The biology of medicinal resource substitution in Salvia

Abstract Background The decrease of wild reserves and the sharp increase of market demand have led to resource substitution, but it is still not clear how to discover medicinal alternative resources. Here we reveal the biology of medicinal resource substitution in the case of Salvia. Methods A hypothesis was put forward that phylogeny and ecology were the main factors which determined alternative species selection. Phylogenetic analysis was performed based on chloroplast genomes. Spatial climatic pattern was assessed through three mathematical models. Results Salvia miltiorrhiza and alternative species were mainly located in Clade 3 in topology, and their growth environment was clustered into an independent group 3 inferred from principal component analysis. Correlation and Maxent major climate factor analyses showed that the ecological variations within each lineage were significantly smaller than the overall divergent between any two lineages. Mantel test reconfirmed the inalienability between phylogeny and ecology (P = 0.002). Only the species that are genetically and ecologically related to S. miltiorrhiza can form a cluster with it. Conclusions Phylogenetic relationship and geographical climate work together to determine which species has the potential to be selected as substitutes. Other medicinal plants can learn from this biology towards developing alternative resources.

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The Biology of Medicinal Resource Substitution in Salvia

10.21203/rs.3.rs-944628/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Ning Cui ◽

Tiezhu Chen ◽

Baosheng Liao ◽

Jiang Xu ◽

Xiwen Li

Keyword(s):

Principal Component ◽

Mantel Test ◽

Species Selection ◽

Market Demand ◽

Growth Environment ◽

Chloroplast Genomes ◽

Resource Substitution ◽

Group 3 ◽

Alternative Species ◽

Climatic Pattern

Abstract Background: The decrease of wild reserves and the sharp increase of market demand have led to resource substitution, but it is still not clear how to discover medicinal alternative resources. Here we reveal the biology of medicinal resource substitution in the case of Salvia.Methods: A hypothesis was put forward that phylogeny and ecology were the main factors which determined alternative species selection. Phylogenetic analysis was performed based on chloroplast genomes. Spatial climatic pattern was assessed through three mathematical models. Results: S. miltiorrhiza and alternative species were mainly located in Clade 3 in topology, and their growth environment was clustered into an independent group 3 inferred from Principal Component analysis. Correlation and Maxent major climate factor analyses showed that the ecological variations within each lineage were significantly smaller than the overall divergent between any two lineages. Mantel test reconfirmed the inalienability between phylogeny and ecology (P = 0.002). Only the species that are genetically and ecologically related to S. miltiorrhiza can form a cluster with it. Conclusion: Phylogenetic relationship and geographical climate work together to determine which species has the potential to be selected as substitutes. Other medicinal plants can learn from this biology towards developing alternative resources.

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SPATIAL EVALUATION OF THE WATER QUALITY FROM THE VELHAS RIVER CHANNEL, IN THE STATE OF MINAS GERAIS

Periódico Tchê Química ◽

10.52571/ptq.v15.n30.2018.78_periodico30_pgs_75_86.pdf ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 15 (30) ◽

pp. 75-86

Author(s):

C. C. PINTO ◽

K. B. ALMEIDA ◽

S. C. OLIVEIRA

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Principal Component ◽

Industrial Effluents ◽

Metropolitan Region ◽

Multivariate Statistical ◽

Pollution Levels ◽

Group 3 ◽

Group 2 ◽

Belo Horizonte ◽

Monitoring Stations

This study presents an evaluation of the water quality variability of 19 monitoring stations located in the channel of the Velhas river, using multivariate statistical techniques - Cluster Analysis (CA) and Principal Component Analysis/Factor Analysis (PCA/FA). Sixteen physical-chemical parameters were evaluated between January 2009 and June 2016, totalizing 27,232 valid observations. The CA grouped the nineteen monitoring stations into three groups based on the pollution levels. The PCA/FA resulted in six latent factors for group 1, four for group 2 and five for group 3, accounting for 71.44%, 65.32% and 61.69% of the total variance in the respective water quality. The factors indicated that the parameters responsible for the variations in water quality are mainly related to the release of sanitary sewage and industrial effluents and also to agriculture and livestock activities. These results reflect different water quality conditions of the Velhas River in its extension but, in fact, it is verified a greater variability of the water in the Metropolitan Region of Belo Horizonte and its downstream, justified by the different loads of pollutants received in this region, mainly the releases of domestic sewage and industrial effluents.

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Morphological and genetic diversity of Senecio vulgaris L. (Asteraceae) in Iran

Acta Botanica Croatica ◽

10.37427/botcro-2021-012 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 80 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Mostafa Ebadi ◽

Rosa Eftekharian

Keyword(s):

Genetic Diversity ◽

Principal Component ◽

Morphological Characters ◽

Mantel Test ◽

Morphological Data ◽

Principal Coordinates Analysis ◽

Cauline Leaf ◽

Senecio Vulgaris ◽

Molecular Features ◽

Principal Coordinates

Senecio vulgaris L., an annual herb belonging to the Asteraceae, is widely distributed in different regions of the world. There is no information on the intraspecific variations of the morphological and molecular features of this species. In the present investigation, we studied the morphological and genetic diversity of 81 accessions of S. vulgaris collected from 10 geographical populations. Eleven inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) primers were used for the examination of genetic variations among the populations. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) and GST analyses revealed significant differences among the investigated populations. A significant correlation between genetic distance and geographical distance was revealed by the Mantel test. However, reticulation analysis indicated the occurrence of gene flow among most of the populations studied. Principal component analysis (PCA) plot showed that the number of capitula, length of the cauline leaf and plant height were the most variable morphological characters. Principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) plot revealed two groups of populations, according to molecular and morphological data. The results suggested the existence of possible intraspecific taxonomic ranks within this species.

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Population Structure and Genetic Diversity in Korean Cowpea Germplasm Based on SNP Markers

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants9091190 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (9) ◽

pp. 1190 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Eunju Seo ◽

Kipoong Kim ◽

Tae-Hwan Jun ◽

Jinsil Choi ◽

Seong-Hoon Kim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Genetic Diversity ◽

Population Structure ◽

Principal Component ◽

Snp Markers ◽

Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽

Single Nucleotide ◽

Useful Knowledge ◽

Population Structure Analysis ◽

Group 3 ◽

Genetic Diversity Study

Cowpea is one of the most essential legume crops providing inexpensive dietary protein and nutrients. The aim of this study was to understand the genetic diversity and population structure of global and Korean cowpea germplasms. A total of 384 cowpea accessions from 21 countries were genotyped with the Cowpea iSelect Consortium Array containing 51,128 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). After SNP filtering, a genetic diversity study was carried out using 35,116 SNPs within 376 cowpea accessions, including 229 Korean accessions. Based on structure and principal component analysis, a total of 376 global accessions were divided into four major populations. Accessions in group 1 were from Asia and Europe, those in groups 2 and 4 were from Korea, and those in group 3 were from West Africa. In addition, 229 Korean accessions were divided into three major populations (Q1, Jeonra province; Q2, Gangwon province; Q3, a mixture of provinces). Additionally, the neighbor-joining tree indicated similar results. Further genetic diversity analysis within the global and Korean population groups indicated low heterozygosity, a low polymorphism information content, and a high inbreeding coefficient in the Korean cowpea accessions. The population structure analysis will provide useful knowledge to support the genetic potential of the cowpea breeding program, especially in Korea.

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Analysis of Zooplankton Population Fluctuations in the Strait of Georgia, British Columbia

Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada ◽

10.1139/f77-175 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 34 (8) ◽

pp. 1196-1206 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Grant A. Gardner

Keyword(s):

Canonical Correlation ◽

Temporal Trends ◽

Biological Significance ◽

Principal Component ◽

Biological Data ◽

Species Selection ◽

Hydrographic Data ◽

Strait Of Georgia ◽

Key Species ◽

Principal Component Analyses

Canonical correlation, cluster, multiple regression, factor, and principal component analyses were used to examine zooplankton and hydrographic data over the period of unusual fluctuations in the overwintering population sizes of Calanus plumchrus, C. marshallae, and C. pacificus in the Strait of Georgia. Additional hydrographic data were examined for relationships between physical and biological data 3 and 6 mo out of phase. Analysis indicates a recent subtle temperature and salinity shift of uncertain biological significance. Canonical correlation and principal component analyses suggest that 15% of the variance in the zooplankton is related to a temporal trend paralleling that seen in the physical characteristics of the environment.Based on the factor analysis, C. plumchrus, Pseudocalanus minutas, Acartia longiremus, Sagitta elegans, Euphausia pacifica, Limacina spp, and Oithona spinirostris are suggested as "key" species for future zooplankton monitoring programs. Statistically supported species selection can reduce the time and expense of sorting zooplankton samples without an equivalent reduction of information yield. Key words: zooplankton, populations, Calanus, statistical analysis, temporal trends

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Taxonomic Studies Using Multivariate Analysis of Eriobotrya Based on Morphological Traits

Phytotaxa ◽

10.11646/phytotaxa.302.2.2 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 302 (2) ◽

pp. 122 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

ZHIKE ZHANG ◽

GUIFEN LI ◽

XIANGHUI YANG ◽

SHUNQUAN LIN

Keyword(s):

Morphological Traits ◽

Principal Component ◽

Group 4 ◽

Traditional Taxonomy ◽

Group 3 ◽

Group 5 ◽

Group 2 ◽

Taxonomic Studies ◽

Total Agreement

A phenetic analysis was obtained using numerical taxonomy involving 27 accessories composed of species and varieties of Eriobotrya Lindl. and two related species, Photinia serrulata Lindl., and Rhapiolepis indica Lindl. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to separate 53 morphological traits. Leaf morphology was essential for the classification of Eriobotrya. Clustering was consistent with traditional taxonomy. Eriobotrya was distinctly separate from its related genera, and when the similarity coefficient was 0.55, the Eriobotrya accessions could be divided into five groups as follows: Group 1: species with small leaf, included E. angustissima Hook. f., E. henryi Nakai, and E. seguinii Cardot ex Guillaumin; Group 2: Species with mid-size and large leaf included E. japonica Lindl., E. malipoensis K.C. Kuan, E. serrata J.E. Vidal, and E. stipularis Craib; Group 3: Species with large leaf distributed in tropical and south subtropical areas, E. elliptica Lindl., E. ellliptica f. peniolata Hook., and E. elliptica var. petelottii Vidal; Group 4: Species with tomentose leaves included E. prinoides Rehder & E.H. Wilson, E.× daduheensis H.Z. Zhang ex W.B. Liao, Q. Fan & M.Y. Ding, E. prinoides var. laotica Vidal, E. salwinensis Hand.-Mass., and E. tengyuehensis W.W. Smith; Group 5: All the remaining species including E. bengalensis Hook. f. bengalensis, E. bengalensis (Roxb.) Hook. f. forma angustifolia (Card.) Vidal E. cavaleriei Rehder, E deflexa Nakai, E. deflexa f. buisanensis Nakia, E. deflexa f. koshunensis, E. fragrans Champ. ex Benth., E. kwangsiensis, E. obovata, and E. potlanei Vidal. Our results were in total agreement with the traditional taxonomy of Eriobotrya classification and provide a foundation for the classification and genetic improvement of loquat germplasm.

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Molecular techniques in the assessment of genetic relationships between populations of Consolida (Ranunculaceae)

Caryologia ◽

10.36253/caryologia-1235 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 74 (2) ◽

pp. 149-161

Author(s):

Jing Ma ◽

Wenyan Fan ◽

Shujun Jiang ◽

Xiling Yang ◽

Wenshuai Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Genetic Diversity ◽

Genetic Relationships ◽

Random Amplified Polymorphic Dna ◽

Principal Component ◽

Morphological Characters ◽

Mantel Test ◽

Molecular Techniques ◽

Group Method ◽

Plant Resources ◽

High Genetic Diversity

Genetic diversity studies are essential to understand the conservation and management of plant resources in any environment. The genus Consolida (DC.) Gray (Ranuculaceae) belongs to tribe Delphinieae. It comprises approximately 52 species, including the members of the genus Aconitella Spach. No detailed Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) studies were conducted to study Consolida genetic diversity. Therefore, we collected and analyzed 19 species from 12 provinces of regions. Overall, one hundred and twenty-seven plant specimens were collected. We showed significant differences in quantitative morphological characters in plant species. Unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean and principal component analysis (PCA) divided Consolida species into two groups. All primers produced polymorphic amplicons though the extent of polymorphism varied with each primer. The primer OPA-06 was found to be most powerful and efficient as it generated a total of 24 bands of which 24 were polymorphic. The Mantel test showed correlation (r = 0.34, p=0.0002) between genetic and geographical distances. We reported high genetic diversity, which clearly shows the Consolida species can adapt to changing environments since high genetic diversity is linked to species adaptability. Present results highlighted the utility of RAPD markers and morphometry methods to investigate genetic diversity in Consolida species. Our aims were 1) to assess genetic diversity among Consolida species 2) is there a correlation between species genetic and geographical distance? 3) Genetic structure of populations and taxa.

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Vegetative Characterization of Wild Grapevines (Vitis spp.) Native to Puebla, Mexico

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.43.7.1991 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 43 (7) ◽

pp. 1991-1995 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Omar Franco-Mora ◽

Edgar Jesús Morales-Rosales ◽

Andrés González-Huerta ◽

Juan Guillermo Cruz-Castillo

Keyword(s):

Euclidean Distance ◽

Principal Component ◽

Dorsal Side ◽

General Shape ◽

Group 4 ◽

Total Variability ◽

Group 3 ◽

Group 2 ◽

Group 1

Thirty-four accessions of wild grapevines, native to three regions of the state of Puebla, Mexico, that is Teziutlán, Tehuacán, and Atlixco, were vegetatively characterized with 32 suggested IPGRI, UPOV, and OIV descriptors related to young shoot (YS), mature shoot (MS), young leaf (YL), mature leaf (ML), and woody shoot (WS). Excepting profile and absence of sinus teeth in ML, the remaining parameters showed variation among the accessions. After the performance of a correlation analysis among the 32 characters, only those closely correlated were used; that is, for MS: color of dorsal side of node, density of prostrate trichomes of internode; for YL: density of prostrate trichomes between veins and density of erect trichomes on main veins; and for ML: general shape of petiole sinus and the density of erect trichomes on veins in mature leaves. With those six characters, six principal components explained the total variability observed. The most closely related descriptors for principal Component 1 were the ML general shape of petiole sinus (−0.735) and the YL density of erect trichomes on main veins (0.659), whereas for principal Component 2, the MS color of the dorsal side of the node (0.677) and the density of erect trichomes in ML (0.596) were the most highly related. A cluster analysis identified four groups with a euclidean distance of 18; except for plant 183, the other six included in Group 1 were native to the regions Atlixco and Tehuacán; Group 2 was formed by plants native to the three regions, whereas Group 3 was formed by plants native to Teziutlán and Atlixco; Group 4 was formed only by Plant 36, native to Atlixco. These results show that variation among accessions occurs within and among the three states of the Puebla region.

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Morphological diversities and associated preference traits in Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) landraces from central and southern Benin

International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences ◽

10.4314/ijbcs.v15i3.16 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 15 (3) ◽

pp. 1050-1061

Author(s):

David Montcho ◽

Pascal Gbénou ◽

Antoine Abel Missihoun ◽

Fiacre Assogba ◽

Djidjoho A.T. Hodehou ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Arachis Hypogaea ◽

Principal Component ◽

Morphological Characterization ◽

Breeding Programs ◽

Arachis Hypogaea L ◽

Plant Habit ◽

Group 3 ◽

Pod Length ◽

Trait Preferences

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) production in Benin is limited by several biotic and abiotic stresses. The objectives of this study were to document varietal trait preferences and peanut genetic diversity for breeding programs. A survey in the South and Center of Benin and an agro-morphological characterization was carried out. Results showed that farmers used five criteria, namely yield (seeds and pods), size of seeds, number of seeds per pod, oil content, and quality of the paste for selecting a variety. The clustering based on ten qualitative traits showed a variability structure in three groups based on the leaflets shape, plant habit, and branching pattern. The principal component analysis carried out on the quantitative traits indicated six groups of accessions. The group 3 of the latest analysis is composed of Azii alorga and Kamalo with interesting characteristics and showing a good criteria as seeds size (SDL= 14.62 ± 0.48 mm), and pods size (average pod length and width respectively PoL = 33.70 ± 1.14 mm, Pow = 14.87 ± 0.29 mm). The results should be prioritized for breeding programs to improve the good criteria found in other peanut varieties. It will be helpful for farmers in selecting performant varieties.

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Population Genomic Analysis of Two Endemic Schizothoracins Reveals Their Genetic Differences and Underlying Selection Associated with Altitude and Temperature

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani10030447 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 447

Author(s):

Tianyan Yang ◽

Wei Meng ◽

Baocheng Guo

Keyword(s):

Mixed Model ◽

Isolation By Distance ◽

Genomic Analysis ◽

Principal Component ◽

Mantel Test ◽

Tibet Plateau ◽

Tarim River ◽

Genome Wide ◽

Isolation By Environment ◽

Kaidu River

Schizothoracins are a group of cyprinid fishes distributed throughout the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, which can be classified in three grades: primitive, specialised and highly specialised according to adaptation ability to plateau environments. As the only specialised schizothoracins in Xinjiang, China, Diptychus maculates and Gymnodiptychus dybowskii are ideal materials for adaptive evolution research. Based on single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci detected by specific-locus amplified fragment (SLAF) technology, the genome-wide genetic diversities of these two species from nine sites in Xinjiang were evaluated. D.maculates in the Muzat River (BM) and G. dybowskii in the Kaidu River (LKG) presented the lowest genetic diversity levels, whereas D. maculates in the Kumarik River (BK) and G.dybowskii in the Kashi River (LK) were just the opposite. Cluster and principal component analysis demonstrated a distant genetic affinity between D. maculates in the Tashkurgan River (BT) and other populations. Outlier SNP loci were discovered both in D. maculates and G. dybowskii. The coalescent Bayenv and latent factor mixed model (LFMM) methods showed that a total of thirteen and eighteen SNPs in D. maculates were associated with altitude and temperature gradient, respectively. No intersection was revealed in G. dybowskii. The results indicated that D. maculates was subject to much greater divergent selection pressure. A strong signal of isolation-by-distance (IBD) was detected across D. maculates (Mantel test, rs = 0.65; p = 0.05), indicating an evident geographical isolation in the Tarim River. Isolation-by-environment (IBE) analysis implied that temperature and altitude selections were more intensive in D. maculates, with greater environmental variation resulting in weak gene flow.

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