scholarly journals Elasmobranch microbiomes: emerging patterns and implications for host health and ecology

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cameron T. Perry ◽  
Zoe A. Pratte ◽  
Ana Clavere-Graciette ◽  
Kim B. Ritchie ◽  
Robert E. Hueter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Managed Care ◽  
Human Activity ◽  
Host Immunity ◽  
Waste Processing ◽  
Population Declines ◽  
Societal Value ◽  
Emerging Patterns ◽  
Host Health ◽  
Future Work

AbstractElasmobranchs (sharks, skates and rays) are of broad ecological, economic, and societal value. These globally important fishes are experiencing sharp population declines as a result of human activity in the oceans. Research to understand elasmobranch ecology and conservation is critical and has now begun to explore the role of body-associated microbiomes in shaping elasmobranch health. Here, we review the burgeoning efforts to understand elasmobranch microbiomes, highlighting microbiome variation among gastrointestinal, oral, skin, and blood-associated niches. We identify major bacterial lineages in the microbiome, challenges to the field, key unanswered questions, and avenues for future work. We argue for prioritizing research to determine how microbiomes interact mechanistically with the unique physiology of elasmobranchs, potentially identifying roles in host immunity, disease, nutrition, and waste processing. Understanding elasmobranch–microbiome interactions is critical for predicting how sharks and rays respond to a changing ocean and for managing healthy populations in managed care.

scholarly journals What We Know So Far about the Metabolite-Mediated Microbiota-Intestinal Immunity Dialogue and How to Hear the Sound of This Crosstalk

Metabolites ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 406
Author(s):  
Clément Caffaratti ◽  
Caroline Plazy ◽  
Geoffroy Mery ◽  
Abdoul-Razak Tidjani ◽  
Federica Fiorini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Causal Effect ◽  
Host Immunity ◽  
Intestinal Immunity ◽  
Host Health ◽  
Membrane Bound ◽  
Insight Into

Trillions of microorganisms, termed the “microbiota”, reside in the mammalian gastrointestinal tract, and collectively participate in regulating the host phenotype. It is now clear that the gut microbiota, metabolites, and intestinal immune function are correlated, and that alterations of the complex and dynamic host-microbiota interactions can have deep consequences for host health. However, the mechanisms by which the immune system regulates the microbiota and by which the microbiota shapes host immunity are still not fully understood. This article discusses the contribution of metabolites in the crosstalk between gut microbiota and immune cells. The identification of key metabolites having a causal effect on immune responses and of the mechanisms involved can contribute to a deeper insight into host-microorganism relationships. This will allow a better understanding of the correlation between dysbiosis, microbial-based dysmetabolism, and pathogenesis, thus creating opportunities to develop microbiota-based therapeutics to improve human health. In particular, we systematically review the role of soluble and membrane-bound microbial metabolites in modulating host immunity in the gut, and of immune cells-derived metabolites affecting the microbiota, while discussing evidence of the bidirectional impact of this crosstalk. Furthermore, we discuss the potential strategies to hear the sound of such metabolite-mediated crosstalk.

Emerging Patterns of Practice in the Era of Managed Care: Reply.

2004 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-129
Author(s):  
Lisa M. Sanchez ◽  
Samuel M. Turner
Keyword(s):  
Managed Care ◽  
Emerging Patterns ◽  
Patterns Of Practice

Virome and Inflammasomes, a Finely Tuned Balance with Important Consequences for the Host Health

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 1027-1044 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giulia Freer ◽  
Fabrizio Maggi ◽  
Mauro Pistello
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Downstream Effects ◽  
Host Health ◽  
Inflammatory Processes ◽  
Human Immune ◽  
Immune Defences

Background:The virome is a network of viruses normally inhabiting humans. It forms a conspicuous portion of the so-called microbiome, once generically referred to as resident flora. Indeed, viruses infecting humans without leading to clinical disease are increasingly recognized as part of the microbiome and have an impact on the development of our immune system. In addition, they activate inflammasomes, multiprotein complexes that assemble in cells and that are responsible for the downstream effects of sensing pathogens.Objective:This review aims at summarizing the evidence on the role of the virome in modulating inflammation and emphasizes evidence for Anelloviruses as useful molecular markers to monitor inflammatory processes and immune system competence.Method:We carried out a review of the literature published in the last 5 years and summarized older literature to take into account ground-breaking discoveries concerning inflammasome assembly and virome.Results:A massive amount of data recently emerging demonstrate that the microbiome closely reflects what we eat, and many other unexpected variables. Composition, location, and amount of the microbiome have an impact on innate and adaptive immune defences. Viruses making up the virome contribute to shaping the immune system. Anelloviruses, the best known of such viruses, are present in most human beings, persistently without causing apparent disease. Depending on their interplay with such viruses, inflammasomes instruct host defences to tolerate or forfeit a specific microorganism.Conclusion:The virome plays an important role in shaping human immune defences and contributes to inflammatory processes by quenching or increasing them.

Evoking Issues of Race and Ethnicity in Research on Physiology and Interpersonal Communication

2020 ◽  
pp. 260-287
Author(s):  
Shardé M. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Interpersonal Communication ◽  
Race And Ethnicity ◽  
Communication Research ◽  
Interpersonal Interactions ◽  
The Past ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Diverse Groups ◽  
Future Work ◽  
Area Of Study

Investigating the role of physiology in communication research is a burgeoning area of study that has gained considerable attention by relational scholars in the past decade. Unfortunately, very few published studies on this topic have evoked important questions about the role of race and ethnicity. Exploring issues of ethnicity and race provides a more holistic and inclusive view of interpersonal communication across diverse groups and communities. This chapter addresses the gap in literature by considering the ways in which race and ethnicity matter in work on physiology and interpersonal interactions. More specifically, this chapter will first discuss the conceptual underpinnings of race, ethnicity, and other relevant concepts and then review extant research within and beyond the field of communication on race, ethnicity, interpersonal interactions, and physiology. These discussions set the foundation for this chapter to propose new lines of research that pointedly connect these four concepts and advance key principles that scholars should consider in future work.

scholarly journals Enhanced Production of the Mical Redox Domain for Enzymology and F-actin Disassembly Assays

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 1991
Author(s):  
Jimok Yoon ◽  
Heng Wu ◽  
Ruei-Jiun Hung ◽  
Jonathan R. Terman
Keyword(s):  
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate ◽  
Actin Dynamics ◽  
Specific Substrate ◽  
Actin Assembly ◽  
Redox Enzymes ◽  
Enhanced Production ◽  
Reversible Redox ◽  
Future Work ◽  
Signaling Process

To change their behaviors, cells require actin proteins to assemble together into long polymers/filaments—and so a critical goal is to understand the factors that control this actin filament (F-actin) assembly and stability. We have identified a family of unusual actin regulators, the MICALs, which are flavoprotein monooxygenase/hydroxylase enzymes that associate with flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and use the co-enzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) in Redox reactions. F-actin is a specific substrate for these MICAL Redox enzymes, which oxidize specific amino acids within actin to destabilize actin filaments. Furthermore, this MICAL-catalyzed reaction is reversed by another family of Redox enzymes (SelR/MsrB enzymes)—thereby revealing a reversible Redox signaling process and biochemical mechanism regulating actin dynamics. Interestingly, in addition to the MICALs’ Redox enzymatic portion through which MICALs covalently modify and affect actin, MICALs have multiple other domains. Less is known about the roles of these other MICAL domains. Here we provide approaches for obtaining high levels of recombinant protein for the Redox only portion of Mical and demonstrate its catalytic and F-actin disassembly activity. These results provide a ground state for future work aimed at defining the role of the other domains of Mical — including characterizing their effects on Mical’s Redox enzymatic and F-actin disassembly activity.

scholarly journals Evaluating Mechanisms: Mapping Weekly Dynamics between Experiential Avoidance and SAD Symptoms

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurel D. Sarfan ◽  
Joshua C. Magee ◽  
Elise M. Clerkin
Keyword(s):  
Experiential Avoidance ◽  
Change Score ◽  
Avoidance Task ◽  
Symptom Change ◽  
Empirically Supported ◽  
Task Training ◽  
Clinical Questions ◽  
Pilot Intervention ◽  
Future Work

AbstractWidely-used, empirically-supported treatments focus on reducing experiential avoidance (EA) as a mechanism of social anxiety disorder (SAD) symptom change. However, little is known about how EA and SAD symptoms bidirectionally interrelate from session to session, or throughout the course of an intervention—a gap that raises significant theoretical and clinical questions about the mechanistic role of EA. Participants (N = 78) with elevated EA and SAD symptoms completed a 3-session pilot intervention (Approach-Avoidance Task training plus psychoeducation) designed to target EA. Bivariate latent change score modeling was then used to map the bidirectional, temporal interrelationships between EA and SAD symptoms from session to session. Analyses accounted for the overall trajectory of change in both variables (i.e., EA and SAD) and both variables’ preceding measurement. Findings suggested that changes in SAD symptoms preceded and predicted changes in EA from session to session. Contrary to hypotheses, this effect was not bidirectional, as changes in EA did not precede and predict changes in SAD symptoms from session to session. The use of a relatively small analogue sample limit the external validity of the present findings. Nevertheless, these novel findings advance our understanding of the dynamic interrelationships between EA and SAD symptoms throughout treatment. Moreover, given that many leading treatments target EA, this study highlights a need for future work to continue evaluating whether EA is indeed a mechanism of SAD symptom change.

Recent Aspects on the Effect of Inclusion Characteristics on the Intragranular Ferrite Formation in Low Alloy Steels: A Review

2017 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 309-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wangzhong Mu ◽  
Pär Göran Jönsson ◽  
Keiji Nakajima
Keyword(s):  
Heat Affected Zone ◽  
Low Alloy Steels ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Intragranular Ferrite ◽  
Metallic Inclusions ◽  
Theoretical Investigations ◽  
Alloy Steels ◽  
Institute Of Technology ◽  
Future Work

AbstractIntragranular ferrite (IGF), which nucleates from specific inclusion surfaces in low alloy steels, is the desired microstructure to improve mechanical properties of steel such as the toughness. This microstructure is especially important in the coarse grain heat affected zone (CGHAZ) of weldments. The latest review paper focusing on the role of non-metallic inclusions in the IGF formation in steels has been reported by Sarma et al. in 2009 (ISIJ int., 49(2009), 1063–1074). In recent years, large amount of papers have been presented to investigate different issues of this topic. This paper mainly highlights the frontiers of experimental and theoretical investigations on the effects of inclusion characteristics, such as the composition, size distribution and number density, on the IGF formation in low carbon low-alloyed steels, undertaken by the group of Applied Process Metallurgy, KTH Royal Institute of Technology. Related results reported in previous studies are also introduced. Also, plausible future work regarding various items of IGF formation is mentioned in each section. This work aims to give a better control of improving the steel quality during casting and in the heat affected zone (HAZ) of weldment, according to the concept of oxide metallurgy.

Pre-service music teachers' satisfaction: person–environment fit approach

2012 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 371-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
Serkan Perkmen ◽  
Beste Cevik ◽  
Mahir Alkan
Keyword(s):  
Music Education ◽  
Music Teachers ◽  
Music Teacher ◽  
Theoretical Frameworks ◽  
Vocational Satisfaction ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Service Music ◽  
And Control ◽  
Future Work

Guided by three theoretical frameworks in vocational psychology, (i) theory of work adjustment, (ii) two factor theory, and (iii) value discrepancy theory, the purpose of this study was to investigate Turkish pre-service music teachers' values and the role of fit between person and environment in understanding vocational satisfaction. Participants were 85 students enrolled in the department of music education in a Turkish university. The Minnesota Importance Questionnaire (MIQ) was used to examine the participants’ values in six dimensions: achievement, comfort, status, altruism, safety and autonomy. Results revealed that the pre-service teachers value achievement most followed by autonomy, which suggests that they would like to have a sense of accomplishment and control in their future job. The degree to which their values fit their predictions about future work environment was found to be highly correlated with vocational satisfaction. These results provided evidence that the vocational theories used in the current study offers a helpful and different perspective to understand the pre-service teachers' satisfaction with becoming a music teacher in the future. We believe that researchers in the field of music education may use these theories and MIQ to examine the role of values in pre-service and in-service music teachers' job satisfaction.

Probiotic alternatives to reduce gastrointestinal infections: the poultry experience

2005 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. Nava ◽  
L. R. Bielke ◽  
T. R. Callaway ◽  
M. P Castañeda
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Intestinal Lumen ◽  
Gastrointestinal Infections ◽  
Active Defense ◽  
Food Antigens ◽  
Host Health

AbstractThe intestinal mucosa represents the most active defense barrier against the continuous challenge of food antigens and pathogenic microorganisms present in the intestinal lumen. Protection against harmful agents is conferred by factors such as gastric acid, peristalsis, mucus, intestinal proteolysis, and the intestinal biota. The establishment of beneficial bacterial communities and metabolites from these complex ecosystems has varying consequences for host health. This hypothesis has led to the introduction of novel therapeutic interventions based on the consumption of beneficial bacterial cultures. Mechanisms by which probiotic bacteria affect the microecology of the gastrointestinal tract are not well understood, but at least three mechanisms of action have been proposed: production/presence of antibacterial substances (e.g., bacteriocins or colicins), modulation of immune responses and specific competition for adhesion receptors to intestinal epithelium. The rapid establishment of bacterial communities has been thought to be essential for the prevention of colonization by pathogenic bacteria. Some animal models suggest that the reduction in bacterial translocation in neonatal animals could be associated with an increase in intestinal bacterial communities and bacteriocin-like inhibitory substances produced by these species. This review emphasizes the role of the intestinal microbiota in the reduction of the gastrointestinal infections and draws heavily on studies in poultry.

The Integral Role of Nursing in Managed Care

1996 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 22???24
Author(s):  
ROSE BROWNE ◽  
KAREN BIANCOLILLO
Keyword(s):  
Managed Care ◽  
Integral Role ◽  
Role Of Nursing
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