scholarly journals Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Arcobacter species in human stool samples: the prospective German Arcobacter prevalence study Arcopath

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanessa Brückner ◽  
Ulrike Fiebiger ◽  
Ralf Ignatius ◽  
Johannes Friesen ◽  
Martin Eisenblätter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Diagnostic Procedures ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Hospitalized Patients ◽  
Prevalence Study ◽  
Emerging Pathogens ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Prevalent Species ◽  
Human Stool

Abstract Background Arcobacter species, particularly A. butzleri, but also A. cryaerophilus constitute emerging pathogens causing gastroenteritis in humans. However, isolation of Arcobacter may often fail during routine diagnostic procedures due to the lack of standard protocols. Furthermore, defined breakpoints for the interpretation of antimicrobial susceptibilities of Arcobacter are missing. Hence, reliable epidemiological data of human Arcobacter infections are scarce and lacking for Germany. We therefore performed a 13-month prospective Arcobacter prevalence study in German patients.Results A total of 4646 human stool samples was included and Arcobacter spp. were detected in 0.85% of specimens from 3884 outpatients and in 0.40% of samples from 752 hospitalized patients. Overall, A. butzleri was the most prevalent species (n = 24; 67%), followed by A. cryaerophilus (n = 10; 28%) and A. lanthieri (n = 2; 6%). Whereas A. butzleri, A. cryaerophilus and A. lanthieri were identified in outpatients, only A. butzleri could be isolated from samples of hospitalized patients. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Arcobacter isolates revealed high susceptibilities to ciprofloxacin, whereas bimodal distributions of MICs were observed for azithromycin and ampicillin.Conclusions In summary, Arcobacter could be isolated in 0.85% of German outpatients and ciprofloxacin rather than other antibiotics might be appropriate for antibiotic treatment of infections. Further epidemiological studies are needed, however, to provide a sufficient risk assessment of Arcobacter infections in humans.

scholarly journals Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Arcobacter species in human stool samples derived from out- and inpatients: the prospective German Arcobacter prevalence study Arcopath

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanessa Brückner ◽  
Ulrike Fiebiger ◽  
Ralf Ignatius ◽  
Johannes Friesen ◽  
Martin Eisenblätter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Diagnostic Procedures ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Hospitalized Patients ◽  
Prevalence Study ◽  
Emerging Pathogens ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Prevalent Species ◽  
Human Stool

Abstract Background: Arcobacter species, particularly A. butzleri, but also A. cryaerophilus constitute emerging pathogens causing gastroenteritis in humans. However, isolation of Arcobacter may often fail during routine diagnostic procedures due to the lack of standard protocols. Furthermore, defined breakpoints for the interpretation of antimicrobial susceptibilities of Arcobacter are missing. Hence, reliable epidemiological data of human Arcobacter infections are scarce and lacking for Germany. We therefore performed a 13-month prospective Arcobacter prevalence study in German patients. Results: A total of 4646 human stool samples was included and Arcobacter spp. were identified from 0.85% of specimens in 3884 outpatients and from 0.40% of specimens in 752 hospitalized patients. Overall, A. butzleri was the most prevalent species (n = 24; 67%), followed by A. cryaerophilus (n = 10; 28%) and A. lanthieri (n = 2; 6%). Whereas A. butzleri, A. cryaerophilus and A. lanthieri were identified in outpatients, only A. butzleri could be isolated from samples of hospitalized patients. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Arcobacter isolates revealed high susceptibilities to ciprofloxacin, whereas bimodal distributions of MICs were observed for azithromycin and ampicillin.Conclusions: In summary, Arcobacter including A. butzleri, A. cryaerophilus and A. lanthieri could be isolated in 0.85% of German outpatients and ciprofloxacin rather than other antibiotics might be appropriate for antibiotic treatment of infections. Further epidemiological studies are needed, however, to provide a sufficient risk assessment of Arcobacter infections in humans.

scholarly journals Multicenter Evaluation of an ELISA for the Detection of Cryptosporidium spp. Antigen in Clinical Human Stool Samples

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 209
Author(s):  
Romy Razakandrainibe ◽  
Célia Mérat ◽  
Nathalie Kapel ◽  
Marc Sautour ◽  
Karine Guyot ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Cryptosporidium Oocyst ◽  
Clinical Importance ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Elisa Test ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Cryptosporidium Spp ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Conventional Microscopy ◽  
Human Stool

Human cryptosporidiosis remains underdiagnosed, and rapid/accurate diagnosis is of clinical importance. Diagnosis of the Cryptosporidium oocyst in stool samples by conventional microscopy is labor-intensive, time-consuming, and requires skillful experience. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the usefulness of a coproantigen enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test in detecting Cryptosporidium spp. from fecal specimens. For this aim, we evaluated the performances of a commercial ELISA (CoproELISA Cryptosporidium kit, Savyon Diagnostics, Israel) for the detection of Cryptosporidium spp. in random clinical stool samples through a multicenter study. The sensitivity and specificity for coproantigen ELISA were 98.86% and 94.32%, respectively. The coproantigen ELISA results indicate that the simple, rapid, reliable, and standardized immunoassay test is sensitive and specific for routine diagnosis, and may be useful for large-scale epidemiological studies of cryptosporidiosis.

scholarly journals Listeria monocytogenes faecal carriage is common and depends on the gut microbiota

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lukas Hafner ◽  
Maxime Pichon ◽  
Christophe Burucoa ◽  
Sophie H. A. Nusser ◽  
Alexandra Moura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
16S Rrna ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Sensu Stricto ◽  
Pathogenic Species ◽  
Faecal Carriage ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Systemic Infections ◽  
Prevalent Species ◽  
Human Stool ◽  
Independent Cohort

AbstractListeria genus comprises two pathogenic species, L. monocytogenes (Lm) and L. ivanovii, and non-pathogenic species. All can thrive as saprophytes, whereas only pathogenic species cause systemic infections. Identifying Listeria species’ respective biotopes is critical to understand the ecological contribution of Listeria virulence. In order to investigate the prevalence and abundance of Listeria species in various sources, we retrieved and analyzed 16S rRNA datasets from MG-RAST metagenomic database. 26% of datasets contain Listeria sensu stricto sequences, and Lm is the most prevalent species, most abundant in soil and host-associated environments, including 5% of human stools. Lm is also detected in 10% of human stool samples from an independent cohort of 900 healthy asymptomatic donors. A specific microbiota signature is associated with Lm faecal carriage, both in humans and experimentally inoculated mice, in which it precedes Lm faecal carriage. These results indicate that Lm faecal carriage is common and depends on the gut microbiota, and suggest that Lm faecal carriage is a crucial yet overlooked consequence of its virulence.

scholarly journals Characterization of Arcobacter strains isolated from human stool samples: results from the prospective German prevalence study Arcopath

Gut Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanessa Brückner ◽  
Ulrike Fiebiger ◽  
Ralf Ignatius ◽  
Johannes Friesen ◽  
Martin Eisenblätter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Prevalence Study ◽  
Intestinal Cell ◽  
High Genetic Diversity ◽  
Cytotoxic Effects ◽  
Intestinal Cell Line ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Human Intestinal Cell Line ◽  
Human Stool

Abstract Background Arcobacter constitute emerging food- and waterborne pathogens causing gastroenteritis in humans, but the underlying mechanisms are only incompletely understood. We therefore characterized Arcobacter isolates derived from human stool samples that had been collected during a prospective prevalence study in Germany in vitro. Thirty-six bacterial isolates belonging to the species A. butzleri (n = 24), A. cryaerophilus (n = 10) and A. lanthieri (n = 2) were genotyped by ERIC-PCR, the presence of 10 putative virulence genes was assessed and cytotoxic effects on the human intestinal cell line HT-29/B6 were analyzed applying the WST-assay. Results Genotyping revealed high genetic diversity within the species A. butzleri, A. cryaerophilus and A. lanthieri. Both, A. butzleri and A. lanthieri encoded for a large number of putative virulence genes, while fewer genes were detectable in A. cryaerophilus isolates. Notably, the three cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) genes cdtA, cdtB and cdtC were abundant in both A. lanthieri isolates. Furthermore, all A. butzleri and A. lanthieri, but only one of the A. cryaerophilus isolates exerted cytotoxic effects. Conclusions Our study provides evidence for the abundance of putative virulence genes in Arcobacter isolates and prominent cytotoxic effects of A. butzleri and A. lanthieri in vitro. The presence of cdtA, cdtB, cdtC in A. lanthieri points towards CDT secretion as potential mechanism underlying cytotoxicity as opposed to A. butzleri. However, the association of the Arcobacter virulence factors detected and human morbidity should be addressed in future studies.

scholarly journals Prevalence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern of Salmonella in Selected Export Abattoirs, East Shewa, Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abayneh Alemu ◽  
Fikru Regassa ◽  
Nigatu Kebede ◽  
Rozina Ambachew ◽  
Musse Girma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Export Performance ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Chain Process ◽  
Susceptibility Pattern ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern ◽  
Consumer Safety ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Human Stool

Abstract Background Salmonella is one of the major causes of zoonotic foodborne pathogens in the world, with increasing concern for the emergence and spread of antimicrobial-resistant strains. In Ethiopia, the burden of Salmonella is still scarce in abattoirs. Objectives To determine the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Salmonella in selected export abattoirs, East Shewa, Ethiopia. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted from January 2020 to October 2020. A total of 345 samples were systematically included and out of which 150 carcass swabs (100 from goats and 50 from sheep carcass), 60 goat skin swabs, 60 knife swabs, and 75 human stool samples. The isolates were identified and characterized following standard bacteriological procedures and further confirmed by using Salmonella genus-specific primer by polymerase chain reaction. The isolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility for 14 antibiotics using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Data were entered and analyzed using STATA version 14. Fisher’s exact test was used to assess significant differences among the abattoirs and type of samples. P-value < 0.05 was considered as indicative of a statistical significance difference. Results Out of 345 total samples, 21(6.08%) were positive for Salmonella. The specific prevalence of Salmonella in carcass, skin, and knife swabs were 10(6.67%), 7(11.67%), and 4(6.67%) respectively. There were no statistically significant differences in the occurrence of Salmonella among export abattoirs, and types of samples (P > 0.05). Salmonella was not isolated from sheep carcass and human stool samples. Among the 21 molecular confirmed Salmonella isolates, 7(33.3%) were resistant to at least one antimicrobial agent and 2(9.04%) of isolates were resistant to two antibiotics, tetracycline, and streptomycin. All the isolates were 100% susceptible to kanamycin, chloramphenicol, cephalothin, gentamycin, and ceftriaxone. Conclusion Samples harbored Salmonella have significant public health impacts and hinder export performance. Thus, hygienic standards throughout the food chain process, surveillance systems, and one health approach are essential methods to minimize risks associated with the consumption of contaminated carcasses. Surveillance programs of antimicrobial usage in animals and animal products are important to ensure consumer safety.

scholarly journals Bacteremia Among Febrile Patients Attending Selected Healthcare Facilities in Ibadan, Nigeria

2019 ◽  
Vol 69 (Supplement_6) ◽  
pp. S466-S473 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oluwafemi Popoola ◽  
Aderemi Kehinde ◽  
Veronica Ogunleye ◽  
Oluwafemi J Adewusi ◽  
Trevor Toy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Healthcare Facilities ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Ibadan Nigeria

Abstract Background The relative contribution of bacterial infections to febrile disease is poorly understood in many African countries due to diagnostic limitations. This study screened pediatric and adult patients attending 4 healthcare facilities in Ibadan, Nigeria, for bacteremia and malaria parasitemia. Methods Febrile patients underwent clinical diagnosis, malaria parasite testing, and blood culture. Bacteria from positive blood cultures were isolated and speciated using biochemical and serological methods, and Salmonella subtyping was performed by polymerase chain reaction. Antimicrobial susceptibility was tested by disk diffusion. Results A total of 682 patients were recruited between 16 June and 16 October 2017; 467 (68.5%) were <18 years of age. Bacterial pathogens were cultured from the blood of 117 (17.2%) patients, with Staphylococcus aureus (69 [59.0%]) and Salmonella enterica (34 [29.1%]) being the most common species recovered. Twenty-seven (79.4%) of the Salmonella isolates were serovar Typhi and the other 7 belonged to nontyphoidal Salmonella serovarieties. Thirty-four individuals were found to be coinfected with Plasmodium falciparum and bacteria. Five (14.7%) of these coinfections were with Salmonella, all in children aged <5 years. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed that most of the Salmonella and Staphylococcus isolates were multidrug resistant. Conclusions The study demonstrates that bacteria were commonly recovered from febrile patients with or without malaria in this location. Focused and extended epidemiological studies are needed for the introduction of typhoid conjugate vaccines that have the potential to prevent a major cause of severe community-acquired febrile diseases in our locality.

scholarly journals Differing Effects of Standard and Harsh Nucleic Acid Extraction Procedures on Diagnostic Helminth Real-Time PCRs Applied to Human Stool Samples

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 188
Author(s):  
Tanja Hoffmann ◽  
Andreas Hahn ◽  
Jaco J. Verweij ◽  
Gérard Leboulle ◽  
Olfert Landt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nucleic Acid ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Real Time Pcr ◽  
Acid Extraction ◽  
Nucleic Acid Extraction ◽  
Pcr Assay ◽  
Bead Beating ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Pcr Assays ◽  
Human Stool

This study aimed to assess standard and harsher nucleic acid extraction schemes for diagnostic helminth real-time PCR approaches from stool samples. A standard procedure for nucleic acid extraction from stool and a procedure including bead-beating as well as proteinase K digestion were compared with group-, genus-, and species-specific real-time PCR assays targeting helminths and nonhelminth pathogens in human stool samples. From 25 different in-house and commercial helminth real-time PCR assays applied to 77 stool samples comprising 67 historic samples and 10 external quality assessment scheme samples positively tested for helminths, higher numbers of positive test results were observed after bead-beating-based nucleic acid extraction for 5/25 (20%) real-time PCR assays irrespective of specificity issues. Lower cycle threshold values were observed for one real-time PCR assay after the standard extraction scheme, and for four assays after the bead-beating-based scheme. Agreement between real-time PCR results after both nucleic acid extraction strategies according to Cohen’s kappa ranged from poor to almost perfect for the different assays. Varying agreement was observed in eight nonhelminth real-time PCR assays applied to 67 historic stool samples. The study indicates highly variable effects of harsh nucleic acid extraction approaches depending on the real-time PCR assay used.

scholarly journals Methods for epidemiological studies in competitive cycling: an extension of the IOC consensus statement on methods for recording and reporting of epidemiological data on injury and illness in sport 2020

2021 ◽  
pp. bjsports-2020-103906
Author(s):  
Benjamin Clarsen ◽  
Babette M Pluim ◽  
Víctor Moreno-Pérez ◽  
Xavier Bigard ◽  
Cheri Blauwet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Consensus Statement ◽  
Expert Panel ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Population Characteristics ◽  
Exposure Study ◽  
Injury Mechanisms ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Final Manuscript ◽  
Collection Methods

In 2020, the IOC released a consensus statement that provides overall guidelines for the recording and reporting of epidemiological data on injury and illness in sport. Some aspects of this statement need to be further specified on a sport-by-sport basis. To extend the IOC consensus statement on methods for recording and reporting of epidemiological data on injury and illness in sports and to meet the sport-specific requirements of all cycling disciplines regulated by the Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI). A panel of 20 experts, all with experience in cycling or cycling medicine, participated in the drafting of this cycling-specific extension of the IOC consensus statement. In preparation, panel members were sent the IOC consensus statement, the first draft of this manuscript and a list of topics to be discussed. The expert panel met in July 2020 for a 1-day video conference to discuss the manuscript and specific topics. The final manuscript was developed in an iterative process involving all panel members. This paper extends the IOC consensus statement to provide cycling-specific recommendations on health problem definitions, mode of onset, injury mechanisms and circumstances, diagnosis classifications, exposure, study population characteristics and data collection methods. Recommendations apply to all UCI cycling disciplines, for both able-bodied cyclists and para-cyclists. The recommendations presented in this consensus statement will improve the consistency and accuracy of future epidemiological studies of injury and illness in cycling.

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