scholarly journals A national atlas of tsetse and African animal trypanosomosis in Mali

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Boucader Diarra ◽  
Modibo Diarra ◽  
Oumar Diall ◽  
Boubacar Bass ◽  
Youssouf Sanogo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Health ◽  
Grey Literature ◽  
National Level ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
African Animal Trypanosomosis ◽  
Animal Trypanosomosis

Abstract Background Tsetse-transmitted trypanosomosis is a deadly, neglected tropical disease and a major challenge for mixed crop-livestock agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa. It is caused by several species of the genus Trypanosoma. Information on the occurrence of tsetse flies and African animal trypanosomosis (AAT) is available for different areas of Mali. However, these data have never been harmonized and centralized, which prevents the development of comprehensive epidemiological maps and constrains an evidence-based planning of control actions. To address this challenge, we created a dynamic geo-spatial database of tsetse and AAT distribution in Mali. Methods A digital repository containing epidemiological data collected between 2000 and 2018 was assembled. In addition to scientific publications, the repository includes field datasheets, technical reports and other grey literature. The data were verified, harmonized, georeferenced and integrated into a single spatially-explicit database. Results For the tsetse component, approximately 19,000 trapping records, corresponding to 6000 distinct trapping locations and 38,000 flies were included in the database. Glossina palpalis gambiensis was the most widespread and abundant species, and it was found in the southern, southern-central and western parts of the country. Glossina tachinoides was only found in the South. Only a few specimens of Glossina morsitans submorsitans were detected. For the AAT component, approximately 1000 survey records were included, corresponding to 450 distinct survey sites and 37,000 tested bovines. AAT was found in all surveyed regions, although data for the tsetse-free North and North-East are lacking. Trypanosoma vivax and Trypanosoma congolense were the dominant species, while Trypanosoma brucei infections were much less numerous. Conclusions The atlas of tsetse and AAT in Mali provides a synoptic view of the vector and disease situation at the national level. Still, major geographical gaps affect the North, the North-East and the West, and there is also a severe lack of data over the past five years. Trypanosomosis remains a major animal health problem in Mali. However, despite its prevalence and distribution, monitoring and control activities are presently very limited. Efforts should be made to strengthen the progressive control of AAT in Mali, and the atlas provides a new tool to identify priority areas for intervention.

TBE in Italy

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Surveillance System ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
National Level ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Mountainous Regions ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽  
Low Incidence

Italy is considered a low-incidence country for tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) in Europe.1 Areas at higher risk for TBE in Italy are geographically clustered in the forested and mountainous regions and provinces in the north east part of the country, as suggested by TBE case series published over the last decade.2-5 A national enhanced surveillance system for TBE has been established since 2017.6 Before this, information on the occurrence of TBE cases at the national level in Italy was lacking. Both incidence rates and the geographical distribution of the disease were mostly inferred from endemic areas where surveillance was already in place, ad hoc studies and international literature.1

scholarly journals Trypanosome diseases of domestic animals in Uganda. III.—Trypanosoma vivax ( Ziemann )

1910 ◽  
Vol 83 (561) ◽  
pp. 15-27 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Trypanosoma Vivax ◽  
The South ◽  
Lake Shore ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
The Government ◽  
Interesting Species ◽  
The Way

This interesting species of trypanosome appears to be widely distributed in Uganda. It was first discovered by the Commission in two cattle which came from Kavirondo, the district lying to the north-east of Victoria Nyanza. These oxen were driven to Kampala round the north end of the Lake, and probably became infected on the way. Then the Government Transport Department lost many of their oxen from this trypanosome. They were worked between Kampala, the native capital, and Luzira, the port on the Lake-shore, which lies about seven miles to the south-east. When the epidemic. broke out these cattle were kraaled near the Lake-shore, along which they were allowed to graze, and where tsetse-flies are numerous. Afterwards, at the suggestion of the Commission, they were kraaled at Kampala, when the epidemic stopped, and no more deaths from Trypanosoma vivax occurred among them.

scholarly journals Analysis of Fluoride Contamination in Sheep Serum and in Water in the North East of Tunisia Ore Deposits

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rim Hadiji ◽  
Iheb Bannouri ◽  
Saida Zelfani ◽  
Aymen Mamlouk ◽  
Hela Jaballah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Health ◽  
Ore Deposits ◽  
Fluorine Concentration ◽  
Selective Electrode ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Analysis Study ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
High Fluoride

The north east of Tunisia ore deposits (Hammam Zriba) contain a large amount of fluorides constituting a risk of environmental pollution as well as risks to human and animal health. The aim of our work was to assess the levels of fluorides in the water and blood of sheep in the east of Tunisia region. This analysis study included 78 water samples and 60 blood samples taken during 3 days in the year 2019, from a sheep herd at Hammam Zriba delegation. The determination of fluorine concentration in the samples was carried out by potentiometry with a selective electrode type ISE combined Fluoride perfectION™. High Fluoride concentrations were found at a mean of 1.62 ± 1.18, 1.45 ± 0.98, and 2.65 ± 1.61 mg/l, respectively, in running, deep, and stagnant waters. In addition, 83.3% of the animals reared within 400 m of the study area had elevated fluoride levels in the blood exceeding the usual values (fluoremia> 0.15 mg/l). The concentration of fluoride in the blood of the animals decreases with increasing distance from the mine.

scholarly journals An Atlas to Support the Progressive Control of Tsetse-transmitted Animal Trypanosomosis in Burkina Faso

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Percoma Lassané ◽  
Jean Baptiste Rayaissé ◽  
Geoffrey Gimonneau ◽  
Zakaria Bengaly ◽  
Sié Hermann Pooda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Burkina Faso ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Digital Repository ◽  
Animal Blood ◽  
Animal Trypanosomosis ◽  
And Control ◽  
Entomological Data

Abstract Background African animal trypanosomosis (AAT), transmitted by tsetse flies, is arguably the main disease constraint to integrated crop-livestock agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa, and African Heads of State and Government have adopted a resolution to rid the continent of this scourge. In order to sustainably reduce or eliminate the burden of AAT, a progressive and evidence-based approach is need, which must hinge on harmonized, spatially-explicit information on the occurrence of AAT and its vectors.MethodsA digital repository containing tsetse and AAT data collected in Burkina Faso between 1990 and 2019 was assembled. Data were collected either in the framework of control activities or for research purposes. Data were systematically verified, harmonized, georeferenced and integrated into a database (PostgreSQL). Entomological data on tsetse were mapped at the level of individual monitoring trap. When this was not possible, mapping done was at the level of site or location. Epidemiological data on AAT were mapped at the level of location/village.ResultsEntomological data showed that presence of four tsetse species in Burkina Faso. Glossina tachinoides was the most widespread and abundant species (56.35% of the catches), present from the eastern to the western part of the country. Glossina palpalis gambiensis was the second most abundant species (35.56%), and it was mainly found in the West. Glossina morsitans submorsitans was found at lower densities (6.11%), with a patchy distribution in the southern parts of the country. One only cluster of G. medicorum was detected (less than 0.1%), located in the Southwest. For the AAT component, data for 54,948 animal blood samples were assembled from 218 geographic locations. The samples were tested with a variety of diagnostic methods. AAT was found in all surveyed departments, including the tsetse-free areas in the North. Trypanosoma vivax and T. congolense infections were the dominant species 6.11±21.56% and 5.19±18.97% respectively), and to a lesser extend T. brucei infections (0.00±0.10%).Conclusions The atlas provides a synoptic view of the available information on tsetse and AAT distribution in Burkina Faso. Data are very scanty for most of the tsetse-free areas in the northern part of the country. Despite this limitation, this study generated a robust tool to aid the targeting of future surveillance and control activities. The development of the atlas also strengthened the collaboration between the different institutions involved in tsetse and AAT research and control in Burkina Faso, which will be crucial for future updates and the sustainability of the initiative.

scholarly journals Financing of surgery and anaesthesia in sub-Saharan Africa: a scoping review

BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. e051617
Author(s):  
Martilord Ifeanyichi ◽  
Ellis Aune ◽  
Mark Shrime ◽  
Jakub Gajewski ◽  
Chiara Pittalis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Scoping Review ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Grey Literature ◽  
National Level ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Health Priorities ◽  
Situational Analysis ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Anaesthesia Care

ObjectiveThis study aimed to provide an overview of current knowledge and situational analysis of financing of surgery and anaesthesia across sub-Saharan Africa (SSA).SettingSurgical and anaesthesia services across all levels of care—primary, secondary and tertiary.DesignWe performed a scoping review of scientific databases (PubMed, EMBASE, Global Health and African Index Medicus), grey literature and websites of development organisations. Screening and data extraction were conducted by two independent reviewers and abstracted data were summarised using thematic narrative synthesis per the financing domains: mobilisation, pooling and purchasing.ResultsThe search resulted in 5533 unique articles among which 149 met the inclusion criteria: 132 were related to mobilisation, 17 to pooling and 5 to purchasing. Neglect of surgery in national health priorities is widespread in SSA, and no report was found on national level surgical expenditures or budgetary allocations. Financial protection mechanisms are weak or non-existent; poor patients often forego care or face financial catastrophes in seeking care, even in the context of universal public financing (free care) initiatives.ConclusionFinancing of surgical and anaesthesia care in SSA is as poor as it is underinvestigated, calling for increased national prioritisation and tracking of surgical funding. Improving availability, accessibility and affordability of surgical and anaesthesia care require comprehensive and inclusive policy formulations.

scholarly journals ARMED CONFLICTS IN AFRICA: FRAGILE STATES AND RISING INSTABILITY

2017 ◽  
pp. 445-480
Author(s):  
Jeroen Van den Bosch ◽  
Jacek Raubo
Keyword(s):  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Internal Conflict ◽  
Islamic State ◽  
Structural Factors ◽  
Fragile States ◽  
North West ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Sub Saharan

The first part of this article provides an overview of the development of entrenched armed conflicts in Sub Saharan Africa which continue or have resurfaced in 2016. The author (JVdB) aims to expose the underlying causes and nature of the violent contestation by drawing of the works of C. T. Call in order to break open the black box of ‘failed states’ and analyze their legitimacy, capacity and security gaps separately. In addition the author will provide short scenarios of how these conflicts are likely to evolve in the short and medium-term and which (structural) factors will dominate these trends. The second part of this article (by JR) mainly aims at presenting the basic preconditions for the activities of the major terrorist organizations in Africa. With emphasis on the importance of the north-east and north-west regions of this continent in context of terrorist threats. Hence the initial focus was put on Somalia, which as a permanent fragile state remains under the increased influence of the Jihadist organization Al Shabaab, which is an organization with a high potential for increased capacity in the coming years. Next, was sketched out the situation in Egypt, considering, in essence, the activity of the so-called Islamic State in Sinai Peninsula. In this Analysis it also pointed to the intricate internal situation in modern Libya after so-called Arab Spring and international military intervention, where, despite earlier appearances, the terrorist threat was too much positioned, mostly by comprised to the internal conflict between the different Libyan political parties. Finally, efforts were made to illustrate the current terrorist activity in the Mali area, highlighting the importance of Al Qaeda branch AQIM and the situation in Nigeria where Boko Haram group operates.

scholarly journals Survival Analysis of Cancer Patients in North Eastern Nigeria from 2004 – 2017 – A Kaplan - Meier Method

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 642-649 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patience I. Adamu ◽  
Muminu O. Adamu ◽  
Hilary I. Okagbue ◽  
Laban Opoola ◽  
Sheila A. Bishop
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Survival Time ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Kaplan Meier ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
The University

BACKGROUND: Cancer is a deadly malignant disease and is prevalent in Sub Saharan Africa. The North East part of Nigeria in particular and the country, in general, are struggling to cope with the increasing burden of cancer and other communicable and non-communicable diseases. The situation is worsened by the ongoing insurgency and terrorist activities in the area. AIM: The aim of this paper is to present the research findings from a cohort study aimed at the analysis of the estimation of the survivorship time of the real data of cancer patients in the North-eastern part of Nigeria and to establish if the insurgency in the region has contributed negatively to the life expectancy of its inhabitants. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The record of 1,090 patients from medical records departments of the University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital (UMTH), located in Maiduguri, the capital city of Borno State in northeast Nigeria was obtained. The record showed patients that were diagnosed and died of one type of cancer or the other from 2004 to 2017. All the cancer cases included in the present study were grouped into sex, age, marital status, occupation, date admitted and date of death/discharge. Descriptive statistics and Kaplan-Meier method were used to analyse the data using SPSS version 23 while Microsoft EXCEL and Minitab 16.0 were used for data cleansing and organisation. RESULTS: Of the 1,090 patients analysed, 920 (84.40%) experienced the event, i.e. death, while 170 (15.60%) patients were censored. The data were analysed based on the ages and sex of the patients. 50.20% of the patients were of ages 21-50 years. The proportions of patients in this age bracket surviving past 7 days are 75%, while those between ages 80 years and above is 12 days. Others are of survival time of 5 days (ages 0-20 years) and 7 days (51-79 years). Using sex, 75% of the patients’ survival time is 7 days in the case of male and 6 days for females. It is safe to say that the survival time for cancer patients of the university the Maiduguri is 6 days and the result reflects the Northeastern part of Nigeria. This is because the hospital is one of few tertiary healthcare facilities in that area and consequently, cancer cases are often referred there. CONCLUSION: Cancer incidence is high, and the probability of survival reduces as the survival time increases. This is a dire situation in need of urgent intervention from the government, groups and individuals to tackle the scourge of cancer, thereby improving on the life expectancy battered by the ongoing Boko Haram insurgency in that region.

scholarly journals Mathematical modelling and control of African animal trypanosomosis with interacting populations in West Africa—Could biting flies be important in main taining the disease endemicity?

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (11) ◽  
pp. e0242435
Author(s):  
Paul Olalekan Odeniran ◽  
Akindele Akano Onifade ◽  
Ewan Thomas MacLeod ◽  
Isaiah Oluwafemi Ademola ◽  
Simon Alderton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Susceptible Population ◽  
Model Stability ◽  
Application Timing ◽  
African Animal Trypanosomosis ◽  
Pertinent Data ◽  
Southwest Nigeria ◽  
Animal Trypanosomosis

African animal trypanosomosis (AAT) is transmitted cyclically by tsetse flies and mechanically by biting flies (tabanids and stomoxyines) in West Africa. AAT caused by Trypanosoma congolense, T. vivax and T. brucei brucei is a major threat to the cattle industry. A mathematical model involving three vertebrate hosts (cattle, small ruminants and wildlife) and three vector flies (Tsetse flies, tabanids and stomoxyines) was described to identify elimination strategies. The basic reproduction number (R0) was obtained with respect to the growth rate of infected wildlife (reservoir hosts) present around the susceptible population using a next generation matrix technique. With the aid of suitable Lyapunov functions, stability analyses of disease-free and endemic equilibria were established. Simulation of the predictive model was presented by solving the system of ordinary differential equations to explore the behaviour of the model. An operational area in southwest Nigeria was simulated using generated pertinent data. The R0 < 1 in the formulated model indicates the elimination of AAT. The comprehensive use of insecticide treated targets and insecticide treated cattle (ITT/ITC) affected the feeding tsetse and other biting flies resulting in R0 < 1. The insecticide type, application timing and method, expertise and environmental conditions could affect the model stability. In areas with abundant biting flies and no tsetse flies, T. vivax showed R0 > 1 when infected wildlife hosts were present. High tsetse populations revealed R0 <1 for T. vivax when ITT and ITC were administered, either individually or together. Elimination of the transmitting vectors of AAT could cost a total of US$ 1,056,990 in southwest Nigeria. Hence, AAT in West Africa can only be controlled by strategically applying insecticides targeting all transmitting vectors, appropriate use of trypanocides, and institutionalising an appropriate barrier between the domestic and sylvatic areas.

TBE in Italy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentina Tagliapietra ◽  
Flavia Riccardo ◽  
Martina Del Manso ◽  
Giovanni Rezza
Keyword(s):  
Surveillance System ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
National Level ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Mountainous Regions ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽  
Low Incidence

Italy is considered a low-incidence country for tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) in Europe.1 Areas at higher risk for TBE in Italy are geographically clustered in the forested and mountainous regions and provinces in the north east part of the country, as suggested by TBE case series published over the last decade.2-5 A national enhanced surveillance system for TBE has been established since 2017.6 Before this, information on the occurrence of TBE cases at the national level in Italy was lacking. Both incidence rates and the geographical distribution of the disease were mostly inferred from endemic areas where surveillance was already in place, ad hoc studies and international literature.

scholarly journals Haemorrhagic septicaemia, its significance, prevention and control in Asia

2012 ◽  
Vol 47 (No. 8) ◽  
pp. 234-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Benkirane ◽  
Alwis MCL De
Keyword(s):  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
National Level ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Bacterial Disease ◽  
High Coverage ◽  
Haemorrhagic Septicaemia ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
And Control

Haemorrhagic septicaemia (HS) is an endemic disease in most countries of Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. Within the Asian Region, countries can be classified into three categories, on the basis of incidence and distribution of the disease; these are respectively countries where the disease is endemic or sporadic, clinically suspected but not confirmed, or free. Economic losses due to HS are not only confined to losses to the animal industry, but also rice production on account of its high prevalence among draught animals used in rice fields. Only a few attempts have been made to estimate economic losses, the methodologies used in different countries have varied, and many are not based on active surveillance, and a consideration of all components of direct and indirect losses. Most Asian countries rank HS as the most important contagious disease or the most important bacterial disease in cattle and buffaloes. Resource allocation for prevention and control of HS nationally or internationally will evidently depend on a correct estimate of its economic impact. The key factors in prevention and control would be timely and correct reporting, accurate and rapid diagnosis, strategic use of vaccines with the attainment of a high coverage where necessary with a high quality vaccine. National level activities geared towards attainment of these objectives may be with advantage supported and strengthened by international organisations involved in animal health. The present paper attempts to review aspects related to the epidemiology, control and containment of HS in Asia and, proposes some key issues on which a regional programme for HS control in this continent should be centred.

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