scholarly journals Brazil’s more doctors programme and infant health outcomes: a longitudinal analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlotte Bexson ◽  
Christopher Millett ◽  
Leonor Maria Pacheco Santos ◽  
Ricardo de Sousa Soares ◽  
Felipe Proenço de Oliveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Human Resources ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Infant Health ◽  
Human Resources For Health ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Socio Economic Factors

Abstract Background Providing sufficient numbers of human resources for health is essential for effective and accessible health services. Between 2013 and 2018, the Brazilian Ministry of Health implemented the Programa Mais Médicos (PMM) (More Doctors Programme) to increase the supply of primary care doctors in underserved areas of the country. This study investigated the association between PMM and infant health outcomes and assessed if heterogeneity in the impact of PMM varied by municipal socio-economic factors and health indicators. Methods An ecological longitudinal (panel) study design was employed to analyse data from 5565 Brazilian municipalities over a 12-year period between 2007 and 2018. A differences-in-differences approach was implemented using longitudinal fixed effect regression models to compare infant health outcomes in municipalities receiving a PMM doctor with those that did not receive a PMM doctor. The impact of PMM was assessed on aggregate and in municipality subgroups. Results On aggregate, the PMM was not significantly associated with changes in infant or neonatal mortality, but the PMM was associated with reductions in infant mortality rate (IMR) (of − 0.21; 95% CI: − 0.38, − 0.03) in municipalities with highest IMR prior to the programme’s implementation (where (IMR) > 25.2 infant deaths per 1000 live births). The PMM was also associated with an increase in the proportion of expectant mothers receiving seven or more prenatal care visits but only in municipalities with a lower IMR at baseline and high density of non-PMM doctors and community health workers before the PMM. Conclusions The PMM was associated with reduced infant mortality in municipalities with the highest infant mortality rate prior to the programme. This suggests effectiveness of the PMM was limited only to the areas of greatest need. New programmes to improve the equitable provision of human resources for health should employ comprehensive targeting approaches balancing health needs and socio-economic factors to maximize effectiveness.

Measuring Effectiveness Of Economic Growth On Reducing Infant Mortality Rate In Tamilnadu

2019 ◽  
Vol 118 (4) ◽  
pp. 129-141
Author(s):  
Mr. Y. EBENEZER
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Domestic Product ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Adf Test ◽  
Bound Test

                   This paper deals with economic growth and infant mortality rate in Tamilnadu. The objects of this paper are to test the relationship between Per capita Net State Domestic Product and infant mortality rate and also to measure the impact of Per capita Net State Domestic Product on infant mortality rate in Tamil Nadu. This analysis has employed the ADF test and ARDL approach. The result of the study shows that IMR got reduced and Per capita Net State Domestic Product increased during the study period. This analysis also revealed that there is a negative relationship between IMR and the economic growth of Tamilnadu. In addition, ARDL bound test result has concluded that per capita Net State Domestic Product of Tamilnadu has long run association with IMR.

scholarly journals Smoke-free legislation and neonatal and infant mortality in Brazil: longitudinal quasi-experimental study

2019 ◽  
pp. tobaccocontrol-2019-054923 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Hone ◽  
Andre Salem Szklo ◽  
Filippos T Filippidis ◽  
Anthony A Laverty ◽  
Isabela Sattamini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Neonatal Mortality ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Infant Health ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Infant Deaths ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Fixed Effects Regression

ObjectiveTo examine the associations of partial and comprehensive smoke-free legislation with neonatal and infant mortality in Brazil using a quasi-experimental study design.DesignMonthly longitudinal (panel) ecological study from January 2000 to December 2016.SettingAll Brazilian municipalities (n=5565).ParticipantsInfant populations.InterventionSmoke-free legislation in effect in each municipality and month. Legislation was encoded as basic (allowing smoking areas), partial (segregated smoking rooms) or comprehensive (no smoking in public buildings). Associations were quantified by immediate step and longer term slope/trend changes in outcomes.Statistical analysesMunicipal-level linear fixed-effects regression models.Main outcomes measuresInfant and neonatal mortality.ResultsImplementation of partial smoke-free legislation was associated with a −3.3 % (95% CI −6.2% to −0.4%) step reduction in the municipal infant mortality rate, but no step change in neonatal mortality. Comprehensive smoke-free legislation implementation was associated with −5.2 % (95% CI −8.3% to −2.1%) and −3.4 % (95% CI −6.7% to −0.1%) step reductions in infant and neonatal mortality, respectively, and a −0.36 (95% CI −0.66 to−0.06) annual decline in the infant mortality rate. We estimated that had all smoke-free legislation introduced since 2004 been comprehensive, an additional 10 091 infant deaths (95% CI 1196 to 21 761) could have been averted.ConclusionsStrengthening smoke-free legislation in Brazil is associated with improvements in infant health outcomes—particularly under comprehensive legislation. Governments should accelerate implementation of comprehensive smoke-free legislation to protect infant health and achieve the United Nation’s Sustainable Development Goal three.

scholarly journals THE impact of remittance inflows on poverty in Botswana: an ARDL approach

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mercy. T. Musakwa ◽  
N. M. Odhiambo
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Household Consumption ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Consumption Expenditure ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Ardl Approach ◽  
Short Run ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThe growing pressure on governments to reduce poverty among other Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) through harnessing domestic and foreign sources has motivated studies on the relationship between poverty and different economic variables in many developing countries. This study investigates the impact of remittance on poverty in Botswana, employing time-series data from 1980 to 2017. The study employs two poverty proxies—household consumption expenditure and infant mortality rate to capture poverty in its multidimensional form and improve the robustness of the results. Using the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach, the study finds that remittance inflows reduce poverty in Botswana—both in the short run and in the long run when infant mortality rate is used as a proxy. However, when poverty is measured by household consumption expenditure, remittance was found to have no impact on poverty in the short run and in the long run. The study, therefore, concludes that remittance inflows play a crucial role in reducing poverty and that Botswana can benefit immensely from the surge in remittance inflows by putting in place policies and structures that support remittance inflow.

scholarly journals Ecuadorian infant mortality linked to socioeconomic factors during the last 30 years

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 295-301
Author(s):  
Natalia Romero-Sandoval ◽  
Diego Del Alcázar ◽  
Jacob Pastor ◽  
Miguel Martín
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Artificial Neural Network ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Poisson Regression ◽  
Sociodemographic Factors ◽  
Complex Interaction ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Objectives: to analyze the difference among geographical units and the evolution of infant mortality rate (IMR) based on Ecuadorian censuses (1990-2001-2010). Methods: artificial Neural Network analyzed the impact of sociodemographic factors over the variability of IMR. Poisson regression analyzed the variation of the standardized IMR (sIMR). Results: the decrease in the national IMR was 63.8%; however, 42.8% provinces showed an increase in 2001-2010. The variability was explained mainly by illiteracy decrease. The adjusted RR between provincial sIMR with illiteracy and poverty revealed a trend towards the unit. Conclusions: the variation of IMR reflects a complex interaction of the sociodemographic factors.

Globalization and women’s and girls’ health in 192 UN-member countries

2016 ◽  
Vol 43 (7) ◽  
pp. 692-721 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deniz Gevrek ◽  
Karen Middleton
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth ◽  
Adolescent Fertility ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the relationship between the ratification of the United Nations’ (UN’s) Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) and women’s and girls’ health outcomes using a unique longitudinal data set of 192 UN-member countries that encompasses the years from 1980 to 2011. Design/methodology/approach – The authors focus on the impact of CEDAW ratification, number of reports submitted after ratification, years passed since ratification, and the dynamic impact of CEDAW ratification by utilizing ordinary least squares (OLS) and panel fixed effects methods. The study investigates the following women’s and girls’ health outcomes: total fertility rate, adolescent fertility rate, infant mortality rate, maternal mortality ratio, neonatal mortality rate, female life expectancy at birth (FLEB), and female to male life expectancy at birth. Findings – The OLS and panel country and year fixed effects models provide evidence that the impact of CEDAW ratification on women’s and girls’ health outcomes varies by global regions. While the authors find no significant gains in health outcomes in European and North-American countries, the countries in the Northern Africa, sub-Saharan Africa, Southern Africa, Caribbean and Central America, South America, Middle-East, Eastern Asia, and Oceania regions experienced the biggest gains from CEDAW ratification, exhibiting reductions in total fertility, adolescent fertility, infant mortality, maternal mortality, and neonatal mortality while also showing improvements in FLEB. The results provide evidence that both early commitment to CEDAW as measured by the total number of years of engagement after the UN’s 1980 ratification and the timely submission of mandatory CEDAW reports have positive impacts on women’ and girls’ health outcomes. Several sensitivity tests confirm the robustness of main findings. Originality/value – This study is the first comprehensive attempt to explore the multifaceted relationships between CEDAW ratification and female health outcomes. The study significantly expands on the methods of earlier research and presents novel methods and findings on the relationship between CEDAW ratification and women’s health outcomes. The findings suggest that the impact of CEDAW ratification significantly depends on the country’s region. Furthermore, stronger engagement with CEDAW (as indicated by the total number of years following country ratification) and the submission of the required CEDAW reports (as outlined in the Convention’s guidelines) have positive impacts on women’s and girls’ health outcomes.

scholarly journals Remittance Inflows and Poverty Dynamics in South Africa: An Empirical Investigation

SAGE Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 215824402098331
Author(s):  
Mercy. T. Musakwa ◽  
N. M. Odhiambo
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Time Series Data ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Household Consumption ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Consumption Expenditure ◽  
The Impact

In this study, we investigate the impact of remittance inflows on poverty reduction in South Africa, using time series data from 1980 to 2017. The main objective of this study is to establish whether South Africa can harness remittance inflows to alleviate poverty. Two poverty proxies, namely household consumption expenditure and infant mortality rate, are used in this study. To ensure robustness of the results, both income and non-income proxies of poverty are employed. Using the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds approach, the study found that remittance has a negative impact on poverty in the short run and in the long run when household consumption expenditure is used as a proxy for poverty. However, when the infant mortality rate is used as a proxy, remittance is found to have no impact on poverty. It can be concluded that the impact of remittance on poverty is sensitive to the proxy used. The study concludes that South Africa could benefit immensely from some forms of remittances in its quest to poverty alleviation.

scholarly journals Impact of Government Health Expenditure on Health Outcomes in the West African Sub-Region

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-59
Author(s):  
Rafiu Ayobanji Mustapha ◽  
Saidat Oluwatoyin Onikosi-Alliyu ◽  
Abdurrouf Babalola
Keyword(s):  
Health Outcome ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
West Africa ◽  
Public Expenditure ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
The West ◽  
Integration Test ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Research background: Health outcome such as infant mortality rate is an important measure of the standard of living. It is a part of Millennium Development Goals, which all countries of the World strive to achieve, by allocating enormous economic resources to the health sector respectively. Purpose: The study assessed the impact of government expenditure on health and on health outcome (infant mortality rate) in the West Africa Sub-region. Research methodology: Secondary data were collected from 2000 to 2015 on thirteen countries in the Sub-region. Owing to the fact that the nature of the data involved is macro-panel data, the study performed the pre-estimation test (such as panel unit-root test and co-integration test) to ascertain the time series properties of the series. Based on the results of the pre-estimation tests, the work employed the fully modified ordinary least square (FMOLS). Results: It is found in the study that public health spending has an indirect impact on infant mortality rate in the West Africa Sub-region. Novelty: No extant study examined the impact of public expenditure on health and on maternal mortality rate using the West Africa Sub-region as an area of coverage. This study employed a fully modified OLS (FMOLS) to assess the impact of public expenditure on health and on infant mortality rate in the West Africa Sub-region.

scholarly journals TINGKAT PENGETAHUAN TENTANG PEMANFAATAN BUKU KESEHATAN IBU DAN ANAK BERDASARKAN KARAKTERISTIK IBU HAMIL

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-37
Author(s):  
Tri Budi Rahayu
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Maternal Mortality ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Policy Development ◽  
Univariate Analysis ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Child Health Services ◽  
Level Of Knowledge ◽  
The Impact

Background : High maternal mortality rate is a problem and a concern for all countries due to the impact effect on the economy, politics and policy development. As one of the efforts to reduce maternal mortality and infant mortality rate in Indonesia, KIA book as means of integration of maternal and child health services. Lack of knowledge of pregnant women about the KIA books utilization can increase the risk of maternal and infant mortality. Objective : This study aimed to determine the level of knowledge about the utilization of KIA book in pregnant women. Methods : This research was descriptive quantitative with cross sectional data collection. Univariat analysis was used for the data analysis. The sampling technique was total sampling with the number of 48 pregnant women. Results : The result of univariate analysis showed that 65% pregnant women had enough knowledge about the utilization of KIA book. Conclusion : The level of knowledge about the utilization of KIA book is categorized into enough category. Keywords : Knowledge, KIA book

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