Modeling and forecasting sex differences in mortality: a sex-ratio approach

In this commentary, I consider Schmitt's cross-cultural investigation of sociosexuality from a comparative perspective. I argue that such a perspective lends support to an evolutionary explanation of a number of Schmitt's findings, including universal sex differences in sociosexuality and the sensitivity of mating behavior to contextual variables such as sex ratio.

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Sex differences in brain plasticity: a new hypothesis for sex ratio bias in autism

Molecular Autism ◽

10.1186/s13229-015-0024-1 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 37

Author(s):

Laurent Mottron ◽

Pauline Duret ◽

Sophia Mueller ◽

Robert D Moore ◽

Baudouin Forgeot d’Arc ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sex Differences ◽

Sex Ratio ◽

Brain Plasticity ◽

Ratio Bias ◽

Sex Ratio Bias ◽

New Hypothesis

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Sexual selection, the division of labor, and the evolution of sex differences

Behavioral and Brain Sciences ◽

10.1017/s0140525x98221248 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 21 (3) ◽

pp. 444-447 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

David C. Geary

Keyword(s):

Sex Differences ◽

Sexual Selection ◽

Sex Ratio ◽

Division Of Labor ◽

Operational Sex Ratio ◽

Female Competition ◽

Human Populations ◽

Human Sex Differences ◽

Male Choice ◽

Relative Contribution

Sexual selection traditionally involves male-male competition and female choice, but in some species, including humans, sexual selection can also involve female-female competition and male choice. The degree to which one aspect of sexual selection or another is manifest in human populations will be influenced by a host of social and ecological variables, including the operational sex ratio. These variables are discussed in connection with the relative contribution of sexual selection and the division of labor to the evolution of human sex differences.

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Sex differences may indeed exist for 3-D navigational abilities: But was sexual selection responsible?

Behavioral and Brain Sciences ◽

10.1017/s0140525x98211241 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 21 (3) ◽

pp. 443-444 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Peter Frost

Keyword(s):

Sex Differences ◽

Sexual Selection ◽

Sex Ratio ◽

Mortality Rates ◽

Operational Sex Ratio ◽

Hunter Gatherers ◽

Selection Of

Polygyny does not necessarily entail sexual selection of men. All factors that affect the operational sex ratio must be considered. Data from contemporary hunter-gatherers indicate higher mortality rates in men than in women, and lost female reproductive time. If sexual selection did occur in ancestral hunter-gatherers, it was probably men selecting women and not women selecting men.

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Sociosexuality and sex ratio: Sex differences and local markets

Behavioral and Brain Sciences ◽

10.1017/s0140525x05350059 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 28 (2) ◽

pp. 288-288

Author(s):

John Lazarus

Keyword(s):

Sex Differences ◽

Sex Ratio ◽

Local Level ◽

Psychological Effects ◽

Operational Sex Ratio ◽

Know How ◽

Males And Females ◽

Mating Market ◽

The Relationship ◽

Ratio Measure

Operational sex ratio (OSR) is the correct sex ratio measure for predicting sociosexuality, but it is unclear whether this is the measure used. It would be valuable to know how OSR and sociosexuality correlate separately for males and females. The relationship between sociosexuality and OSR should also be examined with OSR measured at the local level of the mating market, where sex ratio must be having its psychological effects.

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Estimating adult sex ratios in nature

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences ◽

10.1098/rstb.2016.0313 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 372 (1729) ◽

pp. 20160313 ◽

Cited By ~ 37

Author(s):

Sergio Ancona ◽

Francisco V. Dénes ◽

Oliver Krüger ◽

Tamás Székely ◽

Steven R. Beissinger

Keyword(s):

Sex Differences ◽

Sex Ratio ◽

Evolutionary Biology ◽

Adult Population ◽

Sex Ratios ◽

Estimation Methods ◽

Spatial And Temporal Variation ◽

Animal Populations ◽

Adult Sex Ratio ◽

Males And Females

Adult sex ratio (ASR, the proportion of males in the adult population) is a central concept in population and evolutionary biology, and is also emerging as a major factor influencing mate choice, pair bonding and parental cooperation in both human and non-human societies. However, estimating ASR is fraught with difficulties stemming from the effects of spatial and temporal variation in the numbers of males and females, and detection/capture probabilities that differ between the sexes. Here, we critically evaluate methods for estimating ASR in wild animal populations, reviewing how recent statistical advances can be applied to handle some of these challenges. We review methods that directly account for detection differences between the sexes using counts of unmarked individuals (observed, trapped or killed) and counts of marked individuals using mark–recapture models. We review a third class of methods that do not directly sample the number of males and females, but instead estimate the sex ratio indirectly using relationships that emerge from demographic measures, such as survival, age structure, reproduction and assumed dynamics. We recommend that detection-based methods be used for estimating ASR in most situations, and point out that studies are needed that compare different ASR estimation methods and control for sex differences in dispersal. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Adult sex ratios and reproductive decisions: a critical re-examination of sex differences in human and animal societies’.

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Sex Differences, Genetic and Environmental Influences on Dilated Cardiomyopathy

Journal of Clinical Medicine ◽

10.3390/jcm10112289 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (11) ◽

pp. 2289

Author(s):

Angita Jain ◽

Nadine Norton ◽

Katelyn A. Bruno ◽

Leslie T. Cooper ◽

Paldeep S. Atwal ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heart Failure ◽

Sex Differences ◽

Sex Ratio ◽

Dilated Cardiomyopathy ◽

Systolic Function ◽

Pathogenic Variants ◽

Research Findings ◽

Reported Data ◽

Chemotherapy Agents ◽

Male To Female

Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is characterized by dilatation of the left ventricle and impaired systolic function and is the second most common cause of heart failure after coronary heart disease. The etiology of DCM is diverse including genetic pathogenic variants, infection, inflammation, autoimmune diseases, exposure to chemicals/toxins as well as endocrine and neuromuscular causes. DCM is inherited in 20–50% of cases where more than 30 genes have been implicated in the development of DCM with pathogenic variants in TTN (Titin) most frequently associated with disease. Even though male sex is a risk factor for heart failure, few studies have examined sex differences in the pathogenesis of DCM. We searched the literature for studies examining idiopathic or familial/genetic DCM that reported data by sex in order to determine the sex ratio of disease. We found 31 studies that reported data by sex for non-genetic DCM with an average overall sex ratio of 2.5:1 male to female and 7 studies for familial/genetic DCM with an overall average sex ratio of 1.7:1 male to female. No manuscripts that we found had more females than males in their studies. We describe basic and clinical research findings that may explain the increase in DCM in males over females based on sex differences in basic physiology and the immune and fibrotic response to damage caused by mutations, infections, chemotherapy agents and autoimmune responses.

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Do Slower Life History Strategies Reduce Sociodemographic Sex Differences?

Journal of Methods and Measurement in the Social Sciences ◽

10.2458/v6i1.18771 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 1

Author(s):

Cindy Elizabeth Chavarria Minera ◽

Aurelio José Figueredo ◽

Laura Gail Lunsford

Keyword(s):

Sex Differences ◽

Life History ◽

Sex Ratio ◽

Life Histories ◽

Educational Achievement ◽

Federal District ◽

The United States ◽

Life History Strategies ◽

Mortality And Morbidity ◽

And Behavior

This study examines the relations between sociodemographic sex differences and life history strategies in the populations of Mexican States. Sex differences in anatomy and behavior was measured with traits such as educational achievement, mortality, and morbidity. The data were obtained from the Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía (INEGI) and sampled from thirty-one Mexican states and the Federal District (N = 32). An extension analysis was performed selecting only the sex ratio variables that had a correlation with the slow Life History factor greater than or equal to an absolute value of .25. A unit-weighted sex ratio factor was created using these variables. Across 32 Mexican states, the correlation between latent slow life history and sex ratio was .57 (p < .05). These results are consistent with our hypothesis that slower life histories favor reduced sexual dimorphism in physiology and behavior among human subnational populations. The results of the study further understanding of variations in population sex differences, male-biased behaviors toward sexual equality, and the differences among subnational (regional) populations within the United States of Mexico. DOI:10.2458/azu_jmmss_v6i1_chavarria_minera

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762. Sex Differences in the Epidemiology of Tuberculosis in Tunisia

Open Forum Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/ofid/ofy210.769 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 5 (suppl_1) ◽

pp. S274-S274

Author(s):

Maissa Ben Jemaa ◽

Makram Koubaa ◽

Houda Ben Ayed ◽

Chakib Marrakchi ◽

Maroua Trigui ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gender Differences ◽

Sex Differences ◽

Lymph Node ◽

Sex Ratio ◽

Pulmonary Tuberculosis ◽

Duration Of Treatment ◽

Effective Prevention ◽

Death Rates ◽

Extra Pulmonary Tuberculosis ◽

Extra Pulmonary

Abstract Background According to WHO, many more men than women are diagnosed with tuberculosis (TB) and die from it globally. In light of this fact, examining the gender differences among patients with TB is important to institute effective prevention, coverage and treatment. We aim to study sex differences in the epidemiology and clinical specificities of TB. Methods We conducted a retrospective study of patients with TB, of all ages between January 1995 and December 2016. Data were collected from the regional register of tuberculosis implanted at the anti tuberculosis center ATC of Sfax, Southern Sfax. Results We recorded 2,771 new cases of TB. Sex ratio was 1.2. Pulmonary Tuberculosis (PT) represented 40.5% of all cases of TB (n = 1,121) and was 2.5 times more frequent in men than women (50.3% vs. 28.7%; P < 0.001). The sex ratio for extra-pulmonary tuberculosis (EPT) was 0.83. Lymph node and abdominal TB were significantly more frequent in women with respectively 52.5% (vs. 37.4%; P < 0.001) and 12.6% (vs. 9.1%; P = 0.025). Pleural and urogenital TB were significantly more common in men (20.3% vs. 8.9%; P < 0.001 and 13.4% vs. 9.8%; P = 0.023 respectively). We did not found any gender differences in other EPT forms. Between 1995 and 2016, overall TB (P = 0.001; rho = 0.64), EPT (P = 0.02; rho = 0.63) and PT (P = 0.03; rho = 0.46) cases were increasingly notified in women while they were stable in men. Death rates were significantly more important in men (3.5 vs. 2.1; P = 0.02). Women experienced recovery more frequently (89.2% vs. 86.7%; P = 0.04) and duration of treatment was significantly higher in women (9 months vs. 8 months; P < 0.001). Conclusion Our study highlighted sex differences of TB in the region of Sfax with a higher burden and morbidity in men. National TB programs should actively focus in these results with more routine diagnostic and screening. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

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Does smoking explain sex differences in the global tuberculosis epidemic?

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s0950268805005042 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 134 (2) ◽

pp. 333-339 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

R. E. WATKINS ◽

A. J. PLANT

Keyword(s):

Sex Differences ◽

Sex Ratio ◽

Linear Regression Analysis ◽

Multiple Linear Regression Analysis ◽

Adult Males ◽

High Burden ◽

Level Data ◽

Global Epidemiology ◽

Ecological Relationship ◽

Modifiable Factor

To date there has been no satisfactory explanation of the worldwide excess of tuberculosis (TB) notifications among adult males. We investigated the epidemiological basis for sex differences in TB notifications in high-burden countries using available group-level data. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to explore the ecological relationship between smoking and sex differences in TB notifications among high-burden countries. Cigarette consumption was a significant predictor of the sex ratio of TB notifications, and explained 33% of the variance in the sex ratio of TB notifications. Our findings suggest that smoking is an important modifiable factor which has a significant impact on the global epidemiology of TB, and emphasize the importance of tobacco control in countries with a high incidence of TB. This analysis provides support for the interpretation of sex differences in worldwide TB notification rates as indicative of true differences in the epidemiology of TB between males and females.

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