scholarly journals Evolutionary development of embryonic cerebrospinal fluid composition and regulation: an open research field with implications for brain development and function

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
David Bueno ◽  
Jordi Garcia-Fernàndez
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Brain Development ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Evolutionary Development ◽  
Fluid Composition ◽  
Open Research ◽  
And Function

scholarly journals Neuroplacentology in congenital heart disease: placental connections to neurodevelopmental outcomes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel L. Leon ◽  
Imran N. Mir ◽  
Christina L. Herrera ◽  
Kavita Sharma ◽  
Catherine Y. Spong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Development ◽  
Congenital Heart ◽  
Fetal Brain ◽  
In Utero ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Brain Growth ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Outcomes ◽  
Fetal Brain Development ◽  
And Function

Abstract Children with congenital heart disease (CHD) are living longer due to effective medical and surgical management. However, the majority have neurodevelopmental delays or disorders. The role of the placenta in fetal brain development is unclear and is the focus of an emerging field known as neuroplacentology. In this review, we summarize neurodevelopmental outcomes in CHD and their brain imaging correlates both in utero and postnatally. We review differences in the structure and function of the placenta in pregnancies complicated by fetal CHD and introduce the concept of a placental inefficiency phenotype that occurs in severe forms of fetal CHD, characterized by a myriad of pathologies. We propose that in CHD placental dysfunction contributes to decreased fetal cerebral oxygen delivery resulting in poor brain growth, brain abnormalities, and impaired neurodevelopment. We conclude the review with key areas for future research in neuroplacentology in the fetal CHD population, including (1) differences in structure and function of the CHD placenta, (2) modifiable and nonmodifiable factors that impact the hemodynamic balance between placental and cerebral circulations, (3) interventions to improve placental function and protect brain development in utero, and (4) the role of genetic and epigenetic influences on the placenta–heart–brain connection. Impact Neuroplacentology seeks to understand placental connections to fetal brain development. In fetuses with CHD, brain growth abnormalities begin in utero. Placental microstructure as well as perfusion and function are abnormal in fetal CHD.

scholarly journals Involvement of Thyroid Hormones in Brain Development and Cancer

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 2693
Author(s):  
Gabriella Schiera ◽  
Carlo Maria Di Liegro ◽  
Italia Di Liegro
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Thyroid Hormones ◽  
Brain Development ◽  
Placental Transfer ◽  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
Mammalian Brain ◽  
Cancer Proliferation ◽  
Fetal Thyroid ◽  
Genomic Effects ◽  
And Function

The development and maturation of the mammalian brain are regulated by thyroid hormones (THs). Both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism cause serious anomalies in the organization and function of the nervous system. Most importantly, brain development is sensitive to TH supply well before the onset of the fetal thyroid function, and thus depends on the trans-placental transfer of maternal THs during pregnancy. Although the mechanism of action of THs mainly involves direct regulation of gene expression (genomic effects), mediated by nuclear receptors (THRs), it is now clear that THs can elicit cell responses also by binding to plasma membrane sites (non-genomic effects). Genomic and non-genomic effects of THs cooperate in modeling chromatin organization and function, thus controlling proliferation, maturation, and metabolism of the nervous system. However, the complex interplay of THs with their targets has also been suggested to impact cancer proliferation as well as metastatic processes. Herein, after discussing the general mechanisms of action of THs and their physiological effects on the nervous system, we will summarize a collection of data showing that thyroid hormone levels might influence cancer proliferation and invasion.

REFERENCE VALUES OF NORMAL CEREBROSPINAL FLUID COMPOSITION IN INFANTS AGES 0 TO 8 WEEKS

1992 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 589-590 ◽  
Author(s):  
William A. Bonadio ◽  
Lynn Stanco ◽  
Robert Bruce ◽  
Darcy Barry ◽  
Douglas Smith
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Reference Values ◽  
Fluid Composition

Neurodevelopment in the first three years: implications for child development, professional practice and policy

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 154-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danya Glaser
Keyword(s):  
Brain Development ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Brain Maturation ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Brain Connections

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to outline brain structure and development, the relationship between environment and brain development and implications for practice. Design/methodology/approach – The paper is based on a selected review of the literature and clinical experience. Findings – While genetics determine the sequence of brain maturation, the nature of brain development and functioning is determined by the young child's caregiving environment, to which the developing brain constantly adapts. The absence of input during sensitive periods may lead to later reduced functioning. There is an undoubted immediate equivalence between every mind function – emotion, cognition, behaviour and brain activity, although the precise location of this in the brain is only very partially determinable, since brain connections and function are extremely complex. Originality/value – This paper provides an overview of key issues in neurodevelopment relating to the development of young children, and implications for policy and practice.

scholarly journals Ovarian Epithelial Cancer Stem Cells

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 1243-1269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irena Conic ◽  
Irena Dimov ◽  
Desanka Tasic-Dimov ◽  
Biljana Djordjevic ◽  
Vladisav Stefanovic
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Cancer Stem Cells ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Epithelial Stem Cells ◽  
Ovarian Epithelial Cancer ◽  
Cells Of Origin ◽  
Cancer Types ◽  
And Function

The last decade witnessed an explosion of interest in cancer stem cells (CSCs). The realization of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) as a CSC-related disease has the potential to change approaches in the treatment of this devastating disease dramatically. The etiology and early events in the progression of these carcinomas are among the least understood of all major human malignancies. Compared to the CSCs of other cancer types, the identification and study of EOC stem cells (EOCSCs) is rather difficult due to several major obstacles: the heterogeneity of tumors comprising EOCs, unknown cells of origin, and lack of knowledge considering the normal ovarian stem cells. This poses a major challenge for urgent development in this research field. This review summarizes and evaluates the current evidence for the existence of candidate normal ovarian epithelial stem cells as well as EOCSCs, emphasizing the requirement for a more definitive laboratory approach for the isolation, identification, and enrichment of EOCSCs. The present review also revisits the ongoing debate regarding other cells and tissues of origin of EOCs, and discusses early events in the pathogenesis of this disease. Finally, this review discusses the signaling pathways that are important regulators of candidate EOCSC maintenance and function, their potential role in the distinct pathogenesis of different EOC subtypes, as well as potential mechanisms and clinical relevance of EOCSC involvement in drug resistance.

Neural Transplantation

1995 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 393-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olle Lindvall
Keyword(s):  
Cell Transplantation ◽  
Therapeutic Strategy ◽  
Symptomatic Relief ◽  
Animal Experiments ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
Demyelinating Disorders ◽  
And Function ◽  
Further Development

Cell transplantation is now being explored as a new therapeutic strategy to restore function in the diseased human central nervous system. Neural grafts show long-term survival and function in patients with Parkinson's disease but the symptomatic relief needs to be increased. Cell transplantation seems justified in patients with Huntington's disease and, at a later stage, possibly also in demyelinating disorders. The further development in this research field will require systematic studies in animal experiments but also well-designed clinical trials in small groups of patients.

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