: 2.64, 95% CI: 1.66–4.22) and the changes from non-depressive symptoms to depressive symptoms (men, adjusted OR: 2.18, 95% CI: 1.80–2.64; women, OR: 1.71, 95% CI: 1.27–2.29) increased the likelihood of hazardous drinking.Conclusions: Persistent depressive symptoms and changes from non-depressive to depressive symptoms are associated with increased prevalence of hazardous drinking. This suggests that an evaluation of the underlying mental illness or emotion should be made when counseling for abstaining from alcohol for chronic drinkers or the general public.

Download Full-text

The Impact of Transitions in Caregiving Status on Depressive Symptoms among Older Family Caregivers: Findings from the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18010042 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

pp. 42

Author(s):

Kyungduk Hurh ◽

Hin Moi Youn ◽

Yoon Sik Park ◽

Eun-Cheol Park ◽

Sung-In Jang

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Depressive Symptoms ◽

Longitudinal Study ◽

Family Caregivers ◽

Depression Scale ◽

Estimating Equation ◽

Epidemiologic Studies ◽

Equation Model ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Impact

This study identifies the effects of transitions in caregiving status on depressive symptoms among middle-aged or older adults who care for family members with limitations in activities of daily living (ADL). Data were collected from the 2006–2018 Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging. A total of 7817 subjects were included. On the basis of their caregiving status transition, participants were categorized into four groups: started caregiving, continued caregiving, stopped caregiving, and noncaregivers. Depressive symptoms were measured using the 10 item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Analysis using a generalized estimating equation model and subgroup analyses were conducted. Compared to noncaregivers, women who started caregiving showed more depressive symptoms in the following year (β 0.761, p < 0.0001). Regardless of sex, older adults who continued caregiving had more depressive symptoms than noncaregivers did (β 0.616, p < 0.0277 in men, and β 1.091, p < 0.0001 in women). After relinquishing caregiving responsibilities to other caregivers, participants’ depressive symptoms in the following year showed no statistically significant difference from that of noncaregivers. Thus, starting or continuing caregiving was associated with increased depressive symptoms, and those symptoms could be normalized by stopping caregiving. Intervention strategies to reduce family caregivers’ depressive symptoms are needed.

Download Full-text

Measurement invariance of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale in parents of individuals with disabilities

Social Behavior and Personality An International Journal ◽

10.2224/sbp.8257 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 47 (10) ◽

pp. 1-9

Author(s):

Eun-Young Park ◽

Joungmin Kim

Keyword(s):

South Korea ◽

Measurement Invariance ◽

Factor Model ◽

Panel Study ◽

Depression Scale ◽

Epidemiologic Studies ◽

Fit Indices ◽

Chi Square ◽

Using Data ◽

Invariance Model

We aimed to verify the factor model and measurement invariance of the abbreviated Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale by conducting a confirmatory factor analysis using data from 761 parents of individuals with intellectual disabilities who completed the scale as part of the 2011 Survey on the Actual Conditions of Individuals with Developmental Disabilities, South Korea, and 7,301 participants from the general population who completed the scale as part of the 2011 Welfare Panel Study and Survey by the Ministry of Health and Welfare, South Korea. We used fit indices to assess data reliability and Amos 22.0 for data analysis. According to the results, the 4-factor model had an appropriate fit to the data and the regression coefficients were significant. However, the chi-square difference test result was nonsignificant; therefore, the metric invariance model was the most appropriate measurement invariance model for the data. Implications of the findings are discussed.

Download Full-text

Changes in insomnia as a risk factor for the incidence and persistence of anxiety and depression: a longitudinal community study

Sleep Science and Practice ◽

10.1186/s41606-020-00053-z ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Magnus Johansson ◽

Markus Jansson-Fröjmark ◽

Annika Norell-Clarke ◽

Steven J. Linton

Keyword(s):

Risk Factor ◽

Depression Scale ◽

Binary Logistic Regression ◽

Anxiety And Depression ◽

Hospital Anxiety ◽

Dynamic Risk ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Longitudinal Association ◽

Development Of Anxiety

Abstract Background The aim of this investigation was to examine the longitudinal association between change in insomnia status and the development of anxiety and depression in the general population. Methods A survey was mailed to 5000 randomly selected individuals (aged 18–70 years) in two Swedish counties. After 6 months, a follow-up survey was sent to those (n = 2333) who answered the first questionnaire. The follow-up survey was completed by 1887 individuals (80.9%). The survey consisted of questions indexing insomnia symptomatology, socio-demographic parameters, and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Change in insomnia status was assessed by determining insomnia at the two time-points and then calculating a change index reflecting incidence (from non-insomnia to insomnia), remission (from insomnia to non-insomnia), or status quo (no change). Multivariate binary logistic regression analyses were used to examine the aim. Results Incident insomnia was significantly associated with an increased risk for the development of new cases of both anxiety (OR = 0.32, p < .05) and depression (OR = 0.43, p < .05) 6 months later. Incident insomnia emerged also as significantly associated with an elevated risk for the persistence of depression (OR = 0.30, p < .05), but not for anxiety. Conclusions This study extends previous research in that incidence in insomnia was shown to independently increase the risk for the development of anxiety and depression as well as for the maintenance of depression. The findings imply that insomnia may be viewed as a dynamic risk factor for anxiety and depression, which might have implications for preventative work.

Download Full-text

The Joint Effects of Loneliness and Depression on Mortality: Does Gender Matter?

Innovation in Aging ◽

10.1093/geroni/igaa057.1034 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. 323-323

Author(s):

Ted Kheng Siang Ng ◽

Abhijit Visaria ◽

Angelique W M Chan ◽

Kheng Siang Ted Ng

Keyword(s):

Los Angeles ◽

Mortality Risk ◽

Proportional Hazards ◽

Depression Scale ◽

Well Being ◽

Joint Effect ◽

Epidemiologic Studies ◽

Cox Proportional Hazards ◽

Community Dwelling ◽

Increased Risk

Abstract Loneliness and depression are both associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality among older adults. However, the evidence on the joint effect of loneliness and depression is scarce. Furthermore, previous research has rarely examined the modifying effects of gender. We investigated these questions using the Panel on Health and Aging of Singaporean Elderly, a nationally-representative cohort study of community-dwelling older Singaporean adults aged 60 and above, conducted in 2009 with two follow-up waves in 2011 and 2015 (N=4536). We operationalized six groups based on three categories of loneliness measured using the 3-item University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) loneliness scale: always lonely, sometimes lonely, and never lonely; Two categories of depressive symptom scores were measured using the 11-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) scale: depressed and not depressed. Cox proportional hazards models were employed to estimate the mortality risks for each group, with an extensive set of covariates. Due to significant differences in the prevalence of loneliness and depression in different genders, we conducted gender-stratified analyses. Compared to being not depressed and never lonely, women who were depressed and sometimes lonely and who were not depressed but always lonely had a higher mortality risk. Men who were not depressed but sometimes lonely had a higher mortality risk. We conclude that loneliness appears to be the predominant construct in conferring excess mortality risk. Health policies and interventions addressing the factors common and unique to each gender may improve psychological well-being at older ages, thereby extending the lifespan.

Download Full-text

Abstract MP60: Depressive Symptoms and Risk of Incident Atrial Fibrillation: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis

Circulation ◽

10.1161/circ.137.suppl_1.mp60 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 137 (suppl_1) ◽

Author(s):

Parveen K Garg ◽

Wesley T O'Neal ◽

Ana V Diez Roux ◽

Alvaro Alonso ◽

Elsayed Soliman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Atrial Fibrillation ◽

Depressive Symptoms ◽

Proportional Hazards ◽

Depression Scale ◽

Epidemiologic Studies ◽

Cox Proportional Hazards ◽

Fee For Service ◽

Score Distribution ◽

Ethnic Study ◽

Increased Risk

Background: Depression has been suggested as a potential risk factor for atrial fibrillation (AF) through effects on the autonomic nervous system and hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis. Current literature examining the prospective relationship between depression and AF is inconsistent and limited to studies performed in predominantly white populations. We determined the relationship of both depressive symptoms and anti-depressant use with incident AF in a multi-ethnic cohort. Methods: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis is a prospective study of 6,814 individuals without clinical cardiovascular disease. Depressive symptoms were assessed at baseline by the 20-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) and use of anti-depressant medications. Five CES-D groups were created based on the score distribution in approximate quartiles, and the top quartile split in 2 such that the top group represented persons with a score ≥16, a value commonly used to identify clinically relevant symptoms. Incident AF was identified from study ECGs verified for AF, ICD-9 hospital discharge diagnoses consistent with AF, and, for participants enrolled in fee-for-service Medicare, inpatient and outpatient AF claims data. Results: 6,644 participants (mean age=62; 53% women; 38% white; 28% black; 22% Hispanic; 12% Chinese-American) were included and followed for a median of 13 years. In separate adjusted Cox proportional hazards analyses, a CES-D≥16 (referent=CES-D<2) and anti-depressant use were each associated with higher incidence of AF (Table). Associations did not differ by race or gender (interaction p-values of 0.18 and 0.17 respectively). Similar results were obtained using time-updated measures of depression. Conclusions: Depressive symptoms are associated with an increased risk of incident AF. Further study into whether improving depressive symptoms reduces AF incidence is important.

Download Full-text

Depressive Symptoms and Diurnal Salivary Cortisol Patterns Among Female Caregivers of Stroke Survivors

Biological Research For Nursing ◽

10.1177/1099800412439458 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 14 (4) ◽

pp. 396-404 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Karen L. Saban ◽

Herbert L. Mathews ◽

Fred B. Bryant ◽

Timothy E. O’Brien ◽

Linda Witek Janusek

Keyword(s):

Depressive Symptoms ◽

Chronic Stress ◽

Caregiver Burden ◽

Perceived Stress ◽

Salivary Cortisol ◽

Allostatic Load ◽

Depression Scale ◽

Epidemiologic Studies ◽

Stroke Survivors ◽

Increased Risk

Informal caregivers of stroke survivors experience elevated chronic stress and are at risk of developing depressive symptoms. The cumulative effects of chronic stress can increase allostatic load and dysregulate biological processes, thus increasing risk of stress-related disease. Stress-induced alterations in the pattern of cortisol secretion vary with respect to stressor onset, intensity, and chronicity. Little is known about the psychoendocrine response to stress in female caregivers of stroke survivors. The purpose of this study was to examine perceived stress, caregiver burden, and the association between caregiver depressive symptoms and diurnal cortisol in 45 females caring for a significant other who experienced a stroke within the past year. Women completed the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) and collected saliva for cortisol upon awakening, 30 min postawakening, noon, and bedtime for 2 consecutive days. Results revealed that women had high levels of perceived stress and caregiver burden. In women with CES-D scores ≥ 16, salivary cortisol levels were significantly lower across the day relative to women with CES-D scores < 16. This difference persisted after adjusting for age, number of caregiving hours per week, perceived social support, and quality of sleep. Younger age was associated with more depressive symptoms as well as lower levels of cortisol at awakening and 30 min postawakening. Results demonstrate that the burden of caregiving increases risk of depressive symptoms and hypocortisolism across the day. Hypocortisolism may contribute to increased risk of depressive symptoms as a result of the loss of glucocorticoid attenuation of stress-induced inflammation.

Download Full-text

Hard Times and Harder Minds: Material Hardship and Marital Well-Being Among Low-Income Families in South Korea

Journal of Family Issues ◽

10.1177/0192513x16653432 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 38 (18) ◽

pp. 2545-2566 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Joyce Shim ◽

RaeHyuck Lee ◽

Jaeseung Kim

Keyword(s):

Low Income ◽

Family Life ◽

Panel Study ◽

Married Couples ◽

Well Being ◽

Negative Consequences ◽

Material Hardship ◽

Spousal Relationship ◽

Low Income Families ◽

Household Heads

Experiencing material hardship may bring various negative consequences for married couples and family members. However, little is known about this topic in Korea. Using a nationally representative sample from the Korean Welfare Panel Study, we examined how material hardship was associated with marital well-being among low-income families in Korea, separately for husbands (i.e., male household heads) and wives. Overall, we found experiencing any material hardship was associated with lower levels of satisfaction of both family life and spousal relationship, consistently for husbands and wives. We also found depression and self-esteem partially mediated the associations in both groups. Furthermore, among individual items of material hardship, experiencing food hardship was associated with lower levels of satisfaction of family life for both husbands and wives, whereas experiencing problems with credit was associated with lower levels of satisfaction of both family life and spousal relationship for wives but not for husbands.

Download Full-text

COPD is a Risk Factor for COVID-19, But Does Not Confer Increased Severity of the Disease

10.21203/rs.3.rs-497997/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Jae Seok Jeong ◽

Jong Seung Kim ◽

Yeon Seok You ◽

Sang Woo Yeom ◽

Yong Chul Lee

Keyword(s):

Risk Factor ◽

Cohort Study ◽

Health Insurance ◽

Epidemiologic Studies ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Substantial Risk ◽

Korean National Health Insurance ◽

Health Insurance Claims ◽

Severity Of The Disease ◽

Global Population

Abstract Epidemiologic studies suggest that COPD is associated with an increased risk of poor outcome in patients with COVID-19, although they failed to demonstrate COPD as a risk factor for acquiring COVID-19. However, most data have come from a limited global population. In this nationwide cohort study based on the Korean national health insurance claims-based database, COPD is associated with increased risk for COVID-19 and having COPD does not seem to confer substantial risk for severe COVID-19 and mortality. These findings indicate that heterogeneity in the populations across many countries may complicate the net effects of COPD on the COVID-19-related outcomes.

Download Full-text

Causal relationship between occupational dysfunction and depression in healthcare workers: A study using structural equation model

10.7287/peerj.preprints.787 ◽

2015 ◽

Author(s):

Mutsumi Teraoka ◽

Makoto Kyougoku

Keyword(s):

Factor Analysis ◽

Structural Equation ◽

Healthcare Workers ◽

Physical Therapists ◽

Depression Scale ◽

Occupational Therapists ◽

Epidemiologic Studies ◽

Equation Model ◽

Causal Sequence ◽

Occupational Dysfunction

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to identify the impacts of occupational dysfunction on depression in healthcare workers (nurses, physical therapists, and occupational therapists) in hospitals. Methods: Healthcare workers responded to a questionnaire based on the Classification and Assessment of Occupational Dysfunction (CAOD) and Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). CAOD and CES-D were examined using the following methods: descriptive statistics, exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and a causal sequence model. Results: CFA of CAOD had 16 items and 5 factors (CFI=0.958, TLI=0.946, RMSEA＝0.092). CFA of CES-D had 20 items and 4 factors (CFI=0.950, TLI=0.942, RMSEA=0.060). The results suggest that occupational dysfunction had positive causal effects on depression (CFI=0.926, TLI=0.920, RMSEA=0.059). Conclusion: This model refers to the relationship between depression and occupational dysfunction. Therefore, assessment and intervention on classification of occupational dysfunction for healthcare workers would be beneficial in the prevention of depression.

Download Full-text