scholarly journals Silencing of PhLA, a CIN-TCP gene, causes defected petal conical epidermal cell formation and results in reflexed corolla lobes in petunia

2020 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hsiao-Wei Chen ◽  
Po-Lun Lee ◽  
Chun-Neng Wang ◽  
Hui-Ju Hsu ◽  
Jen-Chih Chen
Keyword(s):  
Epidermal Cell ◽  
Petunia Hybrida ◽  
Leaf Shape ◽  
Cell Formation ◽  
Distal Portion ◽  
Virus Induced Gene Silencing ◽  
Model Species ◽  
Flower Morphogenesis ◽  
Solanaceae Species ◽  
Leaf Species

Abstract Background TCP-domain proteins, plant specific transcription factors, play important roles in various developmental processes. CIN-TCPs control leaf curvature in simple leaf species while regulate leaf complexity in compound leaf species. However, the knowledge was largely based on findings in few model species. To extend our knowledge on this group of proteins in Solanaceae species, we identified a CIN-TCP gene from petunia, and studied its functions using virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS). Results Consistently, silencing of CIN-TCPs increases complexity of tomato leaves, and enhances leaf curvature in Nicotiana benthamiana. However, in petunia (Petunia hybrida), silencing of petunia LA, a CIN-TCP, through VIGS did not obviously affect leaf shape. The silencing, however, enhanced petal curvature. The event was associated with petal expansion at the distal portion where epidermal cell size along the midribs was also increased. The enlarged epidermal cells became flattened. Although shapes of PhLA-silenced flowers largely resemble phmyb1 mutant phenotype, PhMYB1 expression was not affected when PhLA was specifically silenced. Therefore, both PhLA and PhMYB1 are required to regulate flower morphology. In corolla, PhLA and miR319 deferentially express in different regions with strong expressions in limb and tube region respectively. Conclusions In conclusion, unlike LA-like genes in tomato and N. benthamiana, PhLA plays a more defined role in flower morphogenesis, including petal curvature and epidermal cell differentiation.

scholarly journals Modifications to a LATE MERISTEM IDENTITY1 gene are responsible for the major leaf shapes of Upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)

2016 ◽  
Vol 114 (1) ◽  
pp. E57-E66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan J. Andres ◽  
Viktoriya Coneva ◽  
Margaret H. Frank ◽  
John R. Tuttle ◽  
Luis Fernando Samayoa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Leaf Shape ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Tetraploid Cotton ◽  
Virus Induced Gene Silencing ◽  
Unique Role ◽  
Leaf Formation ◽  
Elevated Expression ◽  
Transcriptomic Signature ◽  
Lobed Leaf

Leaf shape varies spectacularly among plants. Leaves are the primary source of photoassimilate in crop plants, and understanding the genetic basis of variation in leaf morphology is critical to improving agricultural productivity. Leaf shape played a unique role in cotton improvement, as breeders have selected for entire and lobed leaf morphs resulting from a single locus, okra (l-D1), which is responsible for the major leaf shapes in cotton. The l-D1 locus is not only of agricultural importance in cotton, but through pioneering chimeric and morphometric studies, it has contributed to fundamental knowledge about leaf development. Here we show that an HD-Zip transcription factor homologous to the LATE MERISTEM IDENTITY1 (LMI1) gene of Arabidopsis is the causal gene underlying the l-D1 locus. The classical okra leaf shape allele has a 133-bp tandem duplication in the promoter, correlated with elevated expression, whereas an 8-bp deletion in the third exon of the presumed wild-type normal allele causes a frame-shifted and truncated coding sequence. Our results indicate that subokra is the ancestral leaf shape of tetraploid cotton that gave rise to the okra allele and that normal is a derived mutant allele that came to predominate and define the leaf shape of cultivated cotton. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) of the LMI1-like gene in an okra variety was sufficient to induce normal leaf formation. The developmental changes in leaves conferred by this gene are associated with a photosynthetic transcriptomic signature, substantiating its use by breeders to produce a superior cotton ideotype.

scholarly journals PHYTODIVERSITY AND ECOLOGICAL FEATURES OF WEED SPECIES OF SUFAID SUNG, PESHAWAR

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-237
Author(s):  
Haroon Khan
Keyword(s):  
Weed Management ◽  
Life Form ◽  
Leaf Shape ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Field Surveys ◽  
Ecological Features ◽  
Ecological Weed Management ◽  
Leaf Species

Field surveys were carried out to assess the phytodiversity, phenology, leaf size, leaf shape, life form and ethnobotany of weed flora of village Sufaid Sung, Peshawar from March 2017 to June 2019. Overall, 95 species have been reported associated with 31 families. Dominant families were Poaceae (22 species), Asteraceae (10 species) followed by Amaranthaceae and Papilionaceae (6 species each), Brassicaceae and Polygonaceae (5 species each), Euphorbiaceae and Solanaceae (4 species), Apiaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Cyperaceae, Malvaceae and Verbenaceae added 2 species, Chenopodiaceae and Convolvulaceae contributed 3 species, Apiaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Cyperaceae, Malvaceae and Verbenaceae added 2 species while the rest of 16 families contributed a single species each. The dominant life form was therophytes (76 species) followed by hemicryptophytes (11 species) and geophytes (8 species). Leaf size of the flora showed that the most dominant leaf size class was mesophyll (38 species) followed by macrophyll and microphyll (18 species each), nanopohyll (15 species) and leptophyll (5 species) while a single aphyllous. Simple leaf species were 68 while 26 species had dissected leaves. This study shows a detailed phytodiversical situation of weeds that may be important as reference work for future ethnobotanical, ecological, weed management and conservational studies.

scholarly journals Transcriptome-Based Identification and Functional Characterization of NAC Transcription Factors Responsive to Drought Stress in Capsicum annuum L.

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dionis Borràs ◽  
Lorenzo Barchi ◽  
Karina Schulz ◽  
Andrea Moglia ◽  
Alberto Acquadro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Capsicum Annuum ◽  
Functional Characterization ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Virus Induced Gene Silencing ◽  
Nac Transcription Factors ◽  
Core Set ◽  
Solanaceae Species ◽  
Fruit Setting

Capsicum annuum L. is one of the most cultivated Solanaceae species, and in the open field, water limitation leading to drought stress affects its fruit quality, fruit setting, fruit size and ultimately yield. We identified stage-specific and a common core set of differentially expressed genes, following RNA-seq transcriptome analyses of a breeding line subjected to acute drought stress followed by recovery (rewatering), at three stages of plant development. Among them, two NAC transcription factor (TF) genes, i.e., CaNAC072 and CaNAC104, were always upregulated after drought stress and downregulated after recovery. The two TF proteins were observed to be localized in the nucleus following their transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. The expression of the two NACs was also induced by NaCl, polyethylene glycol (PEG) and abscisic acid (ABA) treatments, suggesting that CaNAC072 is an early, while CaNAC104 is a late abiotic stress-responsive gene. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) of CaNAC104 did not affect the pepper plantlet’s tolerance to drought stress, while VIGS of CaNAC072 increased drought tolerance. Heterologous expression of CaNAC072 in Arabidopsis thaliana as well as in plants mutated for its homolog ANAC072 did not increase drought stress tolerance. This highlights a different role of the two NAC homologs in the two species. Here, we discuss the complex role of NACs as transcriptional switches in the response to drought stress in bell pepper.

Colombian datura virus. [Distribution map].

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
South Carolina ◽  
Nicotiana Tabacum ◽  
Petunia Hybrida ◽  
New South ◽  
Distribution Map ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Solanaceae Species ◽  
Virus Distribution ◽  
New Distribution ◽  
Distribution In Europe

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Colombian datura virus (Potyviridae: Potyvirus). The hosts include Brugmansia (syn. Datura) spp., tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), Petunia hybrida and other Solanaceae species. Information is given on the geographical distribution in Europe (Germany, Hungary, Italy, Netherlands and Poland), Asia (Japan), North America (Canada, British Columbia, USA, Florida, Oregon and South Carolina), South America (Colombia) and Oceania (Australia, New South Wales and Victoria).

Influence of Glyphosate on Flower Morphogenesis and Pigmentation in Petunia hybrida

2006 ◽  
Vol 61 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 578-582 ◽  
Author(s):  
Atsumi Shimada ◽  
Yasuo Kimura
Keyword(s):  
Petunia Hybrida ◽  
Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Anthocyanin Content ◽  
Remarkable Effect ◽  
Flower Morphogenesis ◽  
Flower Shape ◽  
Pal Activity ◽  
Flower Symmetry ◽  
Related Compounds

Glyphosate showed a remarkable effect inducing the change of flower symmetry from the actinomorphic to the zygomorphic type in Petunia hybrida. Glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine] reduced the anthocyanin content and showed a weak inhibitory effect against phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity. ʟ-2-Aminooxy-3-phenylpropionic acid (APA), an inhibitor of PAL activity, reduced the anthocyanin content but had no effect on flower shape. Additional phenylalanine or trans-cinnamic acid, the intermediates of glyphosate inhibition against PAL activity, could not recover the change of flower shape induced by glyphosate. These results suggested that the reduction of PAL activity alone could not account for the two characteristic changes of flower symmetry and pigmentation induced by glyphosate. On the other hand, the results of application of glyphosate-related compounds suggested that the structure of glyphosate contributed to induce the morphological change of Petunia flower. Glyphosate may thus be a very useful agent in the elucidation of unresolved questions of flower morphogenesis and the related metabolism.

scholarly journals The Senescence-Associated Endonuclease, PhENDO1, Is Upregulated by Ethylene and Phosphorus Deficiency in Petunia

Horticulturae ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 46
Author(s):  
Michelle L. Jones ◽  
Shuangyi Bai ◽  
Yiyun Lin ◽  
Laura J. Chapin
Keyword(s):  
Nucleic Acid ◽  
Petunia Hybrida ◽  
Phosphorus Deficiency ◽  
Peptide Sequence ◽  
Flower Senescence ◽  
Nucleic Acid Content ◽  
Virus Induced Gene Silencing ◽  
Dna And Rna ◽  
Endogenous Expression ◽  
N Starvation

The upregulation of endonuclease activities and subsequent decreases in the nucleic acid content of leaves and petals are characteristics of senescence that allow for nutrient remobilization from dying organs. We previously identified a 43-kDa endonuclease activity (PhNUC1) that was upregulated in Petunia × hybrida petals during senescence. PhNUC1 has optimal activity at neutral pH, is enhanced by Co2+, and degrades both DNA and RNA. The peptide sequence of a 43-kDa endonuclease identified from senescing petals by 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis was used to clone the gene (PhENDO1) encoding the senescence-associated protein. PhENDO1 expression was upregulated in petals during the senescence of unpollinated and pollinated flowers and by ethylene treatment. When petunias were grown under nutrient deficient conditions, P-starvation, and to a lesser extent N-starvation, induced expression of PhENDO1. The endogenous expression of PhENDO1 was down regulated using virus induced gene silencing (VIGS), and in-gel endonuclease assays confirmed that the activity of the 43-kDa PhNUC1 was decreased in senescing corollas from PhENDO1-silenced (pTRV2:PhCHS:PhENDO1) plants compared to controls (pTRV2:PhCHS). Down regulating PhENDO1 in petunias did not alter flower longevity. While PhENDO1 may be involved in nucleic acid catabolism during senescence, down regulating this gene using VIGS was not sufficient to delay flower senescence.

scholarly journals Modifications to a LATE MERISTEM IDENTITY-1 gene are responsible for the major leaf shapes of cotton

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan Andres ◽  
Viktoriya Coneva ◽  
Margaret H. Frank ◽  
John R. Tuttle ◽  
Sang-Won Han ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Shape ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Tetraploid Cotton ◽  
Virus Induced Gene Silencing ◽  
Leaf Formation ◽  
Elevated Expression ◽  
Meristem Identity ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Lobed Leaf

AbstractLeaf shape is spectacularly diverse. As the primary source of photo-assimilate in major crops, understanding the evolutionary and environmentally induced changes in leaf morphology are critical to improving agricultural productivity. The role of leaf shape in cotton domestication is unique, as breeders have purposefully selected for entire and lobed leaf morphs resulting from a single locus, okra (L-D1). The okra locus is not only of agricultural importance in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), but through pioneering chimeric and morphometric studies it has contributed to fundamental knowledge about leaf development. Here we show that the major leaf shapes of cotton at the L-D1 locus are controlled by a HD-Zip transcription factor most similar to Late Meristem Identity1 (LMI1) gene. The classical okra leaf shape gene has133-bp tandem duplication in the promoter, correlated with elevated expression, while an 8-bp deletion in the third exon of the presumed wild-type normal leaf causes a frame-shifted and truncated coding sequence. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) of this LMI1-like gene in an okra variety was sufficient to induce normal leaf formation. An intermediate leaf shape allele, sub-okra, lacks both the promoter duplication and the exonic deletion. Our results indicate that sub-okra is the ancestral leaf shape of tetraploid cotton and normal is a derived mutant allele that came to predominate and define the leaf shape of cultivated cotton.

scholarly journals Pontin/Reptin-associated complexes differentially impact plant development and viral pathology

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Snigdha Chatterjee ◽  
Min Xu ◽  
Elena M. Shemyakina ◽  
Jacob O Brunkard
Keyword(s):  
Chromatin Remodeling ◽  
Plant Development ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Leaf Shape ◽  
Potato Virus X ◽  
Null Alleles ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Virus Induced Gene Silencing ◽  
Tor Kinase ◽  
Delayed Flowering

Pontin and Reptin are essential eukaryotic AAA+ ATPases that work together in several multiprotein complexes, contributing to chromatin remodeling and TARGET OF RAPAMCYIN (TOR) kinase complex assembly, among other functions. Null alleles of pontin or reptin are gametophyte lethal in plants, which has hindered studies of their crucial roles in plant biology. Here, we used virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) to interrogate the functions of Pontin and Reptin in plant growth and physiology, focusing on Nicotiana benthamiana, a model species for the agriculturally significant Solanaceae family. Silencing either Pontin or Reptin caused pleiotropic developmental and physiological reprogramming, including aberrant leaf shape, reduced apical growth, delayed flowering, increased branching, chlorosis, and decreased spread of the RNA viruses Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and Potato virus X (PVX). To dissect these pleiotropic phenotypes, we took a comparative approach and silenced expression of key genes that encode subunits of each of the major Pontin/Reptin-associated chromatin remodeling or TOR complexes (INO80, SWR-C/PIE1, TIP60, TOR, and TELO2). We found that many of the pontin/reptin phenotypes could be attributed specifically to disruption of one of these complexes, with tip60 and tor knockdown plants each phenocopying a large subset of pontin/reptin phenotypes. We conclude that Pontin/Reptin complexes are crucial for proper plant development, physiology, and stress responses, highlighting the multifaceted roles these conserved enzymes have evolved in eukaryotic cells.

scholarly journals Differential Cold Acclimation Ability of Petunia spp.

HortScience ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 1219-1222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron E. Walworth ◽  
Ryan M. Warner
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Cold Acclimation ◽  
Freezing Tolerance ◽  
Electrolyte Leakage ◽  
Petunia Hybrida ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Wild Germplasm ◽  
Plant Family ◽  
Solanaceae Species ◽  
Short Days

Freezing tolerance of many plant species increases after exposure to low, nonfreezing temperatures, a process termed cold acclimation. In some species, shortened photoperiods also bring about an increase in freezing tolerance. Within the plant family Solanaceae, species vary widely in cold acclimation ability. The objectives of this work were to examine the effects of low temperature and photoperiod on cold acclimation of Petunia hybrida (Hook.) Vilm. ‘Mitchell’ and to evaluate cold acclimation of several Petunia species by measuring freezing tolerance using an electrolyte leakage assay on leaf tissue discs. Temperature, but not photoperiod, influenced cold acclimation of P. hybrida. Whether grown under long days or short days, nonacclimated plants had an EL50 value (temperature at which 50% of cellular electrolytes are lost) of ≈–2 °C. Plants acclimated by gradual cooling at temperatures of 15 °C, 10 °C, and 3 °C for 7 days each reached an EL50 of ≈–5 °C regardless of photoperiod. Exposure to 3 °C under short days for 1 or 3 weeks resulted in EL50 temperatures of –3.9 and –4.9 °C, respectively. Freezing tolerance of petunia species P. exserta Stehmann, P. integrifolia (Hook.) Schinz & Thell., P. axillaris (Lam.) Britton et al. (USDA accessions 28546 and 28548), and P. hybrida ‘Mitchell’ was similar before cold acclimation, but varied from –5 °C for P. exserta to –8 °C for P. axillaris (accession 28548) after cold acclimation. Our results demonstrate the cold acclimation ability of Petunia spp. and identify wild germplasm sources with potential usefulness for improving freezing tolerance of cultivated petunia.

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