Prevalence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern of Salmonella in Selected Export Abattoirs, East Shewa, Ethiopia

Abstract Background Salmonella is one of the major causes of zoonotic foodborne pathogens in the world, with increasing concern for the emergence and spread of antimicrobial-resistant strains. In Ethiopia, the burden of Salmonella is still scarce in abattoirs. Objectives To determine the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Salmonella in selected export abattoirs, East Shewa, Ethiopia. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted from January 2020 to October 2020. A total of 345 samples were systematically included and out of which 150 carcass swabs (100 from goats and 50 from sheep carcass), 60 goat skin swabs, 60 knife swabs, and 75 human stool samples. The isolates were identified and characterized following standard bacteriological procedures and further confirmed by using Salmonella genus-specific primer by polymerase chain reaction. The isolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility for 14 antibiotics using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Data were entered and analyzed using STATA version 14. Fisher’s exact test was used to assess significant differences among the abattoirs and type of samples. P-value < 0.05 was considered as indicative of a statistical significance difference. Results Out of 345 total samples, 21(6.08%) were positive for Salmonella. The specific prevalence of Salmonella in carcass, skin, and knife swabs were 10(6.67%), 7(11.67%), and 4(6.67%) respectively. There were no statistically significant differences in the occurrence of Salmonella among export abattoirs, and types of samples (P > 0.05). Salmonella was not isolated from sheep carcass and human stool samples. Among the 21 molecular confirmed Salmonella isolates, 7(33.3%) were resistant to at least one antimicrobial agent and 2(9.04%) of isolates were resistant to two antibiotics, tetracycline, and streptomycin. All the isolates were 100% susceptible to kanamycin, chloramphenicol, cephalothin, gentamycin, and ceftriaxone. Conclusion Samples harbored Salmonella have significant public health impacts and hinder export performance. Thus, hygienic standards throughout the food chain process, surveillance systems, and one health approach are essential methods to minimize risks associated with the consumption of contaminated carcasses. Surveillance programs of antimicrobial usage in animals and animal products are important to ensure consumer safety.

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Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) in paediatric diarrhoeal patients

Ibrahim Medical College Journal ◽

10.3329/imcj.v8i1.22983 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 12-16

Author(s):

Shimu Saha ◽

Sanya Tahmina Jhora ◽

Tanjila Rahman

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽

Tertiary Care ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Enteropathogenic Escherichia Coli ◽

Susceptibility Pattern ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern ◽

Number Of Children ◽

Improper Use ◽

Stool Samples

Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) mediated infantile diarrhoea among children is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in developing countries. The antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of EPEC strains isolated from children under 5 years of age was studied. Stool samples from 272 patients with diarrhoea were collected from two tertiary care hospitals. Out of 272 stool samples, 20 (7.35%) isolates were identified as EPEC on the basis of presence of bfpA gene detected by polymerase chain reaction and antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed on these EPEC strains by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. The antimicrobial susceptibility test revealed that the EPEC isolates were highly resistant to ampicillin (100%), nalidixic acid (95%) and tetracycline (95%) and were sensitive to ceftazidime (95%), cefotaxime (90%), ceftriaxone (95%), imipenem (100%) and levofloxacin (85%). Isolation of EPEC is of great importance since they are responsible for acute diarrhoeal diseases in large number of children under the age of five years. The high antimicrobial resistance observed in our study indicates indiscriminate or improper use of antimicrobials, besides the risks of self-medication.Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2014; 8(1): 12-16

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AEROBIC BACTERIOLOGICAL PROFILE WITH ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY PATTERN OF PUS SAMPLES AT A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL IN JAIPUR

10.36106/ijsr/2304773 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 65-67

Author(s):

Hemendra K Sharma ◽

Niketa Gupta ◽

Mahesh Yadav ◽

Aruna Vyas ◽

Rajni Sharma

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽

Tertiary Care ◽

Morbidity And Mortality ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Care Hospital ◽

Susceptibility Pattern ◽

Gram Positive ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Inappropriate Use ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern

Background: Pyogenic infections can be caused by various microorganisms and may co-exist as poly microbial infections which require antibiotic therapy. The inappropriate use of antibiotics has led to major problems of MDRO's contributing to morbidity and mortality. Even though the bacteriological prole of pus samples in many studies remain the same, antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of these isolates has shown a lot of variation. This study was conducted to assess bacteriological prole of pus samples and their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern Materials and Methods:Aretrospective study was carried out from April to June 2021. 540 pus culture aerobic bacterial isolates were included. The samples were cultured on Blood and MacConkey agar. After aerobic incubation at 37oC for 18-24 hrs, organisms were identied by conventional bacteriology methods as per laboratory protocol and antimicrobial susceptibility was tested by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method as per CLSI 2020 guideline. Results: Out of 540 pus isolates , 452(83.7%)were gram negative bacili and 88(16.3%) were gram positive cocci Pseudomonas spp. 173(31.9%), was most common gram negative isolate while S.. aureus 66(12.19%) was most common Gram positive isolate. Most of gram negative isolates were susceptible to Imipenem and Polymyxin and gram positive isolates to vancomycin and linezolid . Conclusion: To combat resistance irrational use of antibiotics should be avoided. Also regular surveillance helps in implementing better therapeutic strategies to reduce morbidity and mortality

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Antibiogram of Gram Negative Uropathogens in a Tertiary Care Hospital

VIMS Health Science Journal ◽

10.46858/vimshsj.8207 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 80-84

Author(s):

Milind Davane ◽

Sanjivani Mundhe

Keyword(s):

Urinary Tract ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽

Hospitalized Patients ◽

Health Concern ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Susceptibility Pattern ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern ◽

Tract Infections ◽

Klebsiella Spp

Background: Globally, urinary tract infection (UTI) is considered a major public health concern and the second most common bacterial infection affecting individuals of different ages worldwide. Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are caused by multiplicity of microorganisms. The chronicity of different bacterial isolates and their propensity to various antibiotics may differ widely, particularly in hospitalized patients, that makes the study of susceptibility pattern mandatory for a proper selection of antibiotics. Objective: To evaluate antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of the Gram negative organisms isolated from urine cultures of hospitalized patients. Material and Methods: A total of 500 urine samples from hospitalized patients which showed significant bacteriuria were studied. Samples were inoculated on Blood agar and MacConckey agar. Further identification and study of organisms was done by standard Microbiological methods. Antimicrobial Susceptibility pattern was studied by Modified Kirby- Bauer’s disc diffusion method with the panel of 15 drugs as per Clinical Laboratories Standard Institute (CLSI) guidelines. Results: UTIs were found more common in females 290 (58%). Commonest organism found was Escherichia coli 260 (52%) followed by Klebsiella spp. 120 (24%), Pseudomonas spp. 40 (8%), Proteus spp. 38 (7.6%), Citrobacter spp. 25 (5%) and Acinetobacter spp. 17 (3.4%). Majority of the strains were found sensitive to nitrofurantoin followed by amikacin, piperacillin-tazobactam and cotrimoxazole. Commonly prescribed fluroquinolones were found least effective for treatment of UTI. All the strains were found sensitive to imipenem. Extended spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL) was noted in E.coli and in Klebsiella spp. Conclusion: To discourage the indiscriminate use of antibiotics and to prevent further development of bacterial drug resistance, proper knowledge of susceptibility pattern of uropathogens in particular area is very important before prescribing any empirical antibiotic therapy.

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Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern of Klebsiella Species from Various Clinical Samples at a Tertiary Care Hospital

Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International ◽

10.9734/jpri/2020/v32i1230571 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 143-147

Author(s):

K. Sathyavathy ◽

B. Kiran Madhusudhan

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽

Tertiary Care ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Clinical Samples ◽

Care Hospital ◽

Disc Diffusion ◽

Susceptibility Pattern ◽

Disc Diffusion Method ◽

Klebsiella Species ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern

The aim of the study was to investigate the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Klebsiella species from different clinical samples at Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital, India. Overall 189 samples out of 980 non repetitive clinical samples obtained from wound/pus, urine, sputum swab and blood by disc diffusion method and identified as Klebsiella and analysed. Out of total 189 Klebsiella isolates, 76 out of 155 K. pneumoniae (49%) were resistant and none out of 34 Klebsiella oxytoca (0%) showed resistance to cefotaxime and ceftazidime by disc diffusion method. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Klebsiella exhibited 100% resistance to Ampicillin. The present study highlights the need for the continued monitoring of antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of important bacterial pathogens, so that rational antibiotic policies can be formulated.

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Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern and ESBL Prevalence of Bacteria Isolated from Street Vended Snacks

Journal of Advances in Microbiology ◽

10.9734/jamb/2021/v21i1230415 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 74-80

Author(s):

Chidiebere Anab-Atulomah ◽

Ngozi C. Oji ◽

Vivian N. Kanu

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Klebsiella Pneumoniae ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽

Salmonella Typhi ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Susceptibility Pattern ◽

Laboratory Unit ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Esbl Producers

Aims: The objective of the study was to ascertain the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern and ESBL prevalence of bacteria isolated from snacks. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Microbiology (Laboratory Unit) Michael Okpara University of Agriculture Umudike. Methodology: The snacks were mashed aseptically, serially diluted and inoculated onto nutrient agar and MacConkey agar. Isolates were identified using standard microbiological procedures. Antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates and ESBL detection was done using disk diffusion method. ESBL production was confirmed using Double Disc Synergy Test (DDST) method following CLSI recommendations. Results: Escherichia coli, Salmonella Typhi, Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae were the bacteria isolated with Escherichia coli as the most prevalent isolate with 42% occurrence in the samples screened. There was significant difference in the sensitivity of the bacteria isolates to the different antibiotics used at P=0.05. Salmonella Typhi isolates exhibited highest resistance to an antibiotic with 86% resistance to ciprofloxacin while Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates exhibited the lowest resistance to an antibiotic with 10% resistance to cefotaxime. Among the Gram-negative bacteria, 36% of suspected ESBL producing E. coli isolates were confirmed as ESBL producers indicating the highest occurrence. Conclusion: The study confirmed the presence of bacteria in street vended snacks which exhibited high resistance to antibiotics that could be attributed to the presence of ESBL producers among the isolates.

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Bacteriological profile and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of endotracheal tube secretion of patients in ICUs of a tertiary care hospital in Punjab

Indian Journal of Microbiology Research ◽

10.18231/j.ijmr.2021.046 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 224-229

Author(s):

Kiranjeet Kaur ◽

Shavetika Jindal

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽

Tertiary Care Hospital ◽

Tertiary Care ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Care Hospital ◽

Susceptibility Pattern ◽

Prospective Longitudinal Study ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern ◽

Prospective Longitudinal

Healthcare associated pneumonia (HAP)is second most common HCAIs that occur in 27% critically ill patients. Eighty-six percent of HAP are associated with mechanical ventilation and termed as ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP). VAP due to multidrug resistant has also increased in recent past. To isolate and identify the bacterial pathogens in endotracheal tubes aspirates of ICUs patients and study their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern.A prospective longitudinal study was conducted in the Microbiology laboratory of a tertiary care hospital over a period of six months after clearance from institutional Research Committee and Ethical Committee. All the samples of ETT secretions received in Clinical Microbiology lab from ICU patients and fulfilling the criteria for VAP were included in this study. Samples were processed as per standard protocol and organisms were identified on the basis of gram staining, colony characters and biochemical tests. Antibiotic sensitivity was performed by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method as per CLSI guidelines. : A total of 100 samples of ET secretions were collected and proceeded for culture. Out of 100 samples, 76 (76.0%) were positive for bacterial growth. Among 76 positive cultures, a total 80 bacterial isolates were obtained as some cultures were showing polymicrobial growth. Five (6.26%) isolates were Gram Positive bacteria and 75(93.7%) were Gram negative. The most frequent isolates were 35(43.7%) followed by , isolates were sensitive to colistin while resistant to ampicillin and amoxiclav. isolates were sensitive to colistin and resistant to ampicillin, amoxiclav, ciprofloxacin, cefixime, piperacillin tazobactam. isolates were sensitive to colistin while resistant to ampicillin, amoxiclav, ceftizidime and piperacillin tazobactam. In our study antimicrobial pattern of isolated bacteria shows multidrug resistant pathogens which are associated with VAP and limit therapeutic options.

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Prevalence of Extended Spectrumβ-Lactamase and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern of Clinical Isolates ofPseudomonasfrom Patients of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2016/6068429 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2016 ◽

pp. 1-10 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Manzoor Ahmad ◽

Mukhtiar Hassan ◽

Anwar Khalid ◽

Imran Tariq ◽

Muhammad Hassham Hassan Bin Asad ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽

Pathogenic Bacteria ◽

Tertiary Care ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Susceptibility Pattern ◽

Esbl Production ◽

Antibiotic Resistant ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern ◽

Diffusion Technique ◽

Sensitivity Rate

Majority of gram negative pathogenic bacteria are responsible for extended spectrumβ-lactamases (ESBLs) production, which show resistance to some newer generation of antibiotics. The study was aimed at evaluating the prevalence of ESBL and antibiotic susceptibility pattern ofPseudomonasisolates collected during 2010 to 2014 from tertiary care hospitals of Peshawar, Pakistan. Out of 3450 samples, 334Pseudomonasspp. isolates comprised of 232 indoor and 102 outdoor patients were obtained from different specimens and their susceptibility pattern was determined against 20 antibiotics. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was carried out using the Kirby-Bauer agar diffusion method and ESBL production was detected by Synergy Disc Diffusion technique. The mean age group of the patients was 29.9 + 9.15 years. Meronem showed best activity (91.02%) from class carbapenem,β-lactam andβ-lactamase inhibitors exhibited 69.16% activity, and doxycycline had a diminished activity (10.18%) toPseudomonasspp. Outdoor isolates were more resistant than the indoor and during the course of the study the sensitivity rate of antibiotics was gradually reducing. ESBL production was observed in 44.32% while the remaining was non-ESBL. The moderate active antibiotics were amikacin (50.7%), SCF (51.4%), TZP (52.7%), and MXF (54.1%) among ESBL producing isolates. Lack of antibiotic policy, irrational uses (3GCs particularly), and the emergence of antibiotic resistant organisms in hospitals may be causes of high antibiotic resistance.

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Bacterial profiles and their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Isolates from inanimate hospital environments at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Teaching Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

10.1101/2020.09.25.312983 ◽

2020 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Shemse Sebre ◽

Woldaregay Erku ◽

Aminu Seman ◽

Tewachw Awoke ◽

Zelalem Desalegn ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽

Medical Equipment ◽

Pathogenic Bacteria ◽

Addis Ababa ◽

Hospital Environment ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Susceptibility Pattern ◽

Biochemical Tests ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern

AbstractMicrobial contamination of hospital environment plays an important role in the spread of health care-associated infections (HCAIs). This study was conducted to determine bacterial contamination, bacterial profiles and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of bacterial isolates from environmental surfaces and medical equipment. A cross-sectional study was conducted at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital (TASH) from June to September, 2018. A total of 164 inanimate surfaces located at intensive care units (ICUs) and operation theaters (OTs) were swabbed. All isolates were identified by using routine bacterial culture, Gram staining and a panel of biochemical tests. For each identified bacteria, antibiogram profiles were determined by the Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method according to the guidelines of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Out of the 164 swabbed samples, 141 (86%) were positive for bacterial growth. The predominant bacteria identified from OTs and ICUs were S. aureus (23% vs 11.5%), Acinetobacter spp (3.8% vs 17.5%) and Coagulase negative Staphylococcus (CONS) (12.6% vs 2.7%) respectively. Linens were the most contaminated materials among items studied at the hospital (14.8%). The proportions of resistance among Gram-positive bacteria (GPB) were high for penicillin (92.8%), cefoxitin (83.5%) and erythromycin (54.1%). However, the most effective antibiotics were clindamycin with only 10.4% and 16.5% resistance rates, respectively. The antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) revealed that the most effective antibiotics were amikacin, ciprofloxacin, and gentamicin with resistance rate of 25%, 37.5%, and 46.3%, respectively. However, the highest resistance was recorded against ampicillin (97.5%), ceftazidime (91.3%), ceftriaxone (91.3%) and aztreonam (90%). The inanimate surfaces near immediate patient environment and commonly touched medical equipment within OTs and ICUs are reservoirs of potential pathogenic bacteria that could predispose critically ill patients to acquire HCAIs. The proportions of antimicrobial resistance profile of the isolates are much higher from studied clean inanimate environments.

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Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Retail Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) in Addis Ababa City: Magnitude of Contamination and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern

Frontiers in Microbiology ◽

10.3389/fmicb.2021.694506 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Aklilu Feleke Haile ◽

Silvia Alonso ◽

Nega Berhe ◽

Tizeta Bekele Atoma ◽

Prosper N. Boyaka ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽

Addis Ababa ◽

Foodborne Pathogen ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Susceptibility Pattern ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

E Coli ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern

Escherichia coli O157:H7 is an important foodborne pathogen but largely under investigated in Africa. The objectives of this study were to estimate the prevalence and pattern of antimicrobial resistance of E. coli O157:H7 in lettuce in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. A total of 390 retail lettuce samples were collected across the 10 subcities of Addis Ababa. E. coli O157:H7 was isolated and identified following ISO-16654:2001 standard. The isolates were further tested for antimicrobial susceptibility to 13 antimicrobials using the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method. Out of the 390 lettuce samples examined, two (0.51%) carried E. coli O157:H7. The antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of strains showed resistance to ampicillin (100%) and tetracycline (50.0%). One of the two isolates was multidrug resistant to two antimicrobials tested. The results of this study demonstrate the presence of drug-resistant E. coli O157:H7 in lettuce in markets in Addis Ababa. Despite the low prevalence, its presence in a product that is eaten raw highlights potential public health risk in the area associated with this pathogen.

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Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative nosocomial bacteria at Al Zahra hospital, Isfahan, Iran

Iranian Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.18502/ijm.v13i1.5492 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Sima Bahrami ◽

Fatemeh Shafiee ◽

Atousa Hakamifard ◽

Hossein Fazeli ◽

Rasool Soltani

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽

Nosocomial Infections ◽

Susceptibility Test ◽

High Rate ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Gram Negative Bacteria ◽

Susceptibility Pattern ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern ◽

Vitro Effect

Background and Objectives: Bacterial antibiotic resistance is one of the most important threats for public health around the world. Carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative bacteria have resistance to most antibiotics including carbapenems complicating the treatment of infections. The aim of this study was to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of carbapenemase-producing nosocomial Gram-negative pathogens at a referral teaching hospital to reveal the best options for treatment of related infections. Materials and Methods: Gram-negative bacteria, isolated from hospitalized patients with nosocomial infections, underwent meropenem susceptibility test by disk diffusion method. Meropenem-resistant strains were evaluated for the presence of carbapenemase using Modified Hodge test (MHT). Finally, the antibiotic susceptibility test was performed to determine the sensitivity of each carbapenemase-positive strain against various antimicrobial agents according to the guidelines of Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Results: Over the study period, 155 carbapenemase-positive isolates were detected. Pneumonia was the most frequent related nosocomial infection (67.1%) followed by UTI (23.2%). Acinetobacter baumannii (53.5%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (40%) were the most frequently isolated pathogens. The pathogens had high rate of resistance to all antibiotics. Colistin had the most in vitro effect against all pathogens. Also, K. pneumoniae had a co-trimoxazole sensitivity rate equal to colistin (30.6%). Conclusion: Carbapenemase-positive Gram-negative bacteria causing nosocomial infections are common in our hospital and have high rate of resistance to most antibiotics. Improvement in the pattern of antibiotic use and infection control measures are necessary to overcome this resistance.

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