scholarly journals Lymphatic filariasis in Fiji: progress towards elimination, 1997–2007

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosie K. Manolas ◽  
Mike Kama ◽  
Merelesita Rainima-Qaniuci ◽  
Vinaisi D. Bechu ◽  
Samuela Tuibeqa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lymphatic Filariasis ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Mosquito Vector ◽  
James Cook ◽  
Department Of Health ◽  
Spot Check ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Past Data ◽  
Western Division

Abstract Background Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is a major public health problem in the Pacific Region, including in Fiji. Through transmission by the mosquito vector Aedes, Fiji has suffered the burden of remaining endemic with LF despite efforts at elimination prior to 1999. In the year 1999, Fiji agreed to take part in the Pacific Programme for Elimination of LF (PacELF) and the Global Programme to Eliminate LF. Methods This study reviewed and collated past data on LF in Fiji between 1997 and 2007. Sources included published papers as well as unpublished PacELF and WHO program meeting and survey reports. Records were held at Fiji’s Department of Health and Medical Services, James Cook University and the WHO office in Suva, Fiji. Results Baseline surveys between 1997 and 2002 showed that Fiji was highly endemic for LF with an estimated 16.6% of the population antigen positive and 6.3% microfilaria positive at that time. Five rounds of annual mass drug administration (MDA) using albendazole and diethylcarbamazine commenced in 2002. Programmatic coverage reported was 58–70% per year, but an independent coverage survey in 2006 in Northern Division after the fifth MDA suggested that actual coverage may have been higher. Monitoring of the program consisted of antigen prevalence surveys in all ages with sentinel and spot check surveys carried out in 2002 (pre MDA), 2004, and 2005, together with knowledge, attitude, and practice surveys. The stop-MDA survey (C survey) in 2007 was a nationwide stratified cluster survey of all ages according to PacELF guidelines, designed to sample by administrative division to identify areas still needing MDA. The national antigen prevalence in 2007 was reduced by more than a third to 9.5%, ranging from 0.9% in Western Division to 15.4% in Eastern Division, while microfilaria prevalence was reduced by almost four-fifths to 1.4%. Having not reached the target threshold of 1% prevalence in all ages, Fiji wisely decided to continue MDA after 2007 but to move from nationwide implementation to four (later five) separate evaluation units with independent timelines using global guidelines, building on program experience to put more emphasis on increasing coverage through prioritized communication strategies, community participation, and morbidity alleviation. Conclusion Fiji conducted nationwide MDA for LF annually between 2002 and 2006, monitored by extensive surveys of prevalence, knowledge, and coverage. From a high baseline prevalence in all divisions, large reductions in overall and age-specific prevalence were achieved, especially in the prevalence of microfilariae, but the threshold for stopping MDA was not reached. Fiji has a large rural and geographically widespread population, program management was not consistent over this period, and coverage achieved was likely not optimal in all areas. After learning from these many challenges and activities, Fiji was able to build on the progress achieved and the heterogeneity observed in prevalence to realign towards a more stratified and improved program after 2007. The information presented here will assist the country to progress towards validating elimination in subsequent years.

A Simple PCR Assay for Discrimination of Dengue Vectors from Nsukka LGA, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-77
Author(s):  
Amos Watentena ◽  
Ikem Chris Okoye ◽  
Ikechukwu Eugene Onah ◽  
Onwude Cosmas Ogbonnaya ◽  
Emmanuel Ogudu
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Aedes Albopictus ◽  
Mosquito Species ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Mosquito Vector ◽  
Aedes Mosquitoes ◽  
Allele Specific ◽  
Arboviral Diseases ◽  
Dengue Vectors

Mosquitoes of Aedes species are vectors of several arboviral diseases which continue to be a major public health problem in Nigeria. This study among other things, morphologically identified Aedes mosquitoes collected from Nsukka LGA and used an allele specific PCR amplification for discrimination of dengue vectors. Larval sampling, BG-sentinel traps and modified human landing catches were used for mosquito sampling in two selected autonomous communities of Nsukka LGA (Nsukka and Obimo). A total of 124 Aedes mosquitoes consisting of five (5) different species were collected from April to June, 2019 in a cross-sectional study that covered 126 households, under 76 distinct geographical coordinates. Larvae was mainly collected from plastic containers 73% (n=224), metallic containers 14% (n=43), earthen pots 9% (n=29) and used car tyres 3% (n=9), reared to adult stage 69.35% (n=86), and all mosquitoes were identified using standard morphological keys. Five (5) Aedes mosquito species were captured; Aedes aegypti 83(66.94%), Aedes albopictus 33(26.61%), Aedes simpsoni (4.48%), Aedes luteocephalus (≤1%) and Aedes vittatus (≤1%). Nsukka autonomous community had higher species diversity than Obimo. Allele specific amplification confirmed dengue vectors, Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus species on a 2% agarose gel. Since the most recent re-emergence of arboviral diseases is closely associated with Aedes species, findings of this study, therefore, give further evidence about the presence of potential arboviral vectors in Nigeria and describe the role of a simple PCR in discriminating some. Further entomological studies should integrate PCR assays in mosquito vector surveillance.

scholarly journals Evaluation of coverage of mass drug administration programme conducted in Nalgonda district of Telangana state

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (12) ◽  
pp. 5178
Author(s):  
Praveena Ganapa ◽  
Kishore Y. Jothula ◽  
Vishweswara Rao Guthi ◽  
P. Abhishek ◽  
V. Jyothi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lymphatic Filariasis ◽  
Drug Administration ◽  
Mass Drug Administration ◽  
Compliance Rate ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Control Programme ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Endemic District ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Coverage Rates

Background: Lymphatic filariasis has been a major public health problem in India. Government of India during 2004 initiated Mass Drug Administration (MDA) with annual single dose of DEC tablets to all the population living at the risk of filariasis. Nalgonda is endemic district where MDA programme is undertaken every year to eliminate lymphatic filariasis. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the coverage and compliance rates of the MDA programme conducted during January 2018.Methods: The guidelines of National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP) were used to select a total of 129 households from four clusters (three rural and one urban). Each household was visited by a team and data was recorded on pre-structured questionnaire available in operational guidelines manual of NVBDCP. Data analyzed by SPSS version 22.Results: Total of 129 households were included in the study, Among the 523 study population, only 494 were eligible population to receive MDA. Current study shows that coverage rate was 79.84% and compliance rate was 84.6%. Fear of side effects was most common reason for noncompliance.Conclusions: Efforts should be made to improve coverage rates by involving more human resources, supervision and incentives. Though compliance rates were higher than required there is need to maintain these rates by IEC activities and community participation. 

scholarly journals Searching for the dengue virus Achilles heel

2010 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 64
Author(s):  
Paul Young
Keyword(s):  
Dengue Virus ◽  
Hypovolemic Shock ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Febrile Illness ◽  
Dengue Shock Syndrome ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Mosquito Vector ◽  
Territorial Expansion ◽  
Antiviral Therapies ◽  
The Tropics

Dengue viruses are a major public health problem throughout the tropical world, with up to 100 million people infected annually. Infection can result in acute febrile illness (dengue fever) and in severe cases is associated with abnormalities in vascular permeability and haemostasis (dengue haemorrhagic fever) that can lead to sudden and fatal hypovolemic shock (dengue shock syndrome). The incidence of dengue has steadily increased over the last two to three decades such that it is now endemic throughout much of the tropics and is the leading cause of infant mortality in some South-East Asian countries. Australia has not escaped this territorial expansion of dengue, with regular epidemic outbreaks now occurring in North Queensland. The epidemic that lasted for most of the summer of 2008?2009 involved the circulation of all four dengue virus serotypes and more than 1,000 confirmed cases. Coupled with the potential impact that climate change may have in increasing the range of its mosquito vector, there is growing concern that dengue may become endemic in Australia. Considerable challenges have accompanied the development of vaccine strategies for dengue and this has reinforced the importance of the complementary development of antiviral therapies. Part of our dengue research efforts has been focused on identifying viral targets for inhibitor design.

scholarly journals Sustained Release of Nanoformulation of Diethyl Carbamazine (Dec) for Filariasis – a Review

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3.34) ◽  
pp. 439
Author(s):  
D Yuvaraj ◽  
P Jai Preethi ◽  
A Saravanan ◽  
K H. Smila
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Single Dose ◽  
Solid Lipid Nanoparticles ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Pilot Project ◽  
Lipid Nanoparticles ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Mosquito Vector ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Diethyl Carbamazine

Lymphatic filariasis (LF), is a mosquito vector-borne disease and a major public health problem in the tropical countries. The annual mass drug administration (MDA) in India was studied in 1996-97. It was introduced with single dose of Diethylcarbamazine and was investigated  as a pilot project covering 41millon population. The study was extended to 77million population by 2002. The MDA is one of the strategies to eliminate LF in India. Liposomes, polymeric and solid lipid nanoparticles are the most promising nanopharmaceuticals which are easy to formulate, cheaper and can bring prolific consequences for filariasis management.  

scholarly journals Coverage and compliance of mass drug administration against lymphatic filariasis in Kalaburgi district

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (7) ◽  
pp. 2502
Author(s):  
Mallikarjun K. Biradar ◽  
Sharankumar Holyachi
Keyword(s):  
Lymphatic Filariasis ◽  
Drug Administration ◽  
Mass Drug Administration ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Side Reaction ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Male Subjects ◽  
Evaluation Survey

Background: Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is endemic in 83 countries and territories, with more than a billion people at risk of infection. Filariasis has been a major public health problem in India next only to malaria. Study was done to assess coverage and compliance of mass drug administration (MDA) against lymphatic filariasis in Kalaburgi districts.Methods: This cross-sectional coverage evaluation survey was done in one urban and three rural clusters in district.The data was compiled, tabulated and analyzed using proportions.Results: A total of 791 subjects were interviewed, male subjects constituted about 47.7%. Majority of the subjects were in the age group of 16-60 years (69.9%), while only 3.2% were in <2years. 82.9% persons have received the drugs.  Out of the 530 persons who have received the drugs, 86.9% persons have consumed the drugs. Only 59.9% of study subjects consumed tablets in front of health workers. A total of 69 subjects have not consumed tablets, 20.3% said told fear of side reaction, and 20.3% subjects said they don’t have faith in tablet. Only 11 persons suffered from vomiting and nausea.Conclusions: There is an urgent need for more effective drug delivery strategies and also proper IEC should be done to educate and to improve the coverage and compliance in the districts. 

scholarly journals Elimination of lymphatic filariasis as a public health problem from the Arab Republic of Egypt

QJM ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 113 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
R Ramzy
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Lymphatic Filariasis ◽  
Health Problem ◽  
Nile Delta ◽  
Drug Distribution ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Director General ◽  
Mosquito Vector ◽  
Upper Egypt

Abstract Lymphatic filariasis (LF), caused by Wuchereria bancrofti infection, has probably occurred in Egypt since ancient times. In more recent years, LF was recognized as a major public health problem in the Nile delta since the early 1930s and Culex pipiens was identified as the major mosquito vector of transmission. Since then the Ministry of Health and Population (MoHP) took measures for control of the disease. During 1955-1965, a nationwide survey determined the size and extent of LF as a public health problem. The survey included all 20 governorates of the country, involved rural and urban areas. Over 0.5 million blood films were examined. The survey results indicated that LF was focally endemic in rural localities, concentrated in the eastern part of the Nile Delta mainly in Qalyubia, Sharqia, Dakahlia and Damietta governorates, and in Giza and Asyout in Upper Egypt. The LF prevalence was &lt;1% in Behira, Cairo, Gharbia, Ismailia, Kafr El Sheikh, Menoufia, Port Said and Suez governorate. Six governorates In Upper Egypt were free of LF. In 1976, the National Filariasis Control Program was launched in Qalyubia governorate, and then gradually extended to cover 10 endemic governorates including: Asyout, Behira, Dakahlia, Damietta, Gharbia, Giza, Kafr El Sheikh, Menoufia, Qalyubia and Sharqia governorate. In 2000, Egypt was among the first countries to join the WHO global efforts and initiated a national LF elimination programme (NLFEP). The NLFEP programme adopted the WHO two objectives (1) elimination of LF as a public health problem based on annual mass drug distribution (MDA) of two drug regiments (DEC & albendazole) to the entire eligible population living in areas where the disease was endemic (≥1%); (2) alleviate the suffering caused by LF through increased morbidity management and disability prevention (MMDP) activities. Intervention for interruption of transmission included several programme components. These included mapping of eligible MDA implementation units (IUs; villages); training of drug distributers on drug distribution activities; social mobilization using a variety of formal and informal channels to reach people with clear messages; directly observed drug distribution; treatment of adverse reactions; and monitoring and evaluation of MDA rounds. In 2005, after five effective MDA rounds (MDA coverage rate ≥80%), MDA was stopped in 92.5% of IUs, and continued in other IUs. In 2013, the last MDA round was implemented. In the 2014-2015 scholastic year, 10 years after stopping MDA in 166 villages, and more than six months after the last MDA implemented in 29 IUs during 2013, transmission assessment survey (TAS) was carried out according to WHO guidelines. In 2017, the last TAS was implemented. All TAS data clearly indicated that LF has likely been eliminated from Egypt. MMDP: five health centers, part of the primary health care system, are actively working with lymphoedema and elephantiasis affected people by providing skin care, necessary health care aids and information booklets. Thus, after over a decade of continued efforts, Egypt has successfully eliminated LF as a public health problem. In December 2017 the Director General of WHO congratulated Egypt for this historical achievement.

scholarly journals Wing Geometry Analysis of Aedes aegypti (Diptera, Culicidae), a Dengue Vi-rus Vector, from Multiple Geographical Locations of Samut Songkhram, Thailand

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanawat Chaiphongpachara ◽  
Nattapon Juijayen ◽  
Kitthisak Khlaeo Chansukh
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Size Variation ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Mosquito Vector ◽  
Shape Variation ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Geometric Morphometric ◽  
Wing Geometry ◽  
Living Organisms

Background: Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is a mosquito-borne disease and remains a major public health problem, especially in tropical and temperate countries. Studying wing morphometric of Aedes aegypti as a mosquito vector of DHF can help to better understand biological process of the mosquito adaptation to the environment. We aimed to study the geometric morphometric of Ae. aegypti from multiple geographical areas. Methods: Samples were collected from Samut Songkhram Province in Thailand, including coastal, residential and cultivated areas, by Ovitrap once per month during Oct to Nov 2016. Results: According to size variation analysis of Ae. aegypti, the female mosquito in a cultivated area was significant­ly different from those in the coastal and residential areas (P< 0.05). Whereas male Ae. aegypti in a cultivated area were significantly different from those in a residential area (P< 0.05). The shape variation of both female and male Ae. aegypti from all areas was statistically different (P< 0.05). Conclusion: Normally, living organisms, including mosquitoes, are adapted to their environment. The studied geo­graphical locations affect Ae. aegypti morphology.

scholarly journals Evaluation of coverage, compliance of mass drug administration and assessment of awareness about lymphatic filariasis in Tikamgarh district of Madhya Pradesh: a cross sectional study

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 1235
Author(s):  
Ram Kumar Panika ◽  
Rupesh Sahu
Keyword(s):  
Lymphatic Filariasis ◽  
Drug Administration ◽  
Mass Drug Administration ◽  
Compliance Rate ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Life Years

Background: Lymphatic filariasis is the second leading cause of disability worldwide accounting for more than 5 million disability adjusted life years annually. It has been a major public health problem in India which leads to irreversible chronic manifestations which are responsible for considerable economic loss and severe physical disability to the affected individuals. Mass drug administration (MDA) means administration of diethylcarbamazine and albendazole tablets to all people (excluding children <2 years, pregnant women, seriously ill persons) in endemic areas once in a year. The objective of the study was to assess coverage, compliance of MDA and awareness about lymphatic filariasis in Tikamgarh district of Madhya Pradesh.Methods: Cross-sectional study was conducted and total 120 households were surveyed in four randomly selected clusters of Tikamgarh district of Madhya Pradesh.Results: Out of total 743 persons 678 (91.25%) persons were eligible for MDA. Coverage rate was 86.57% and compliance rate was 74.27%. The main reason for non-compliance was not having the concerned disease (55.78%) followed by fear of side effect (22.31%). Only 40.83% among the surveyed families were aware about MDA and only 45.83% respondents had heard about lymphatic filariasis.Conclusions: There is coverage and compliance gap and awareness about the lymphatic filariasis and MDA program is limited. Drug compliance need to be improved and awareness need to be raised. MDA program should not be confined to tablet distribution only and due importance should be given to compliance rate.

scholarly journals A study to assess mass drug administration of DEC for filaria control in district Satna, Madhya Pradesh: a mid term assessment

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 1201
Author(s):  
Vivek Sharma ◽  
Vikrant Kabirpanthi
Keyword(s):  
Lymphatic Filariasis ◽  
Drug Administration ◽  
Mass Drug Administration ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Wuchereria Bancrofti ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Urban Site ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional

Background: Lymphatic filariasis is a major public health problem which is caused by Wuchereria Bancrofti and Brugia Malai. The disease is endemic in 250 districts in 20 states and UTs. In India national health policy 2002 envisages elimination of lymphatic filariasis by 2015. Important strategy for elimination of lymphatic filariasis is through annual mass drug administration of single dose of DEC for 5 year or more to the eligible population. Present cross sectional study was carried out to assess drug compliance after mass drug administration of DEC and the factors responsible for poor compliance among the population of Satna district of MP.Methods: The present study was a cross-sectional study which was carried out in filarial endemic Satna district. In this district 120 houses from 3 CHC & one urban ward was randomly selected. 30 households each from 3 rural and one urban site were interviewed related to MDA for DEC.Results: Coverage of tablet distribution in Satna was 90.9%. Consumption of drug among the people who received the drug was 87.97%, while the total effective consumption was 79.9%. Drug distributors ensured consumption of drug in only 16.9%.Conclusions: Focus of MDA is primarily to mere distribution of drug. There is need to give emphasis on consumption of drug, health education, common side effects and its management in order to increase effective coverage rate. 

scholarly journals Evaluation of mass drug administration programme for elimination of lymphatic filariasis in Bidar district, Karnataka

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 1020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahesh S. Hoolageri ◽  
Ramachandra Kamath ◽  
K. Ravikumar ◽  
Jagadish G. ◽  
Surekha Kamath
Keyword(s):  
Lymphatic Filariasis ◽  
Drug Administration ◽  
Mass Drug Administration ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Male Subjects ◽  
Evaluation Survey ◽  
Mass Drug Administration Programme

Background: Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is endemic in 83 countries and territories, with more than a billion people at risk of infection. Filariasis has been a major public health problem in India next only to malaria. Study was done to assess coverage and compliance of mass drug administration (MDA) against lymphatic filariasis in Bidar district.Methods: This cross-sectional coverage evaluation survey was done in one urban and three rural clusters in district. The data was compiled, tabulated and analyzed using proportions.Results: A total of 739 subjects were interviewed, male subjects constituted about 57.5%. 96.58% persons have received the drugs. Out of the 678 persons who have received the drugs, 85.4% persons have consumed the drugs. Only 31.95% of study subjects consumed tablets in front of health workers. A total of 99 subjects not consumed tablets, 22.22% told drug distributor did not visit, 21.21% were out of station and 14.14% subjects were not aware. 24 persons suffered from nausea and vomiting.Conclusions: There is an urgent need for more effective drug delivery strategies and also proper IEC should be done to educate and to improve the coverage and compliance in the districts.

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