scholarly journals The prevention of – and first response to – injuries in Nepal: a review of policies and legislation

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Puspa Raj Pant ◽  
Julie Mytton ◽  
Milan Raj Dharel ◽  
Amrit Dangi ◽  
Writu Bhatta Rai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Injury Prevention ◽  
Occupational Injuries ◽  
Current System ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Financial Investment ◽  
Roles And Responsibilities ◽  
Effective Interventions ◽  
First Response ◽  
Critical Policy ◽  
Federal Governance

AbstractBackgroundInjuries, the cause of an estimated 4.5 million deaths annually and many more disabilities worldwide each year, are the predictable outcome of particular circumstances. One of the most effective ways to prevent injuries is through policy and legislation. The aim of this research study was to identify and critically review all policy and legislation in Nepal that had the potential to prevent injuries.MethodsWe identified legislation and policy that met inclusion criteria through a stakeholder meeting, networks and contacts, and websites and electronic resources. Each included document was critically reviewed to identify areas of strength and opportunities for improvement. We compared the included documents against WHO’s recommendations of known effective interventions.ResultsSixty-two documents met the inclusion criteria for this review. Of these, 24 (38.7%) were exclusively related to road injuries, 11 (17.7%) to occupational injuries, 6 (9.7%) to injuries in the home and 5 (8.1%) to injuries at school; 30 (48.4%) documents included text related to the first response to injuries. Of 127 strategic recommendations by WHO that provided an area for policy or legislative focus, 21 (16.5%) were considered adequately met by Nepali policy and legislation, 43 (33.9%) were considered partially met and 63 (49.6%) were not met.ConclusionWe drew five conclusions from this critical policy review, which we have related to recommendations as follows: widening the scope of legislation and policy for injury prevention to emphasize injuries occurring at home or school; addressing the causes of injuries and promoting proven preventive measures; greater clarity on both individual and institutional roles and responsibilities; trustworthy data and quality evidence to inform decision-making; and financial investment and capacity-strengthening for injury prevention and first response. The current system of federal governance in Nepal has potential for strengthening injury prevention and first response at the central, provincial and local levels.

scholarly journals Effect of Fatigue Protocols on Upper Extremity Neuromuscular Function and Implications for Ulnar Collateral Ligament Injury Prevention

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 232596711988887 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toufic R. Jildeh ◽  
Kelechi R. Okoroha ◽  
Joseph S. Tramer ◽  
Jorge Chahla ◽  
Benedict U. Nwachukwu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Injury Prevention ◽  
Upper Extremity ◽  
Muscle Force ◽  
Force Production ◽  
Ulnar Collateral Ligament ◽  
Neuromuscular Function ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Collateral Ligament ◽  
Muscle Force Production

Background: As the incidence of overuse injuries to the medial elbow in overhead athletes continues to rise, recent evidence suggests a link between these injuries and alterations in biomechanics produced by athlete fatigue. Previous studies have evaluated the effect of fatigue on elbow injuries using a wide array of fatigue protocols/athletic tasks, and, as a consequence, the results have been heterogeneous. Purpose: To determine whether there is a uniform alteration in neuromuscular function or biomechanics as the overhead athlete fatigues. Furthermore, this study sought to determine whether player fatigue should be accounted for in ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) injury prevention programs. Study Design: Systematic review. Methods: A systematic review of the literature using PubMed and MEDLINE databases was performed. Keywords included fatigue, upper extremity, baseball, pitcher, throwing, and muscle activity. Inclusion criteria consisted of original research articles in the English language involving healthy athletes, use of fatigue protocols, and the evaluation of at least 1 upper limb biomechanical variable. Results: A total of 35 studies involving 644 athletes (90 females, 554 males; mean age, 20.2 years) met the inclusion criteria. General fatigue protocols were used in 2 investigations, peripheral protocols were used in all 35 studies, and 5 different athletic tasks were studied (simulated baseball game, overhead throwing, high-effort swimming, simulated tennis game, and overhead serving). There was a uniform decrease in muscle force production and proprioception in athletes after completing a fatigue protocol. However, there was no consistency among studies when evaluating other important upper limb biomechanical factors. The fatigue protocols did not consistently produce statistically significant changes in elbow torque, pitching biomechanics, or ball velocity. Conclusion: A uniform decrease in muscle force production and proprioception was found after fatigue protocols; however, a majority of fatigue protocols published in the current literature are inconsistently measured and produce heterogeneous results. Therefore, currently, no recommendations can be made for changes in UCL injury prevention training programs to account for potential effects of fatigue. The effect of muscle force production and proprioception on upper extremity injuries should be evaluated in future studies.

scholarly journals Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander men and parenting: a scoping review

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kootsy Canuto ◽  
Stephen G. Harfield ◽  
Karla J. Canuto ◽  
Alex Brown
Keyword(s):  
Scoping Review ◽  
Torres Strait Islander ◽  
Grey Literature ◽  
Parenting Programs ◽  
Positive Outcomes ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Dysfunctional Family ◽  
Roles And Responsibilities ◽  
Comprehensive Search ◽  
Torres Strait

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander men rarely rate a mention within discussions of parenting unless framed in the negative, or as the cause of dysfunctional family life. Consequently, the roles and responsibilities of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander men within parenting have largely been neglected or ignored. This scoping review aimed to identify and describe Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander parenting programs that focused on male parents. A comprehensive search was conducted of databases, PubMed and Informit ATSIhealth, to identify peer-review publications, while relevant websites were also searched for grey literature. The review identified eight programs that met the inclusion criteria. The review highlights the lack of rigorously researched and published literature on parenting programs that focus on Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander male parents. The programs all reported positive outcomes and demonstrate that given the opportunity, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander male parents are ready and determined to fulfil their roles and responsibilities as parents to the best of their ability for the benefit of their families and communities. The provision of inclusive parenting programs and services will equip Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander male parents to better support their families during these important times.

Systematic analysis to assess the scientific validity of the international residue limits for caffeine and theophylline in horse-racing

2019 ◽  
Vol 185 (8) ◽  
pp. 230-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Hertzsch ◽  
Angelika Richter
Keyword(s):  
Active Metabolite ◽  
Current System ◽  
International Federation ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Data ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Scientific Validity ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
In Doping ◽  
Statistical Approaches ◽  
Equine Sports

Based on their performance-enhancing potential, caffeine and theophylline are prohibited substances in equine sports. Residues in horses can be caused by wilful application or by unintended uptake of contaminated feed. The International Federation of Horseracing Authorities recently introduced international residue limits (IRLs) to facilitate the discrimination between pharmacological relevant and irrelevant concentrations in doping samples. The objective of this study was to investigate the scientific validity of these IRLs. A systematic analysis was performed to assess the IRLs by different statistical approaches using published pharmacokinetic data. 31 out of 218 potentially relevant publications met the inclusion criteria. Thereby, both IRLs were found to be appropriate for the exclusion of the presence of a relevant pharmacological effect after a wilful application. The IRL of theophylline was also determined to be suitable for the prevention of positive doping tests caused by the ingestion of contaminated feed. In contrast, the IRL of caffeine is not suitable to prevent positive doping test caused by the ingestion of more than 10 mg caffeine per day per horse with contaminated feed. The lack of corresponding regulation for paraxanthine, a major active metabolite of caffeine and theophylline, was recognised as a substantial shortcoming of the current system, rendering both IRLs incomplete.

scholarly journals Systematic Review Shows Only Few Reliable Studies of Physical Activity Intervention in Adolescents

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nara Michelle Moura Soares ◽  
Arley Santos Leão ◽  
Josivan Rosa Santos ◽  
Glauber Rocha Monteiro ◽  
Jorge Rollemberg dos Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Observational Studies ◽  
Physical Activity Intervention ◽  
Intervention Programs ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Intervention Period ◽  
Effective Interventions ◽  
Mesh Terms ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Low Levels

Introduction. Several studies have pointed to the high prevalence of low levels of physical activity in adolescents, suggesting the need for more effective interventions for this group. The aim of this study was to present evidence of intervention programs for efficacy of physical activity for adolescents.Methods. Surveys in PubMed, SportDiscus, LiLacs, and SciELO databases were conducted using keywords to identify population, intervention, and outcome, as well as DeCS and MeSH terms in English, Portuguese, and Spanish, whenever appropriate. The review included observational studies with minimal intervention of six months, minimum sample size of 100 adolescents, written in any language, and those who have reached STROBE score greater than 70%.Results. Only seven studies met all inclusion criteria. Of these, five were pre- and postintervention and two hadn>2000participants. Interventions were of several types, durations, and strategies for physical activity implementation. Behavior change was assessed in 43% of studies and three reported success in some way.Conclusion. Due to heterogeneity in their contents and methodologies, as well as the lack of jobs that accompany adolescents after the intervention period, one cannot draw conclusions about the actual effects of the intervention programs of physical activity on the behavior of young people.

scholarly journals The ecology of Nipah virus in Bangladesh: a nexus of land use change and opportunistic feeding behavior in bats

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clifton D. McKee ◽  
Ausraful Islam ◽  
Stephen P. Luby ◽  
Henrik Salje ◽  
Peter J. Hudson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Land Use Change ◽  
Forest Cover ◽  
Current System ◽  
Nipah Virus ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Anthropogenic Pressure ◽  
Effective Interventions ◽  
Historical Processes ◽  
Roosting Behavior

AbstractNipah virus is a bat-borne paramyxovirus that produces yearly outbreaks of fatal encephalitis in Bangladesh. Understanding the ecological conditions that lead to spillover from bats to humans can assist in designing effective interventions. To investigate the current and historical processes that drive Nipah spillover in Bangladesh, we analyzed the relationship between spillover events and climatic conditions, the spatial distribution and size of Pteropus medius roosts, and patterns of land use change in Bangladesh over the last 300 years. We found that 53% of annual variation in winter spillovers is explained by winter temperature, which may affect bat behavior, physiology, and human risk behaviors. We infer from changes in forest cover that a progressive shift in bat roosting behavior occurred over hundreds of years, producing the current system where a majority of P. medius populations are small (median of 150 bats), occupy roost sites for 10 years or more, live in areas of high human population density, and opportunistically feed on cultivated food resources – conditions that promote viral spillover. Without interventions, continuing anthropogenic pressure on bat populations similar to what has occurred in Bangladesh could result in more regular spillovers of other bat viruses, including Hendra and Ebola viruses.

Adolescent injuries

2018 ◽  
pp. 78-81
Author(s):  
Qingfeng Li ◽  
Adnan A Hyder
Keyword(s):  
Injury Prevention ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Road Traffic Crashes ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Effective Interventions

Injuries are the leading cause of mortality and morbidity for children 10–19 years old globally. Low and middle-income countries account for a burden of injuries disproportionate to their population, vehicle possession, and economic activities. Common types of unintentional injuries include road traffic crashes, drowning, burns, and falls. Self-harm is the most common type of intentional injury globally. Major barriers to injury prevention are lack of quality data on injury epidemiology, misperception of injuries as ‘accidents’, insufficient funding, and the multi-sectorial nature of injury prevention. Previous studies and experience, mostly from high-income countries, have identified a set of effective and cost-effective interventions to prevent child injuries. Evidence-based and well-enforced legislation is a highly effective tool in preventing injuries. Enhanced multi-sectorial effort is required to achieve development goals on injuries, including the sustainable development goal (SDG) target 3.6: by 2020, halve the number of global deaths and injuries from road traffic injuries.

scholarly journals Pitch and Duration Pattern Sequence Tests in 7- to 11-Year-Old Children: Results Depend on Response Mode

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (01) ◽  
pp. 006-015
Author(s):  
Sheila Andreoli Balen ◽  
David R. Moore ◽  
Koichi Sameshima
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Individual Performance ◽  
Response Mode ◽  
Behavioral Disorder ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Response Condition ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
First Response ◽  
Pattern Sequence

AbstractPitch pattern sequence (PPS) and duration pattern sequence (DPS) tests are frequently used in the assessment of auditory processing disorder. Current recommendations suggest alternate, interchangeable modes for responding to stimuli.The objective of the study is to evaluate the influence of response mode (i.e., humming, pointing, and labeling) and age on PPS and DPS performance of 7- to 11-year-old children.Laboratory-based testing of school children. Cross-sectional comparison of age, with repeated measures of age, test, ear, and response mode.From 452 children recruited, 228 right-handed children (109 girls) aged 7 years to 11 years 11 months (mean age 9 years 4 months) completed at least one test (PPS: 211, DPS: 198), and 181 children completed both tests. Audiology inclusion criteria include normal hearing thresholds (≤15 dB HL at octave frequencies 250–8000 Hz); word recognition in quiet ≥92%; tympanogram peak compensated static acoustic compliance 0.4–1.6 mmhos; and tympanometric peak pressure −100 to +50 daPa, all in both ears. Other inclusion criteria were Portuguese as first language; right handed; no musical training; no related, known, or observed phonological, learning, neurologic, psychiatric, or behavioral disorder; otologic history; and delayed neuropsychomotor or language development.PPS: 30 trials per ear and response condition of three consecutive 500 msec duration intermixed high (1430 Hz) or low (880 Hz) frequency tones presented monaurally at 50 dB HL. The first response condition was humming followed by labeling (naming: high or low). DPS: As per PPS except 1000 Hz tones of intermixed 500 (long) and 250 msec (short) duration. First response was pointing (at a symbolic object) followed by labeling. Trends across age and between tests were assessed using repeated measures generalized linear mixed models. Correlation coefficients were calculated to assess relations among test scores. The two-sided significance level was 0.05.Older children performed better than younger children in all tasks. Humming the tone pattern (PPS humming) produced generally better performance than either articulating the attributes of the tones (labeling) or pointing to objects representing tone duration. PPS humming produced ceiling performance for many children of all ages. For both labeling tasks and DPS pointing, performance was better on the PPS than on the DPS, for stimulation of the right than the left ear, and in boys than girls. Individual performance on the two tasks was highly correlated.Response mode does matter in the PPS and DPS. Results from humming should not be combined with or be a substitute for results obtained from a labeling response. Tasks that rely on labeling a tonal stimulus should be avoided in testing hearing in children or other special populations.

scholarly journals The Ecology of Nipah Virus in Bangladesh: A Nexus of Land-Use Change and Opportunistic Feeding Behavior in Bats

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 169
Author(s):  
Clifton D. McKee ◽  
Ausraful Islam ◽  
Stephen P. Luby ◽  
Henrik Salje ◽  
Peter J. Hudson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Land Use Change ◽  
Forest Cover ◽  
Current System ◽  
Nipah Virus ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Anthropogenic Pressure ◽  
Effective Interventions ◽  
Historical Processes ◽  
Roosting Behavior

Nipah virus is a bat-borne paramyxovirus that produces yearly outbreaks of fatal encephalitis in Bangladesh. Understanding the ecological conditions that lead to spillover from bats to humans can assist in designing effective interventions. To investigate the current and historical processes that drive Nipah spillover in Bangladesh, we analyzed the relationship among spillover events and climatic conditions, the spatial distribution and size of Pteropus medius roosts, and patterns of land-use change in Bangladesh over the last 300 years. We found that 53% of annual variation in winter spillovers is explained by winter temperature, which may affect bat behavior, physiology, and human risk behaviors. We infer from changes in forest cover that a progressive shift in bat roosting behavior occurred over hundreds of years, producing the current system where a majority of P. medius populations are small (median of 150 bats), occupy roost sites for 10 years or more, live in areas of high human population density, and opportunistically feed on cultivated food resources—conditions that promote viral spillover. Without interventions, continuing anthropogenic pressure on bat populations similar to what has occurred in Bangladesh could result in more regular spillovers of other bat viruses, including Hendra and Ebola viruses.

The Relationship Between Physical Activity and Inhibition in Children With and Without Motor Impairments

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (11) ◽  
pp. 1118-1124
Author(s):  
Jane Jie Yu ◽  
Chia-Liang Tsai ◽  
Chien-Yu Pan ◽  
Ru Li ◽  
Cindy Hui-Ping Sit
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Mixed Models ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Typical Development ◽  
Motor Ability ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Motor Impairments ◽  
Effective Interventions ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Relationship

Background: To examine the relationship between physical activity (PA) and inhibition in boys and girls with motor impairments compared with children with typical development. Methods: The participants were 58 (26 motor impairments and 32 typical development) children aged 7–12 years who met the inclusion criteria. PA was assessed using accelerometers for 7 consecutive days. The time spent in PA of different intensity levels (light, moderate, and vigorous) were analyzed for weekdays and weekends. Using a visuospatial attention paradigm, inhibition was evaluated by the difference in reaction time between invalid and valid cue conditions. Generalized linear mixed models were used to determine the associations of inhibition with PA and motor ability by sex. Results: Boys and children with typical development had shorter reaction times in inhibition than girls (P < .001) and children with motor impairments (P < .05), respectively. Motor ability (b = 189.98) and vigorous PA on weekdays (b = −43.18) were significant predictors of inhibition in girls only. Conclusions: The results indicate a positive relationship between vigorous PA (on weekdays) and inhibition in children (girls), moderated by sex and motor ability. Effective interventions that promote vigorous PA for children both in and out of school should be designed to foster their executive function development.

scholarly journals O8B.4 Exploring occupational injury experiences during hot weather: a national survey of health and safety professionals

2019 ◽  
Vol 76 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. A72.3-A73
Author(s):  
Blesson Varghese ◽  
Dino Pisaniello ◽  
Alana Hansen ◽  
Susan Williams ◽  
Peng Bi
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Injury Prevention ◽  
Injury Risk ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Occupational Injuries ◽  
Productivity Loss ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
Preventive Measure ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Hot Weather

IntroductionExposure to extreme heat can lead to adverse health effects and contribute to work-related injuries. However, there is limited understanding of how physical injuries arise in hot weather. A study of the perspectives of stakeholders such as occupational health and safety professionals (HSPs) on injury risk factors during hot weather may assist in informing injury prevention efforts.MethodsA national online survey of HSPs was undertaken. Collected data included perspectives on injury experiences, current preventive measures, training, policies and guidelines, and barriers for prevention. Results were analyzed descriptively and a log-poisson regression was used to identify risk factors associated with reported injuries during hot weather at workplaces the HSPs visited/managed.ResultsIn total there were 307 respondents, the majority of who acknowledged the potential for increased risk of occupational injuries in hot weather. A variety of injury types and mechanisms were reported, including manual handling injuries, hand injuries, wounds or lacerations and loss of control of power tools.Work factors significantly associated with reported injuries included problems with personal protective equipment; lack of shade; inadequate hydration and rest breaks, and problems with supervision.Less than half (42%) of HSPs stated the availability of adequate heat training for staff and 54% reported the provision for outdoor work to cease if temperatures are extreme as a preventive measure in workplaces they visited/managed. HSPs recommended ‘heat stress training’ as the most important preventive measure for outdoor and indoor workers. Reported barriers for prevention include: lack of awareness by workers and supervisors of injury risks, and management concerns about productivity loss and/or deadlines.ConclusionThese findings point to a range of modifiable work and organisational risk factors for injury during hot weather. More attention to these factors, in conjunction with traditional interventions for heat-induced illness, could enhance injury prevention in the workplace.

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