scholarly journals Influence of gasoline emissions on tomato fruit rot by two fungi in tropical ambient conditions

2021 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abiola Titilola Aborisade ◽  
Kayode Peter Balogun ◽  
Oluwole Olakunle Oladele
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Power Generators ◽  
Disease Reduction ◽  
Gasoline Emissions

Abstract Background The release of pollutant gases into the atmosphere as a result of anthropogenic activities exert effect on biological systems at many levels. Combustion engines such as those in vehicles and power generators pollute the air with emissions from their exhausts. The gases released which are oxides of carbon, nitrogen; sulphur and particulate matter have effect on living things in the immediate environment. Up to 25% of harvested fruits and vegetables are lost mainly due to microbial activities before consumption. Disease development in ripe tomato fruit (host) by two of its fungal pathogens in the presence of generator emissions is presently being studied. Results Treatment produced variable effects depending on the fungus and the route of infection. For Rhizopus stolonifer coated and Fusarium oxysporum wound inoculated fruits, significant disease reduction was noticeable in the later days of storage, specifically from day 11. Fruits coated with F. oxsporum spores without wounding however, rotted more with gasoline emissions treatment also noticeably at the later period of storage. Long exposures caused greater rot reduction where disease was reduced and more severe rot where disease was enhanced. Rhizopus infected fruits were best preserved for 14 days by 40 min exposure while wound inoculated Fusarium infected fruits were best preserved by 45 min exposure. Disease reduction was 40–50% in both types of infection. Conversely, disease was most aggravated by about 50% by 45 min exposure of unwounded Fusarium infected fruits. Other exposures also caused increased rotting by about 5–35%. Conclusions The results demonstrate that air pollution by fumes from generators may under certain host–pathogen conditions be advantageous in prolonging postharvest life of ripe tomatoes, while at other times could be devastating when fruits are subsequently stored or marketed at tropical ambient temperature. The advantage, however, outweighs the negative effects.

scholarly journals In Vitro Control of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicon L.) Fruit Rot Caused by Fungi Using Two Plant Extracts

2016 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 19-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Ntui Okey ◽  
Patrick Ishoro Akwaji ◽  
Juliet Bassey Akpan ◽  
Etim Johnson Umana ◽  
Glory Akpan Bassey
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Methanolic Extracts ◽  
Mycelia Growth ◽  
Infected Tomato ◽  
The Media ◽  
Fresh Tomato

The inhibitory properties of the ethanolic and methanolic leaf extracts of Vernoniaamygdalina and Colaacuminata on the fungal pathogens isolated from infected tomato fruits were investigated. The pathogens were Fusariummoniliformes and Rhizopusstolonifer. Various concentrations of the extracts ranging from 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 and 100% were separately added to PDA media. The fungal pathogens were separately inoculated into the media and incubated for seven days. Antifungal effects of these extracts on the mycelia growth of the pathogens were significant at P<0.05 for all treatments at higher concentrations. At 10-50% concentration, ethanolic and methanolic extracts of Vernoniaamygdalina and Cola acuminata had no significant effect on the mycelia growth of Fusariummoniliformes and Rhizopusstolonifer after seven days observation period. At 60-100% concentrations, the two pathogens were completely inhibited by ethanolic extracts of Vernoniaamygdalina and Cola acuminata. Methanolic extracts of Vernoniaamygdalina and Cola acuminata inhibited completely Fusariummoniliformes and Rhizopusstolonifer at 80-100% concentrations. The in vitro inhibitory effects of these extracts at higher concentrations indicated that they can be used for the control of tomato fruit rot. It may be necessary to use them in prolonging the shelf-life of fresh tomato fruit and some other fruits.

scholarly journals A Tomato Fruit Rot Caused by Trichothecium roseum in Brazil

Plant Disease ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 95 (10) ◽  
pp. 1318-1318 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. Inácio ◽  
R. C. Pereira-Carvalho ◽  
F. G. A. Morgado ◽  
M. E. N. Fonseca ◽  
L. S. Boiteux
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Its Region ◽  
The United States ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Postharvest Disease ◽  
Potato Dextrose Agar Medium ◽  
Trichothecium Roseum ◽  
Greenhouse Tomatoes

Fruit rots caused by distinct fungal pathogens are commonly observed on tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.) throughout all major production areas in Brazil. Samples of fruits displaying white mycelial growth associated with a profuse salmon-color sporulation were collected in greenhouse-grown tomatoes in Brasília-DF in February 2011. The isolated fungus displayed pink-to-white colonies containing several conidiophores with conidia. Mycelia displayed hyaline hyphae as much as 4 μm in diameter; conidiophores were simple or branched, 112 to 300 (360) μm long, and 2 to 4 μm wide. Conidia were produced in basipetal chains (frequently clustered), were ellipsoidal to pyriform with oblique and prominent truncate basal scars, two-celled, hyaline, and (14-) 16 to 26 (-28) × (6-) 7 to 10 (-12) μm. These characteristics allocated the specimen to Trichothecium roseum (Pers.). Koch's postulates were fulfilled for one fungal isolate by either spraying 10 intact fruits or by placing a drop of a spore suspension (adjusted to 105 conidia/ml) into three to five wounds created on 10 mature fruits of each of two tomato cultivars (Santa Clara and Dominador) by puncturing each fruit with a sterile needle. Five fruits of each cultivar were treated with sterile water as the mock-inoculated control treatment. Identical symptoms to those of the original fruit were observed only in the T. roseum-inoculated samples 5 to 7 days after using both inoculation procedures. Total DNA was extracted from a pure colony of the fungus growing on potato dextrose agar medium and used as template in PCR assays with the internal transcribed spacer (ITS)-4 (5′-TCCTCCGCTTATTGATATGC-3′) and ITS-5 (5′-GGAAGTAAAAGTCGTAACAAGG-3′) primer pair (2). A single amplicon of approximately 630 bp was observed and directly sequenced. Sequence analysis of the Brazilian isolate (GenBank No. JN081877) indicated identity levels of 99% with T. roseum isolates reported on Leucadendron xanthoconus in South Africa (GenBank No. EU552162) and isolates from strawberry fruits in South Korea (GenBank No. HM355750). However, phylogenetic analysis was unable to discriminate isolates of T. roseum from Passalora (GenBank No. EF432764) and Fusarium (GenBank No. GU183369) isolates, confirming the low genetic variability of the ITS region in Hypocreales (3). T. roseum has been reported to be infecting greenhouse tomatoes in the United States (4) and causing postharvest disease of tomatoes in Argentina (1). To our knowledge, this is the first report of T. roseum infecting greenhouse tomatoes in Brazil. References: (1) G. Dal Bello. Australas. Plant Dis. Notes 3:103, 2008. (2) N. L. Glass and G. C. Donaldson. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61:1323, 1995. (3) L. Lombard et al. Stud. Mycol. 66:31, 2010. (4) A. W. Welch, Jr. et al. Plant Dis. Rep. 59:255, 1975.

scholarly journals Influence of Cold Plasma Treatment on Textural and Color Characteristics of Two Tomato Varieties

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (1-2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Milan Vukić ◽  
Dragan Vujadinović ◽  
Vesna Gojković ◽  
Radoslav Grujić
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Treatment ◽  
Cold Plasma ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Horticultural Crops ◽  
Color Characteristics ◽  
Hot Air Treatment

New technologies had been developed to prolong postharves sustainability of horticultural crops. Technologies as hot air treatment or iridation with UV-C spectral emissions are among them. Al of them have positive and negative effects on quality of horticultural crops. Increasingly under research for decontamination of foods is cold plasma technology, especially fresh fruits and vegetables. Possibility of creating cold plasma under atmosferic presures (ACP) offers new preservation tool to reduce microbial infections of vegetable crops. Effects of atmosferic cold plasma on food quality, however, remains under researched.. In this study, tomato is treated with air ACP generated with an dielectric barrier discharge reactor (DBD). Changes in textural and color characteristics of two tomato fruit varieties after cold plasma treatment were analysed by performing TPA test and color measurements. The effect of air ACP on tomato texture and color was insignificant.

The Effects of Different Kinds of Nutrition and Functional Foods on Multiple Sclerosis

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 632-637
Author(s):  
Masih Falahatian
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Functional Foods ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Vegetable Intake ◽  
Dietary Salt ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Dietary Salt Intake ◽  
Neuroinflammatory Disease ◽  
The Central Nervous System

It is an assumption that different kinds of nutrition, diet, and functional foods might have different positive or negative effects on multiple sclerosis (MS), a neuroinflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS). This brief paper involved a study on various kinds of nutrition including salt, fat, dairy, fruit, and vegetables. At the end of this study, appropriate diets were evaluated for MS patients. Based on previous studies both on animal models and on MS patients, excessive dietary salt intake and animal fat had worsening effects on MS patients but fruit and vegetable intake helped the remission of MS and decreased the risk of developing it. There were, of course, conflicting results in different studies over the role of some nutrition in MS and future studies on larger numbers of cases were required to collect reliable results. As a result, at the end of this study and based on literature, it is suggested that a diet should be programmed by nutritionists containing fewer salt, fat, and dairy intake and more fruits and vegetables for MS patients in order to better management of the disease.

scholarly journals Multi-domain probiotic consortium as an alternative to chemical remediation of oil spills at coral reefs and adjacent sites

Microbiome ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Denise P. Silva ◽  
Helena D. M. Villela ◽  
Henrique F. Santos ◽  
Gustavo A. S. Duarte ◽  
José Roberto Ribeiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Community ◽  
Coral Reefs ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Oil Contamination ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Corexit 9500 ◽  
Coral Health ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Beginning in the last century, coral reefs have suffered the consequences of anthropogenic activities, including oil contamination. Chemical remediation methods, such as dispersants, can cause substantial harm to corals and reduce their resilience to stressors. To evaluate the impacts of oil contamination and find potential alternative solutions to chemical dispersants, we conducted a mesocosm experiment with the fire coral Millepora alcicornis, which is sensitive to environmental changes. We exposed M. alcicornis to a realistic oil-spill scenario in which we applied an innovative multi-domain bioremediator consortium (bacteria, filamentous fungi, and yeast) and a chemical dispersant (Corexit® 9500, one of the most widely used dispersants), to assess the effects on host health and host-associated microbial communities. Results The selected multi-domain microbial consortium helped to mitigate the impacts of the oil, substantially degrading the polycyclic aromatic and n-alkane fractions and maintaining the physiological integrity of the corals. Exposure to Corexit 9500 negatively impacted the host physiology and altered the coral-associated microbial community. After exposure, the abundances of certain bacterial genera such as Rugeria and Roseovarius increased, as previously reported in stressed or diseased corals. We also identified several bioindicators of Corexit 9500 in the microbiome. The impact of Corexit 9500 on the coral health and microbial community was far greater than oil alone, killing corals after only 4 days of exposure in the flow-through system. In the treatments with Corexit 9500, the action of the bioremediator consortium could not be observed directly because of the extreme toxicity of the dispersant to M. alcicornis and its associated microbiome. Conclusions Our results emphasize the importance of investigating the host-associated microbiome in order to detect and mitigate the effects of oil contamination on corals and the potential role of microbial mitigation and bioindicators as conservation tools. Chemical dispersants were far more damaging to corals and their associated microbiome than oil, and should not be used close to coral reefs. This study can aid in decision-making to minimize the negative effects of oil and dispersants on coral reefs.

Fungi and diseases — natural components of healthy forestsThis article is one of a collection of papers based on a presentation from the Stem and Shoot Fungal Pathogens and Parasitic Plants: the Values of Biological Diversity session of the XXII International Union of Forestry Research Organization World Congress meeting held in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, in 2005.

Botany ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. Ostry ◽  
G. Laflamme
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Forest Health ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Ecological Interactions ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Land Owners ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
The Many ◽  
Native Fungi

Forest health is described and perceived in different ways by the general public, land owners, managers, politicians, and scientists, depending on their values and objectives. Native tree pathogens and diseases are often associated with negative impacts even though damage is limited or not widespread. Too often, the concepts of tree health and forest health are used interchangeably and are not related to scale. Similar to fire, occurrences of disease outbreaks focus on the negative effects. However, native pathogens often exist in equilibrium with natural forest communities so their critical ecological roles are not easily discernible. Examined holistically, native fungi and diseases, dead and dying trees, and the many complex ecological interactions among them provide valuable benefits that ultimately contribute to sustainable, healthy forest ecosystems.

scholarly journals Comparative Proteomics Reveals the Potential Targets of BcNoxR, a Putative Regulatory Subunit of NADPH Oxidase of Botrytis cinerea

2016 ◽  
Vol 29 (12) ◽  
pp. 990-1003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hua Li ◽  
Zhanquan Zhang ◽  
Chang He ◽  
Guozheng Qin ◽  
Shiping Tian
Keyword(s):  
Nadph Oxidase ◽  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Proteomic Analysis ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Polymerase Chain Reaction Analysis ◽  
Regulatory Subunit ◽  
Wild Type

The NADPH oxidase (NOX) complex has been shown to play a crucial role in stress response and in the virulence of various fungal pathogens. The underlying molecular mechanisms of NOX, however, remain largely unknown. In the present study, a comparative proteomic analysis compared changes in protein abundance in wild-type Botrytis cinerea and ΔbcnoxR mutants in which the regulatory subunit of NOX was deleted. The ΔbcnoxR mutants exhibited reduced growth, sporulation, and impaired virulence. A total of 60 proteins, representing 49 individual genes, were identified in ΔbcnoxR mutants that exhibited significant differences in abundance relative to wild-type. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis demonstrated that the differences in transcript levels for 36 of the genes encoding the identified proteins were in agreement with the proteomic analysis, while the remainder exhibited reverse levels. Functional analysis of four proteins that decreased abundance in the ΔbcnoxR mutants indicated that 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (BcPGD) played a role in the growth and sporulation of B. cinerea. The Δbcpgd mutants also displayed impaired virulence on various hosts, such as apple, strawberry, and tomato fruit. These results suggest that NOX can influence the expression of BcPGD, which has an impact on growth, sporulation, and virulence of B. cinerea.

scholarly journals Isolatation and Identification of the Fungi Causing Tomato Fruit Rot Disease in the Vicinity of Tandojam, Sindh

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Nizamani ◽  
A. A. Khaskheli ◽  
A. M. Jiskani ◽  
S. A. Khaskheli ◽  
A. J. Khaskheli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Aerial Mycelium ◽  
Alternaria Solani ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Geotrichum Candidum ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Post Harvest ◽  
Standard Procedures ◽  
Fruit Samples ◽  
Rot Disease

Background: The post-harvest tomato fruit rot disease is common threat to the tomato fruit, causing huge economic loss as revealed by (GOP, 2018). The present study was conducted for isolatation and identification of causative agent of tomato fruit rot in order to formulate the proper management stretegies. Methods: Study was conducted in three phases. Phase one included collection of tomato fruit samples from vicinity of Tandojam. In phase two pathogens were isolated from the samples at laboratory, while in the phase three pathogens were identified using standard procedures. Result: The experimental results indicated Alternaria solani as the main cause of post-harvest tomato fruit rot. The symptoms observed were presence of brown to black rot lesions on tomato fruits with distinct rings ranging from small pin-heads to whole surface of fruit. A total of six different fungi viz., Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus niger, Alternaria solani, Geotrichum candidum, Fusarium oxysporum and Rhizopus stolonifer were found to be associated with post harvest tomato rot. Significantly higher infection was recorded for A. solani (53.667%) followed by A. niger (16.333%) and G. candidum (13.00%). The lowest infection percentage was observed for F. oxysporum (2.333%), followed by A. alternata (4.00%) and R. stolonifer (9.00%). A. solani produced aerial mycelium with yellowish to reddish diffusible pigments. A. niger cultures were typically black and colonies were initially whitish to yellow and later became brown to black in colour. G. candidum produced white and nonaerial colonies. F. oxysporum produced circular, aerial mycelium initially white, later changed to light pink. R. stolonifer produced whitish to grey fuzzy colonies.

scholarly journals Modeling the sensitivity of soil mercury storage to climate-induced changes in soil carbon pools

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 11403-11441 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Hararuk ◽  
D. Obrist ◽  
Y. Luo
Keyword(s):  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Terrestrial Environment ◽  
Regional Patterns ◽  
Soil C ◽  
Community Land Model ◽  
C Pools ◽  
Co2 Concentrations ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Soil Hg

Abstract. Substantial amounts of mercury (Hg) in the terrestrial environment reside in soils and are associated with soil organic carbon (C) pools, where they accumulated due to increased atmospheric deposition due to anthropogenic activities. The purpose of this study was to examine potential sensitivity of surface soil Hg pools to global change variables, particularly affected by predicted changes in soil C pools, in the contiguous US. To investigate, we included a soil Hg component in the Community Land Model based on empirical statistical relationships between soil Hg / C ratios and precipitation, latitude and clay; and subsequently explored the sensitivity of soil C and soil Hg densities (i.e. areal-mass) to climate scenarios in which we altered annual precipitation, carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations, and temperature. Our model simulations showed that current sequestration of Hg in the contiguous US accounted for 15 230 metric tons of Hg in the top 0–40 cm of soils. In the simulations, these soil Hg pools were most sensitive to changes in precipitation because of strong effects on soil C pools plus a direct effect of precipitation on soil Hg / C ratios. Soil Hg pools were predicted to increase beyond present-day values following an increase in precipitation amounts and decrease following a reduction in precipitation. We found pronounced regional differences in sensitivity of soil Hg to precipitation, which were particularly high along high-precipitation areas along the West and East Coasts. Modeled increases in CO2 concentrations to 700 ppm stimulated soil C and Hg densities, while increased air temperatures had small negative effects on soil C and Hg. The combined effects of increased CO2, increased temperature, and increased or decreased precipitation were strongly governed by precipitation and CO2 showing pronounced regional patterns. Based on these results, we conclude that the combination of precipitation and CO2 should be emphasized when assessing how climate-induced changes in soil C may affect sequestration of Hg in soils.

scholarly journals Pollution Problems in Koya City due to Private Electrical Generators

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 38-46
Author(s):  
Hayder H. Abbas ◽  
Fakhri H. Ibraheem ◽  
Ahmed A. Maaroof
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Problem ◽  
Electrical Power ◽  
Environmental Pollutants ◽  
Power Production ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Power Generators ◽  
Number Of Generators ◽  
The World ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
Annual Amount

Koya city, like any other city in the world, faces a critical environmental problem which is global warming and the increase in the rate of production of gaseous pollutants. This research is involved with the negative effects of private Electrical Power Generators (EPGs) on the environment in Koya City. The environmental pollutants resulted from EPGs were investigated by performing an actual study on land for the number of (EPGs), types, and distribution. Koya city is divided into 18 quarters. The investigation covers a period from 2009 to 2017, included. The production of power was increased due to the increase in the number of generators and supplying hours. The power production in 2009 was 23,850 megawatt (MW) whereas it was 49,635 MW in 2017. The amount of fuel consumed in 2009–2017 was relatively increased from 30,000 to 62,500 barrel/year. The total amount of pollutants was increased by about 108% during the period 2009–2017. The results showed that the most significant increase in pollutants was carbon dioxide (CO2). The annual amount of (CO2) emitted in 2009 was 6588 tons whereas it has increased in 2017–13710 tons. The conclusion of this study was that the highest pollution occurred in the center of Koya City in Nabeel quarter, which represented 22% of the whole pollutants.

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