Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Arcobacter species in human stool samples derived from out- and inpatients: the prospective German Arcobacter prevalence study Arcopath

Abstract Background: Arcobacter species, particularly A. butzleri, but also A. cryaerophilus constitute emerging pathogens causing gastroenteritis in humans. However, isolation of Arcobacter may often fail during routine diagnostic procedures due to the lack of standard protocols. Furthermore, defined breakpoints for the interpretation of antimicrobial susceptibilities of Arcobacter are missing. Hence, reliable epidemiological data of human Arcobacter infections are scarce and lacking for Germany. We therefore performed a 13-month prospective Arcobacter prevalence study in German patients. Results: A total of 4646 human stool samples was included and Arcobacter spp. were identified from 0.85% of specimens in 3884 outpatients and from 0.40% of specimens in 752 hospitalized patients. Overall, A. butzleri was the most prevalent species (n = 24; 67%), followed by A. cryaerophilus (n = 10; 28%) and A. lanthieri (n = 2; 6%). Whereas A. butzleri, A. cryaerophilus and A. lanthieri were identified in outpatients, only A. butzleri could be isolated from samples of hospitalized patients. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Arcobacter isolates revealed high susceptibilities to ciprofloxacin, whereas bimodal distributions of MICs were observed for azithromycin and ampicillin.Conclusions: In summary, Arcobacter including A. butzleri, A. cryaerophilus and A. lanthieri could be isolated in 0.85% of German outpatients and ciprofloxacin rather than other antibiotics might be appropriate for antibiotic treatment of infections. Further epidemiological studies are needed, however, to provide a sufficient risk assessment of Arcobacter infections in humans.

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Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Arcobacter species in human stool samples: the prospective German Arcobacter prevalence study Arcopath

10.21203/rs.2.19339/v1 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Vanessa Brückner ◽

Ulrike Fiebiger ◽

Ralf Ignatius ◽

Johannes Friesen ◽

Martin Eisenblätter ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽

Epidemiological Data ◽

Diagnostic Procedures ◽

Epidemiological Studies ◽

Hospitalized Patients ◽

Prevalence Study ◽

Emerging Pathogens ◽

Stool Samples ◽

Prevalent Species ◽

Human Stool

Abstract Background Arcobacter species, particularly A. butzleri, but also A. cryaerophilus constitute emerging pathogens causing gastroenteritis in humans. However, isolation of Arcobacter may often fail during routine diagnostic procedures due to the lack of standard protocols. Furthermore, defined breakpoints for the interpretation of antimicrobial susceptibilities of Arcobacter are missing. Hence, reliable epidemiological data of human Arcobacter infections are scarce and lacking for Germany. We therefore performed a 13-month prospective Arcobacter prevalence study in German patients.Results A total of 4646 human stool samples was included and Arcobacter spp. were detected in 0.85% of specimens from 3884 outpatients and in 0.40% of samples from 752 hospitalized patients. Overall, A. butzleri was the most prevalent species (n = 24; 67%), followed by A. cryaerophilus (n = 10; 28%) and A. lanthieri (n = 2; 6%). Whereas A. butzleri, A. cryaerophilus and A. lanthieri were identified in outpatients, only A. butzleri could be isolated from samples of hospitalized patients. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Arcobacter isolates revealed high susceptibilities to ciprofloxacin, whereas bimodal distributions of MICs were observed for azithromycin and ampicillin.Conclusions In summary, Arcobacter could be isolated in 0.85% of German outpatients and ciprofloxacin rather than other antibiotics might be appropriate for antibiotic treatment of infections. Further epidemiological studies are needed, however, to provide a sufficient risk assessment of Arcobacter infections in humans.

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Characterization of Arcobacter strains isolated from human stool samples: results from the prospective German prevalence study Arcopath

Gut Pathogens ◽

10.1186/s13099-019-0344-3 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Vanessa Brückner ◽

Ulrike Fiebiger ◽

Ralf Ignatius ◽

Johannes Friesen ◽

Martin Eisenblätter ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Virulence Genes ◽

Prevalence Study ◽

Intestinal Cell ◽

High Genetic Diversity ◽

Cytotoxic Effects ◽

Intestinal Cell Line ◽

Stool Samples ◽

Human Intestinal Cell Line ◽

Human Stool

Abstract Background Arcobacter constitute emerging food- and waterborne pathogens causing gastroenteritis in humans, but the underlying mechanisms are only incompletely understood. We therefore characterized Arcobacter isolates derived from human stool samples that had been collected during a prospective prevalence study in Germany in vitro. Thirty-six bacterial isolates belonging to the species A. butzleri (n = 24), A. cryaerophilus (n = 10) and A. lanthieri (n = 2) were genotyped by ERIC-PCR, the presence of 10 putative virulence genes was assessed and cytotoxic effects on the human intestinal cell line HT-29/B6 were analyzed applying the WST-assay. Results Genotyping revealed high genetic diversity within the species A. butzleri, A. cryaerophilus and A. lanthieri. Both, A. butzleri and A. lanthieri encoded for a large number of putative virulence genes, while fewer genes were detectable in A. cryaerophilus isolates. Notably, the three cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) genes cdtA, cdtB and cdtC were abundant in both A. lanthieri isolates. Furthermore, all A. butzleri and A. lanthieri, but only one of the A. cryaerophilus isolates exerted cytotoxic effects. Conclusions Our study provides evidence for the abundance of putative virulence genes in Arcobacter isolates and prominent cytotoxic effects of A. butzleri and A. lanthieri in vitro. The presence of cdtA, cdtB, cdtC in A. lanthieri points towards CDT secretion as potential mechanism underlying cytotoxicity as opposed to A. butzleri. However, the association of the Arcobacter virulence factors detected and human morbidity should be addressed in future studies.

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Prevalence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern of Salmonella in Selected Export Abattoirs, East Shewa, Ethiopia

10.21203/rs.3.rs-753054/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Abayneh Alemu ◽

Fikru Regassa ◽

Nigatu Kebede ◽

Rozina Ambachew ◽

Musse Girma ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽

Export Performance ◽

Statistical Significance ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Chain Process ◽

Susceptibility Pattern ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern ◽

Consumer Safety ◽

Stool Samples ◽

Human Stool

Abstract Background Salmonella is one of the major causes of zoonotic foodborne pathogens in the world, with increasing concern for the emergence and spread of antimicrobial-resistant strains. In Ethiopia, the burden of Salmonella is still scarce in abattoirs. Objectives To determine the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Salmonella in selected export abattoirs, East Shewa, Ethiopia. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted from January 2020 to October 2020. A total of 345 samples were systematically included and out of which 150 carcass swabs (100 from goats and 50 from sheep carcass), 60 goat skin swabs, 60 knife swabs, and 75 human stool samples. The isolates were identified and characterized following standard bacteriological procedures and further confirmed by using Salmonella genus-specific primer by polymerase chain reaction. The isolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility for 14 antibiotics using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Data were entered and analyzed using STATA version 14. Fisher’s exact test was used to assess significant differences among the abattoirs and type of samples. P-value < 0.05 was considered as indicative of a statistical significance difference. Results Out of 345 total samples, 21(6.08%) were positive for Salmonella. The specific prevalence of Salmonella in carcass, skin, and knife swabs were 10(6.67%), 7(11.67%), and 4(6.67%) respectively. There were no statistically significant differences in the occurrence of Salmonella among export abattoirs, and types of samples (P > 0.05). Salmonella was not isolated from sheep carcass and human stool samples. Among the 21 molecular confirmed Salmonella isolates, 7(33.3%) were resistant to at least one antimicrobial agent and 2(9.04%) of isolates were resistant to two antibiotics, tetracycline, and streptomycin. All the isolates were 100% susceptible to kanamycin, chloramphenicol, cephalothin, gentamycin, and ceftriaxone. Conclusion Samples harbored Salmonella have significant public health impacts and hinder export performance. Thus, hygienic standards throughout the food chain process, surveillance systems, and one health approach are essential methods to minimize risks associated with the consumption of contaminated carcasses. Surveillance programs of antimicrobial usage in animals and animal products are important to ensure consumer safety.

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Differing Effects of Standard and Harsh Nucleic Acid Extraction Procedures on Diagnostic Helminth Real-Time PCRs Applied to Human Stool Samples

Pathogens ◽

10.3390/pathogens10020188 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 188

Author(s):

Tanja Hoffmann ◽

Andreas Hahn ◽

Jaco J. Verweij ◽

Gérard Leboulle ◽

Olfert Landt ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nucleic Acid ◽

Real Time ◽

Real Time Pcr ◽

Acid Extraction ◽

Nucleic Acid Extraction ◽

Pcr Assay ◽

Bead Beating ◽

Stool Samples ◽

Pcr Assays ◽

Human Stool

This study aimed to assess standard and harsher nucleic acid extraction schemes for diagnostic helminth real-time PCR approaches from stool samples. A standard procedure for nucleic acid extraction from stool and a procedure including bead-beating as well as proteinase K digestion were compared with group-, genus-, and species-specific real-time PCR assays targeting helminths and nonhelminth pathogens in human stool samples. From 25 different in-house and commercial helminth real-time PCR assays applied to 77 stool samples comprising 67 historic samples and 10 external quality assessment scheme samples positively tested for helminths, higher numbers of positive test results were observed after bead-beating-based nucleic acid extraction for 5/25 (20%) real-time PCR assays irrespective of specificity issues. Lower cycle threshold values were observed for one real-time PCR assay after the standard extraction scheme, and for four assays after the bead-beating-based scheme. Agreement between real-time PCR results after both nucleic acid extraction strategies according to Cohen’s kappa ranged from poor to almost perfect for the different assays. Varying agreement was observed in eight nonhelminth real-time PCR assays applied to 67 historic stool samples. The study indicates highly variable effects of harsh nucleic acid extraction approaches depending on the real-time PCR assay used.

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Multicenter Evaluation of an ELISA for the Detection of Cryptosporidium spp. Antigen in Clinical Human Stool Samples

Microorganisms ◽

10.3390/microorganisms9020209 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 209

Author(s):

Romy Razakandrainibe ◽

Célia Mérat ◽

Nathalie Kapel ◽

Marc Sautour ◽

Karine Guyot ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Cryptosporidium Oocyst ◽

Clinical Importance ◽

Epidemiological Studies ◽

Elisa Test ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Cryptosporidium Spp ◽

Stool Samples ◽

Conventional Microscopy ◽

Human Stool

Human cryptosporidiosis remains underdiagnosed, and rapid/accurate diagnosis is of clinical importance. Diagnosis of the Cryptosporidium oocyst in stool samples by conventional microscopy is labor-intensive, time-consuming, and requires skillful experience. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the usefulness of a coproantigen enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test in detecting Cryptosporidium spp. from fecal specimens. For this aim, we evaluated the performances of a commercial ELISA (CoproELISA Cryptosporidium kit, Savyon Diagnostics, Israel) for the detection of Cryptosporidium spp. in random clinical stool samples through a multicenter study. The sensitivity and specificity for coproantigen ELISA were 98.86% and 94.32%, respectively. The coproantigen ELISA results indicate that the simple, rapid, reliable, and standardized immunoassay test is sensitive and specific for routine diagnosis, and may be useful for large-scale epidemiological studies of cryptosporidiosis.

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Free-Living Amoebae Recovered from Human Stool Samples in Strongyloides Agar Culture

Journal of Clinical Microbiology ◽

10.1128/jcm.02738-13 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 52 (2) ◽

pp. 699-700 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

R. S. Bradbury ◽

B. A. Forbes

Keyword(s):

Free Living ◽

Agar Culture ◽

Stool Samples ◽

Human Stool

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Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Salmonellosis in Addis Ababa City, Ethiopia

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2018/6406405 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

Legesse Garedew ◽

Semaria Solomon ◽

Yoseph Worku ◽

Hilina Worku ◽

Debela Gemeda ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽

Addis Ababa ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Diagnosis And Treatment ◽

Widal Test ◽

Predictive Values ◽

Blood Samples ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests ◽

Stool Samples ◽

Susceptibility Tests

Background. Diagnosis using reliable tools and treatment followingin vitroantimicrobial susceptibility tests are critical to proper addressing of antibiotic-resistantSalmonellainfection.Methodology. A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the practice of diagnosis and treatment of salmonellosis in Addis Ababa. Tube Widal test (for blood samples only), culture, biochemical and carbohydrate fermentation, serotyping, and antimicrobial susceptibility tests were employed for both blood and stool samples.Results. Of all the diseases listed in the diagnosis, nontyphoidal (n=72, 13.71%) and typhoidal (n=47, 8.95%) salmonellosis were the second and third common diseases. Among the 288 blood samples, almost half were positive for O, H, or both antigens. However, only 1 (0.68%) of the positive blood samples yieldedSalmonellaisolate during culture. The study demonstrated low specificity (0.68%) and positive predictive value (48.78%) of Widal test. Conversely, the test showed 100% sensitivity and negative predictive values.Salmonellaisolates were identified from 7 (7.07%) of 99 stool samples. Two-thirds of salmonellosis suspected patients received antibiotic treatment. However, only half of the confirmed salmonellosis patients were treated with appropriate antibiotics. All of the isolates were susceptible to ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone but resistant to ampicillin.Conclusions. Majority of the patients who participated in this study were wrongly diagnosed using symptoms, clinical signs, and tube Widal test. Consequently, most of the patients received inappropriate treatment.

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