Characterization of Korean handmade papers collected in a Hanji reference book

AbstractKorean hand papermaking is a renowned cultural tradition in the Korean peninsula. It is still practiced while scientific analysis of paper itself from a large data set is rare. In this study, a set of more than three hundred Korean handmade papers, collected in a reference collection book Hanji: Korean handmade paper, were chemically investigated, and their property data such as colour, pH, grammage, thickness, tensile strength, folding endurance were statistically analysed in order to determine general features for Korean papers. The influence of different paper sheet formation methods (Heullimtteugi vs Gadumtteugi) were revealed by multivariate data analysis and the chemical profiles of raw materials were studied by pyrolysis–gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS). The Korean handmade paper samples display colour gamut in the colour space L* (69.9–95.9), a* [(−3)-3], b* (0–20), most have neutral/alkaline pH values. Paper density, fiber orientation and physical properties are influenced by the sheet formation techniques. For instance, Gadumtteugi tends to produce papers with strong fiber orientation while Heullimtteugi produces papers with more evenly distribution of fibers. In addition, Py-GC/MS analysis results show that paper mulberry fibers contain less intensity lignin monomers and more terpenic compounds in comparison with gampi and mitsumata fibers. This study provides paper analysis from large sample set, statistics reveal that the material preparing and making craft determined the paper structure which reflected in their physical properties. These properties influenced paper performance and applications in art creations as well as relics conservation and restoration. The characterized paper sample database could be used for handmade paper studies in East Asian region. Consequently, this study contributes to a better understanding of contemporary Hanji properties as well as improves knowledge on handmade papers from the Korean peninsula.

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GC-MS analysis of young and mature wild agarwood leaves (Aquilaria malaccensis Lamk) and its antioxidant potential

IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science ◽

10.1088/1755-1315/912/1/012038 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 912 (1) ◽

pp. 012038

Author(s):

R Batubara ◽

T I Hanum ◽

O Affandi

Keyword(s):

Raw Materials ◽

Chemical Compounds ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Leaf Extracts ◽

Pyrolysis Gas ◽

Main Compound ◽

Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography ◽

Mature Leaves ◽

Aquilaria Malaccensis ◽

Radical Method

Abstract Agarwood grows wildly in the nature and its leaves may be utilized as raw materials for agarwood tea, especially from Aquilaria species. The study was conducted to determine the chemical compounds in the young and mature leaves of wild gaharu (Aquilaria malaccensis Lamk). Chemical compounds were detected using pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry (py-GCMS) while antioxidant capacity of the leaf extracts was assayed using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) free radical method. The results obtained a total of 30 chemical compounds in agarwood leaves extract with different composition between young and mature leaves. The agarwood leaves extracts displayed strong antioxidative capacity with a main compound namely octadecanoid acid or stearic acid.

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Investigation of Ancient Architectural Painting from the Taidong Tomb in the Western Qing Tombs, Hebei, China

Coatings ◽

10.3390/coatings10070688 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (7) ◽

pp. 688 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Peng Fu ◽

Ge-Le Teri ◽

Jing Li ◽

Jia-Xin Li ◽

Yu-Hu Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Raw Materials ◽

Polarized Light ◽

Scientific Data ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

White Lead ◽

Fiber Layer ◽

Pyrolysis Gas ◽

X Ray ◽

Materials Used ◽

Synthetic Pigments

The Taidong Tomb in the imperial tombs of the Qing dynasties has great aesthetic value and a rich history. In this study, we conducted the first investigation ever performed on the raw materials used in the paintings in the Taidong Tomb. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), polarized light microscopy (PLM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), micro-Raman spectroscopy (m-RS), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and pyrolysis–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) were used to comprehensively analyze the painting of Long’en Hall, Xipei Hall and the ceiling of Minglou. In the conclusion of the study, the paintings were found to contain natural mineral and synthetic pigments, including atacamite (Cu2Cl(OH)3), azurite (2CuCO3·Cu(OH)2), vermilion (HgS), carbon black (C), anglesite (PbSO4), white lead (2PbCO3·Pb(OH)2), synthetic emerald green (Cu(CH3COO)2·3Cu(AsO2)2) and ultramarine ((Na,Ca)8(AlSiO4)6(SO4,S,Cl)2). This allows us to conclude that some of the architectural paintings were repainted in the mid-to-late 19th century. The mortar layer may consist of brick ash (albite, gismondine), lime water, tung oil and flour. The fiber layer material may be ramie. Researching the raw materials of the paintings in the Taidong Tomb is of great value because it provides scientific data for the future preservation of the paintings in the tomb.

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Characterization and identification of Chinese historical rubbings preserved in Wuyuan Museum by Pyrolysis–Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry

Heritage Science ◽

10.1186/s40494-021-00596-z ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Na Yao ◽

Xiangsheng Zhan ◽

Qinglin Ma ◽

Shuya Wei

Keyword(s):

Mass Spectrometry ◽

Gas Chromatography ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Analytical Techniques ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Pyrolysis Gas ◽

Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography ◽

Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Polycyclic Aromatic ◽

Different Origins

AbstractFor conservation and restoration purposes, the precious historical rubbings preserved in Wuyuan Museum were studied by multi-analytical techniques including 14C radiocarbon dating, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Pyrolysis–Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) and Herzberg staining method. The results showed that the Py-GC/MS method is an efficient method for identifying the raw materials of paper and ink in historical rubbings simultaneously. Through Py-GC/MS analysis, five types of constituents could be detected: (1) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from soot; (2) compounds related to tar of conifer wood: retene and methyl dehydroabietate; (3) marker compounds from the whole egg; (4) additive compounds: menthol and curcumene, which were found for the first time in ink; (5) biochemical compounds from bark paper: β-amyrin and α-amyrin. Based on the above results, the ink type, binding media and additives in ink, as well as the fiber origin of the rubbing paper could be concluded. This study could not only provide scientific support for conservation and restoration of the historical rubbings preserved in Wuyuan museum, but also give method guidance for analysis of the uncharacterized rubbings from different origins.

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Some statistical and CI models to predict chaotic high-frequency financial data

Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems ◽

10.3233/jifs-189107 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 39 (5) ◽

pp. 6419-6430

Author(s):

Dusan Marcek

Keyword(s):

Time Series Data ◽

Moving Average ◽

Methodological Approach ◽

Back Propagation ◽

Large Data ◽

Series Data ◽

Data Set ◽

Training Time ◽

Optimal Population ◽

Forecast Time

To forecast time series data, two methodological frameworks of statistical and computational intelligence modelling are considered. The statistical methodological approach is based on the theory of invertible ARIMA (Auto-Regressive Integrated Moving Average) models with Maximum Likelihood (ML) estimating method. As a competitive tool to statistical forecasting models, we use the popular classic neural network (NN) of perceptron type. To train NN, the Back-Propagation (BP) algorithm and heuristics like genetic and micro-genetic algorithm (GA and MGA) are implemented on the large data set. A comparative analysis of selected learning methods is performed and evaluated. From performed experiments we find that the optimal population size will likely be 20 with the lowest training time from all NN trained by the evolutionary algorithms, while the prediction accuracy level is lesser, but still acceptable by managers.

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Thermo-Oxidative Decomposition of Lovage (Levisticum officinale) and Davana (Artemisia pallens) Essential Oils under Simulated Tobacco Heating Product Conditions

Beiträge zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research ◽

10.2478/cttr-2020-0004 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 29 (1) ◽

pp. 27-43

Author(s):

Emma Jakab ◽

Zoltán Sebestyén ◽

Bence Babinszki ◽

Eszter Barta-Rajnai ◽

Zsuzsanna Czégény ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Low Temperature ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Relative Yield ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Intramolecular Rearrangement ◽

Oxidation Reactions ◽

Pyrolysis Gas ◽

Oxidative Decomposition ◽

Oxidative Pyrolysis ◽

Artemisia Pallens

SummaryThe thermo-oxidative decomposition of lovage (Levisticum officinale) and davana (Artemisia pallens) essential oils has been studied by pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry in 9% oxygen and 91% nitrogen atmosphere at 300 °C to simulate low-temperature tobacco heating conditions. Both lovage and davana oils contain numerous chemical substances; the main components of both oils are various oxygen-containing compounds. Isobenzofuranones are the most important constituents of lovage oil, and their relative intensity changed significantly during oxidative pyrolysis. (Z)-ligustilide underwent two kinds of decomposition reactions: an aromatization reaction resulting in the formation of butylidenephthalide and the scission of the lactone ring with the elimination of carbon dioxide or carbon monoxide. Davanone is the main component of davana oil, which did not decompose considerably during low-temperature oxidative pyrolysis. However, the relative yield of the second most intensive component, bicyclogermacrene, reduced markedly due to bond rearrangement reactions. Davana ether underwent oxidation reactions leading to the formation of various furanic compounds. The changes in the composition of both essential oils could be interpreted in terms of bond splitting, intramolecular rearrangement mechanisms and oxidation reactions of several constituents during low-temperature oxidative pyrolysis. The applied thermo-oxidative method was found to be suitable to study the stability of the essential oils and monitor the decomposition products under simulated tobacco heating conditions. In spite of the complicated composition of the essential oils, no evidence for interaction between the oil components was found. [Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 29 (2020) 27–43]

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CHARACTERISATION OF DISSOLVED ORGANIC CARBON (DOC) LEACHED FROM LEAVES IN WATER

Jurnal Natural ◽

10.30862/jn.v6i1.692 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Markus Heryanto Langsa

Keyword(s):

Mass Spectrometry ◽

Gas Chromatography ◽

Organic Carbon ◽

Dissolved Organic Carbon ◽

Total Organic Carbon ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Pyrolysis Gas ◽

Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography ◽

Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Pinus Radiate

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan senyawa organik khususnya organic karbon terlarut (DOC) dari dua spesies daun tumbuhan (wandoo eucalyptus and pinus radiate, conifer) yang larut dalam air selama periode 5 bulan leaching eksperimen. Kecepatan melarutnya senyawa organic ditentukan secara kuantitatif dan kualitatif menggunakan kombinasi dari beberapa teknik diantaranya Total Organic Carbon (TOC) analyser, Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-VIS) spektrokopi dan pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC-MS).Hasil analisis DOC dan UV menunjukkan peningkatan yang tajam dari kelarutan senyawa organic di awal periode pengamatan yang selanjutnya berkurang seiring dengan waktu secara eksponensial. Jumlah relatif senyawa organic yang terlarut tergantung pada luas permukaan, aktifitas mikrobiologi dan jenis sampel tumbuhan (segar atau kering) yang digunakan. Fluktuasi profil DOC dan UV254 disebabkan oleh aktifitas mikrobiologi. Diperoleh bahwa daun kering lebih mudah terdegradasi menghasilkan senyawa organic dalam air dibandingkan dengan daun segar. Hasil pyrolysis secara umum menunjukkan bahwa senyawa hidrokarbon aromatic dan fenol (dan turunannya) lebih banyak ditemukan pada residue sampel setelah proses leaching kemungkinan karena adanya senyawa lignin atau aktifitas humifikasi mikrobiologi membuktikan bahwa senyawa-senyawa tersebut merupakan komponen penting dalam proses karakterisasi DOC.

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BÖHLER W403 VMR

Alloy Digest ◽

10.31399/asm.ad.ts0721 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 62 (9) ◽

Keyword(s):

Heat Treatment ◽

Chemical Composition ◽

Physical Properties ◽

Tool Steel ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Heat Treating ◽

Diffusion Annealing ◽

Selection Of

Abstract Böhler (or Boehler) W403 VMR is a tool steel with outstanding properties, based not only on a modified chemical composition, but on the selection of highly clean raw materials for melting, remelting under vacuum (VMF), optimized diffusion annealing, and a special heat treatment. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, and elasticity. It also includes information on forming and heat treating. Filing Code: TS-721. Producer or source: Böhler Edelstahl GmbH.

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Comparative analysis of essential oil obtained from fresh and dried leaves of medicinal sage

10.33920/med-06-2002-03 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 39-53

Author(s):

Tatyana Shcheglova

Keyword(s):

Comparative Analysis ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Quantitative Difference ◽

Botanical Garden ◽

Component Composition ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Qualitative And Quantitative ◽

Salvia Officinalis L ◽

Medical University

The article presents results of the study of a comparative analysis of essential oil obtained from fresh and dried leaves of medicinal sage (Salvia officinalis L.), growing in the Botanical Garden of the First Moscow State Medical University named after Sechenov. The studies were carried out using gas chromatography– mass spectrometry. Qualitative and quantitative difference in the component composition of the essential oil obtained from fresh and dried raw materials was determined as a result of the study.

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