scholarly journals Pattern of cigarette smoking: intensity, cessation, and age of beginning: evidence from a cohort study in West of Iran

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Behrooz Hamzeh ◽  
Vahid Farnia ◽  
Mehdi Moradinazar ◽  
Yahya Pasdar ◽  
Ebrahim Shakiba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Communicable Disease ◽  
Smoking Behavior ◽  
Smoking Initiation ◽  
Smoking History ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Smoking Intensity ◽  
Premature Deaths

Abstract Background Smoking is a social epidemic and one of the main risk factors for premature deaths and disabilities worldwide. In the present study, we investigated the Pattern of Cigarette Smoking: intensity, cessation, and age of the beginning. Methods Data collected from the recruitment phase of Ravansar (a Kurd region in western Iran) Non-Communicable Disease (RaNCD) cohort study was analyzed by using Chi-square test, univariate and multivariate logistic regressions, Poisson regression, and linear regression. Results Totally 10,035 individuals (47.42% males) participated in the study. Mean age was lower for males (47.45 yr) than for females (48.36 yr). Prevalence of smoking was 20% (36.4% of males and 5.23% of females). Compared to female participants, males showed a 7-fold higher prevalence of smoking and started smoking about 4 years earlier. Being married, having a lower BMI, living in rural areas, and being exposed to secondhand smoke (SHS) were predictors of higher smoking prevalence rates. Furthermore, current exposure to SHS, higher smoking intensity, later smoking initiation, male gender, younger age, lower education, and lower BMI were related to lower likelihood of stopping smoking. Heavy smokers began to smoke about 4 years earlier than casual smokers did. Finally, being divorced/ widow/ widower/ single and childhood exposure to SHS were found to increase the likelihood of becoming a smoker. Conclusions Based on present research results, health programs specific to smoking cessation should take socio-demographic factors, smoking history, and current smoking behavior into account.

scholarly journals Cigarette smoking and cerebral blood flow in a cohort of middle-aged adults

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (7) ◽  
pp. 1247-1257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martine Elbejjani ◽  
Reto Auer ◽  
Sudipto Dolui ◽  
David R Jacobs ◽  
Thaddeus Haight ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Cerebral Blood Flow ◽  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Smoking Behavior ◽  
Smoking Initiation ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Compensatory Mechanisms ◽  
Former Smokers ◽  
Never Smokers ◽  
Using Data

Cigarette smoking is often associated with dementia. This association is thought to be mediated by hypoperfusion; however, how smoking behavior relates to cerebral blood flow (CBF) remains unclear. Using data from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) cohort (mean age = 50; n = 522), we examined the association between smoking behavior (status, cumulative pack-years, age at smoking initiation, and years since cessation) and CBF (arterial spin labeling) in brain lobes and regions linked to dementia. We used adjusted linear regression models and tested whether associations differed between current and former-smokers. Compared to never-smokers, former-smokers had lower CBF in the parietal and occipital lobes, cuneus, precuneus, putamen, and insula; in contrast, current-smokers did not have lower CBF. The relationship between pack-years and CBF was different between current and former-smokers ( p for interaction < 0.05): Among current-smokers, higher pack-years were associated with higher occipital, temporal, cuneus, putamen, insula, hippocampus, and caudate CBF; former-smokers had lower caudate CBF with increasing pack-years. Results show links between smoking and CBF at middle-age in regions implicated in cognitive and compulsive/addictive processes. Differences between current and former smoking suggest that distinct pathological and/or compensatory mechanisms may be involved depending on the timing and history of smoking exposure.

scholarly journals Cigarette-Smoking Intensity and Interferon-Gamma Release Assay Conversion among Persons Who Inject Drugs: A Cohort Study

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanghyuk S. Shin ◽  
Manuel Gallardo ◽  
Remedios Lozada ◽  
Daniela Abramovitz ◽  
Jose Luis Burgos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Interferon Gamma ◽  
Bivariate Analysis ◽  
Interferon Gamma Release Assay ◽  
Persons Who Inject Drugs ◽  
Smoking Intensity ◽  
Gender Education ◽  
Release Assay ◽  
Risk Ratios

We analyzed data from a longitudinal cohort study of persons who inject drugs (PWID) in Tijuana, Mexico, to explore whether cigarette smoking increases the risk of interferon gamma release assay (IGRA) conversion. PWID were recruited using respondent driven sampling (RDS). QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube (QFT) assay conversion was defined as interferon-gamma concentrations <0.35 IU/mL at baseline and ≥0.7 IU/mL at 18 months. We used multivariable Poisson regression adjusted for RDS weights to estimate risk ratios (RRs). Of 129 eligible participants, 125 (96.9%) smoked at least one cigarette during followup with a median of 11 cigarettes smoked daily, and 52 (40.3%) had QFT conversion. In bivariate analysis, QFT conversion was not associated with the number of cigarettes smoked daily (P=0.716). Controlling for age, gender, education, and alcohol use, the RRs of QFT conversion for smoking 6–10, 11–15, and ≥16 cigarettes daily compared to smoking 0–5 cigarettes daily were 0.9 (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.5–1.6), 0.5 (95% CI, 0.3–1.2), and 0.7 (95% CI, 0.3–1.6), respectively. Although this study did not find an association between self-reported smoking intensity and QFT conversion, it was not powered sufficiently to negate such an association. Larger longitudinal studies are needed to fully explore this relationship.

scholarly journals Assessment of Cigarette Smoking in Epidemiologic Studies

2013 ◽  
Vol 25 (7) ◽  
pp. 638-648 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Weitkunat ◽  
CRE Coggins ◽  
Z Sponsiello-Wang ◽  
G Kallischnigg ◽  
R Dempsey
Keyword(s):  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Exposure Assessment ◽  
Smoking Behavior ◽  
Epidemiologic Studies ◽  
Cumulative Exposure ◽  
Smoking History ◽  
Primary Concern ◽  
Core Set ◽  
Detailed Assessment ◽  
High Level

AbstractThe assessment of cumulative exposure based on collecting information on the history of active cigarette smoking has been and is being undertaken in a variety of ways. While a very detailed assessment may be required for studies with a focus on particular aspects of smoking behavior and history, comparability of measurements and results across studies remains a primary concern. Addressing the problem of heterogeneity of exposure assessment across studies can be achieved by a core set of questions that cover the major dimensions of cigarette smoking, and yet comply with current criteria used for defining smoking history and status. In studies where no very high level of exposure assessment is required or where smoking is not the major subject of investigation, a practical standardized core set of questions appears to be of considerable value, in particularwith regard to making results more comparable across studies.

scholarly journals Smoking Intensity and Associated Factors among Male Smokers in Ethiopia: Further Analysis of 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Simegnew Handebo ◽  
Setognal Birara ◽  
Ayenew Kassie ◽  
Adane Nigusie ◽  
Wallelign Aleminew
Keyword(s):  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Health Survey ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Demographic And Health Survey ◽  
Eastern Ethiopia ◽  
Smoking Intensity ◽  
Drunk Alcohol ◽  
Selection Of

Background. Smoking invariably has health, social, economic, and environmental consequences in Ethiopia. Reducing and quitting cigarette smoking improves individual health and increases available household funds for food, education, and better economic productivity. Therefore, this study is aimed at assessing cigarette smoking intensity and associated factors among male smokers in Ethiopia. Methods. The data were extracted from the 2016 national cross-sectional Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey. Our study used data from the standardized and adapted men’s questionnaire. The study included a total of 391 (weighted) smokers who at least smoked one manufactured cigarette per day. The data were collected using a two-stage cluster design which includes selection of enumeration areas and then selection of households. The number of manufactured cigarettes smokers smoked per day was used to measure smoking intensity. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the study findings. Bivariable and multivariable truncated negative binomial Poisson regression models were employed to determine smoking intensity. Results. The finding showed that on average men smoked weighted nine cigarettes per day. One in every five of the smokers (21.2%) smoked 10 cigarettes per day. Smokers living in rural areas (IRR=0.43, 95% CI: 0.244, 0.756), currently married (IRR=0.64, 95% CI: 0.46, 0.91), formerly married (IRR=0.54, 95% CI: 0.30, 0.96), richer men (IRR=0.63, 95% CI: 0.43, 0.90), and richest men (IRR=0.49, 95% CI: 0.28, 0.87) were associated with lower smoking intensity. Smokers in the Somali (IRR=2.80, 95% CI: 1.29, 6.11), Harari (IRR=3.46, 95% CI: 1.14, 10.51), and Dire Dawa (IRR=3.09, 95% CI: 1.23, 7.80) regions; older age (IRR=1.77, 95% CI: 1.31, 2.40); affiliated with Protestant religion (IRR=1.81, 95% CI: 1.12, 2.92); poorer men (IRR=1.64, 95% CI: 1.19, 2.27); watched television (IRR=1.18, 95% CI: 1.04, 1.35); drunk alcohol (IRR=1.37, 95% CI: 1.03, 1.82); and completed primary (IRR=1.15, 95% CI: 1.01, 0.317) and higher education (IRR=2.96, 95% CI: 1.88, 4.67) were positively associated with smoking intensity. Conclusion. Male smokers in Ethiopia smoked intensively with an average of nine manufactured cigarettes per day. Tobacco control interventions should target the following: Eastern Ethiopia regions, older aged, affiliated with Protestant religion, poorer men, watched television, drunk alcohol, and primary and higher educational level.

scholarly journals Relationships between smoking duration, smoking intensity, hypothetical tobacco price increases, and smoking habit change intention among current smokers in Shanghai

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (10) ◽  
pp. 5216-5228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruiping Wang ◽  
Yonggen Jiang ◽  
Xin Li ◽  
Qi Zhao ◽  
Meiying Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Smoking Habit ◽  
Smoking Behavior ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Retail Price ◽  
Price Increase ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Smoking Intensity ◽  
Price Increases ◽  
Smoking Duration

Objectives We conducted a cross-sectional study to explore the effect of a hypothetical tobacco retail price increase on smoking habit change intention, and the role of smoking duration and intensity in smoking change intention. Methods In 2016 and 2017, we collected questionnaire data from 36,698 residents aged over 18 years in Songjiang district, Shanghai. Chi-square tests and weighted logistic regression were used for data analyses. Results The prevalence of current smoking was 19.78% (men: 48.36% and women: 0.22%). A total of 10.83% (men: 10.89% and women: 2.04%) and 9.39% of smokers (men: 9.42% and women: 6.12%) expressed the intention to smoke less or quit, respectively, given tobacco retail price increases. If the current tobacco retail price doubled, 75% of smokers stated that they would smoke less and 60% of smokers would consider quitting. Smokers with longer smoking duration and lower smoking intensity were more sensitive to tobacco price increases and more likely to change their smoking habits. Conclusions An increase in tobacco retail prices could induce some smokers to change their smoking behavior, particularly those with longer smoking duration and lower smoking intensity. A tobacco retail price increase is recommended, which should apply to all cigarette brands.

scholarly journals Risk Factors Influencing Smoking Behavior: A Turkish Twin Study

2014 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 563-573 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sevgi Yurt Öncel ◽  
Danielle M. Dick ◽  
Hermine H. Maes ◽  
Fazil Alıev
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Nicotine Dependence ◽  
Twin Study ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Structural Equation Models ◽  
Environmental Influence ◽  
Smoking Behavior ◽  
Smoking Initiation ◽  
Smoking History ◽  
Shared Environmental Influence

Aim: In this study, we introduce the first twin study in Turkey, focusing on smoking behavior, and laying the foundation to register all twins born in Turkey for research purposes. Using Turkish twins will contribute to our understanding of health problems in the context of cultural differences. Materials and methods: We assessed 309 twin pairs (339 males and 279 females) aged between 15 and 45 years living in the Kırıkkale and Ankara regions of Turkey, and administered a health and lifestyle interview that included questions about smoking status and smoking history. We analyzed the data using descriptive statistics, t-tests, chi-square tests, and bivariate and multivariate clustered logistic regression. In addition, we fit bivariate Structural Equation Models (SEM) to determine contributions of latent genetic and environmental factors to smoking outcomes in this sample. Results: One hundred seventy-eight participants (28.8%) were identified as smokers, smoking every day for a month or longer, of whom 79.2% were males and 20.8% were females. Mean values for number of cigarettes per day and the Fagerstrom Test of Nicotine Dependence (FTND; Fagerstrom, 1978) score were higher in males than in females, and age of onset was earlier in males. There was a significant positive correlation between the FTND score and number of cigarettes smoked per day, and a significant negative correlation between both variables and age at onset of smoking. Our study showed that gender, presence of a smoking twin in the family, age, alcohol use, marital status, daily sports activities, and feeling moody all played a significant role in smoking behavior among twins. The twin analysis suggested that 79.5% of the liability to FTND was influenced by genetic factors and 20.5% by unique environment, while familial resemblance for smoking initiation was best explained by common environmental factors. Conclusions: Marked differences in the prevalence of smoking behavior in men versus women were observed for the Turkish population. Genetic analyses showed that common environmental factors primarily contributed to smoking initiation, while genetic factors explained a greater proportion of variance in liability to nicotine dependence. Our study shows higher heritability estimate of the FTND scores and higher shared environmental influence on smoking initiation for both males and females than reported in previous studies.

P6136Intense daily cigarette smoking accelerates vascular damage of smokers with a moderate cumulative tobacco smoke exposure

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
N Ioakeimidis ◽  
C Vlachopoulos ◽  
C Georgakopoulos ◽  
D Terentes-Printzios ◽  
I Koutagiar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Tobacco Smoke ◽  
Vascular Function ◽  
Smoke Exposure ◽  
Tobacco Smoke Exposure ◽  
Smoking History ◽  
Daily Smoking ◽  
Microvascular Damage ◽  
Smoking Intensity ◽  
Smoking Exposure

Abstract Purpose Coronary artery disease death has been associated with increased cigarette smoking intensity. Aim of the study is to investigate the impact of cigarette smoking intensity on vascular function and structure changes among male smokers with similar age at starting smoking and moderate cumulative tobacco smoke exposure. Methods Indices of vascular function and structure including carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (PWV), brachial flow-mediated dilation (bFMD), carotid intima media thickness (cIMT) and microvascular damage (penile vasculature) were measured in 118 smokers consuming up to 1 pack (20 cigarettes)/day and 58 patients smoking >1 pack (20 cigarettes)/day. The two groups had a similar mean cigarette smoking exposure (32 pack/years). Microvascular damage was examined by measuring penile peak systolic velocity (PSV) with a dynamic penile color Doppler ultrasonography after intracavernous injection of prostanglandin E1. Lower PSV values indicate severe penile vascular disease. Results The individuals smoking more than 1 pack/day were 10 years younger than smokers consuming up to 1 pack/day, however systolic, diastolic blood pressure, body-mass index, fasting blood glucose levels, lipid profile, C-reactive protein and total testosterone concentration were similar between the two groups. Figure shows mean bFMD, penile PSV, PWV and cIMT of the two groups. Interestingly, despite the similar cumulative smoking exposure between the two groups, the younger in age individuals with the intense cigarette smoking history had significantly lower mean bFMD and penile PSV (all P<0.05) and similar PWV and cIMT compared to the mean values of older subjects smoking up to 1 pack/day. Smoking intensity and vascular changes Conclusions Intense daily smoking accelerates damage of large arteries and significantly impairs microvascular and systemic endothelial function. Considering the predictive value of vascular biomarkers, the findings of this study imply the possibility that baseline daily smoking intensity could be a better summary measure of smoking-related cardiovascular risk among young heavy smokers, relative to total pack-years of smoking.

scholarly journals Adolescent Peer Choice and Cigarette Smoking: Evidence of Active Gene–Environment Correlation?

2013 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 970-976 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda G. Wills ◽  
Gregory Carey
Keyword(s):  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Peer Influence ◽  
Behavior Genetics ◽  
Drinking Behavior ◽  
Smoking Behavior ◽  
Peer Groups ◽  
Smoking Initiation ◽  
Adolescent Drinking ◽  
Active Gene ◽  
Gene Environment

Both peer groups and genetics have been associated with adolescent smoking behavior. Recently, Loehlin (Loehlin, J. C. (2010). Is there an active gene–environment correlation in adolescent drinking behavior? Behavior Genetics, 40, 447–451) reported that twin differences in alcohol use were associated with differences in the number of common friends. Twins with more common friends were more similar in drinking, but only for dizygotic pairs. Using the same sample as Loehlin's (the National Merit twins), we replicated all of these findings for a composite cigarette smoking measure and for smoking initiation, but not persistence. The pattern of results is most consistent with homophily, or the tendency to associate with individuals that are like oneself. If peer influence occurs in the presence of homophily, then active genotype–environment correlation will be induced.

scholarly journals Age and sex patterns of mortality in a tertiary care teaching hospital in Bagalkot, North Karnataka, India

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 1862
Author(s):  
Gowri Shankar ◽  
Eshwar B. Kalburgi
Keyword(s):  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Communicable Disease ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Premature Mortality ◽  
Research Centre ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Mortality Pattern ◽  
Cardio Vascular ◽  
Age And Sex

Background: Mortality is an inevitable component of hospital practice and patient outcomes. The age and cause of death and sex mortality pattern and the audit give a myriad of information. This helps to identify the trend of mortality. Hence, this study was done to identify age and sex patterns of mortality of the patients admitted to Hangal Sri Kumareshwar Hospital and Research Centre, Navanagar, Bagalkot, Karnataka, India.Methods: A retrospective study of all deaths that occurred in the year 2018 in Hangal Sri Kumareshwar hospital and Research Centre, Navanagar, Bagalkot, Karnataka was done by analysing the records from medical records department after institutional review board clearance. Data regarding age, sex, area of residence, ward of admission and cause of death was noted and analysed using percentages and chi square test.Results: Out of 411 deaths during 2018 in HSK hospital, 64.96% were males and 35.04% were females. Majority (71.53%) were from rural areas. Maximum number of deaths (27.98%) was observed in those more than 61 years of age followed by those between 41 to 60 years of age. Overall, maximum number of deaths (69.35%) was due to a Non communicable disease. Infectious and parasitic disease contributed to 10.46% of deaths. Cardio vascular disease contributed to 16.30% deaths.Conclusions: Primary prevention of non-communicable diseases by creating awareness in the community and secondary prevention by early identification is needed to prevent premature mortality before the age of 60 years.

scholarly journals Lifetime cigarette smoking and chronic widespread and regional pain in later adulthood: evidence from the 1946 British birth cohort study

BMJ Open ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. e021896 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Bendayan ◽  
Rachel Cooper ◽  
Stella G Muthuri
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Leisure Time Physical Activity ◽  
Reference Group ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
Smoking Prevention ◽  
Smoking History ◽  
Birth Cohort Study ◽  
Sufficient Information ◽  
Increased Risk

ObjectiveTo examine whether different lifetime patterns of cigarette smoking are associated with chronic widespread pain (CWP) and chronic regional pain (CRP) at age 68.DesignProspective cohort study.SettingEngland, Scotland and Wales.ParticipantsUp to 2347 men and women from the Medical Research Council National Survey of Health and Development, who have been followed up since birth in 1946 and provided sufficient information on cigarette smoking across adulthood to be classified as never smoker, predominantly non-smoker, predominantly smoker or lifelong smoker and pain assessment at age 68.Primary outcome measuresPain was self-reported at age 68, and CWP was defined according to American College of Rheumatology criteria. Participants who reported having pain for ≥3 months but who did not meet the CWP definition were classified as having CRP; those who reported pain which had lasted for <3 months were classified as ‘other’ pain. No pain was the reference group.ResultsFindings from multinomial logistic regression models indicated that compared with never smokers, predominantly non-smokers, predominantly smokers and lifelong smokers all had an increased risk of CWP; relative risk ratios=1.70(95% CI 1.16 to 2.49); 2.10(95% CI 1.34 to 3.28) and 1.88(95% CI 0.99 to 3.57), respectively, after adjusting for sex, own occupational class, educational level, body mass index, leisure time physical activity, alcohol intake, long-standing illness and symptoms of anxiety and depression. No association was observed between smoking history and CRP or other pain.ConclusionsThese results suggest that exposure to cigarette smoking at any stage in adulthood was associated with higher risk of CWP in later adulthood; highlighting the ongoing importance of smoking prevention programmes. It also suggests that assessment of lifetime smoking behaviour may be more useful in identifying those at greater risk of CWP in later life than assessment of current smoking status.

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