scholarly journals Animal anthrax in Sirajganj district of Bangladesh from 2010 to 2012

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 387-395
Author(s):  
SK Shaheenur Islam ◽  
David M Castellan ◽  
AHM Taslima Akhter ◽  
Md Mehedi Hossain ◽  
Md Zakiul Hasan
Keyword(s):  
Behavior Change ◽  
Vaccination Coverage ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Vaccine Coverage ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Descriptive Study ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Flood Water ◽  
Control And Eradication

A descriptive study was conducted using secondary surveillance data of animal anthrax from the Epidemiology Unit of Department of Livestock Services (DLS) for the years 2010, 2011 and 2012. The objectives of this study were to describe the pattern of animal anthrax in Sirajgong district of Bangladesh from 2010 to 2012 and to assess the current use of anthrax vaccine (Vaccine Coverage) based on animal, time and place. The study found that the disease was more prevalent in this district at the beginning of the early monsoon (Month of May, June when flood water enters) and the late monsoon (Month of September, October, when flood water recedes). Cattle were the predominant animal species affected with anthrax in this district followed by goats and sheep. The overall mean case fatality rate was 30.19%. The numbers of reported anthrax outbreaks in cattle had declined each year with 111 in 2010, 32 in 2011 and 20 in 2012. The annual mean vaccination coverage during the same years was 44.29%, 46.23% and 37.88% respectively. To reduce the number of outbreaks in animals and humans in Sirajganj district the annual vaccination coverage requires improvement. Behavior change through building greater awareness of anthrax is also needed at the farmer level for control and eradication of anthrax in animals as well as human.Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. December 2015, 1(3): 387-395

scholarly journals Influence of Covid-19 Vaccination Coverage on Case Fatality Rate

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tareef Fadhil Raham
Keyword(s):  
Vaccination Coverage ◽  
Attack Rate ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Kolmogorov Smirnov ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The One ◽  
Graphical Presentation

Abstract Background: Recent evidence suggested that an increase in Covid-19 attack rate is correlated to increased case fatality rate (CFR) Covid-19 disease severity. An increase in the attack rate was suggested to lead to an increase in the viral load a proposed mechanism leading to this association. In this context, we conduct this study to look for the influence of decreasing the number of Covid-19 cases through vaccination on CFR.Material and methods: We collected data concerning all countries/territories that implement Covid-19 vaccination at least for the last hundred days ending on 3d of April 2021. They were sixteen in number.Descriptive data analysis used included mean value, standard deviation, and graphical presentation by using Stem-Leaf charts and bar charts.Inferential data analyses used included the One-Sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) test and general linear model procedure (GLM).Results: Findings showed that in a highly significant association the mean CFR decreased in countries with > 18 Covid-19 vaccine doses per 100 inhabitants.Conclusion: Vaccination coverage may constitute another factor that determines temporal and spatial variances in CFR.

scholarly journals Epidemiology of Diphtheria in Yemen, 2017-2018: Surveillance Data Analysis (Preprint)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suaad Ameen Moghalles ◽  
Basher Ahmed Aboasba ◽  
Mohammed Abdullah Alamad ◽  
Yousef Saleh Khader
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
Vaccination Coverage ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
World Health ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Probable Case ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

BACKGROUND As a consequence of war and the collapse of the health system in Yemen, which prevented many people from accessing health facilities to obtain primary health care, vaccination coverage was affected, leading to a deadly diphtheria epidemic at the end of 2017. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to describe the epidemiology of diphtheria in Yemen and determine its incidence and case fatality rate. METHODS Data were obtained from the diphtheria surveillance program 2017-2018, using case definitions of the World Health Organization. A probable case was defined as a case involving a person having laryngitis, pharyngitis, or tonsillitis and an adherent membrane of the tonsils, pharynx, and/or nose. A confirmed case was defined as a probable case that was laboratory confirmed or linked epidemiologically to a laboratory-confirmed case. Data from the Central Statistical Organization was used to calculate the incidence per 100,000 population. A <i>P</i> value &lt;.05 was considered significant. RESULTS A total of 2243 cases were reported during the period between July 2017 and August 2018. About 49% (1090/2243, 48.6%) of the cases were males. About 44% (978/2243, 43.6%) of the cases involved children aged 5 to 15 years. Respiratory tract infection was the predominant symptom (2044/2243, 91.1%), followed by pseudomembrane (1822/2243, 81.2%). Based on the vaccination status, the percentages of partially vaccinated, vaccinated, unvaccinated, and unknown status patients were 6.6% (148/2243), 30.8% (690/2243), 48.6% (10902243), and 14.0% (315/2243), respectively. The overall incidence of diphtheria was 8 per 100,000 population. The highest incidence was among the age group &lt;15 years (11 per 100,000 population), and the lowest incidence was among the age group ≥15 years (5 per 100,000 population). The overall case fatality rate among all age groups was 5%, and it was higher (10%) in the age group &lt;5 years. Five governorates that were difficult to access (Raymah, Abyan, Sa'ada, Lahj, and Al Jawf) had a very high case fatality rate (22%). CONCLUSIONS Diphtheria affected a large number of people in Yemen in 2017-2018. The majority of patients were partially or not vaccinated. Children aged ≤15 years were more affected, with higher fatality among children aged &lt;5 years. Five governorates that were difficult to access had a case fatality rate twice that of the World Health Organization estimate (5%-10%). To control the diphtheria epidemic in Yemen, it is recommended to increase routine vaccination coverage and booster immunizations, increase public health awareness toward diphtheria, and strengthen the surveillance system for early detection and immediate response.

scholarly journals Can judgments according to case fatality rate be correct all the time during epidemics? Some lessons from Coronavirus 2019-nCoV case fatality rate index in Iran

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bakhtiar Piroozi ◽  
Ghobad Moradi ◽  
Amjad Mohamadi-Bolbanabad ◽  
Hossein Safari
Keyword(s):  
Medical Education ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Descriptive Study ◽  
Emerging Diseases ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Ministry Of Health ◽  
Death Toll ◽  
Information Bias

Abstract Background: Coronavirus 2019-nCoV was first identified in China in 2019. One of the most important indices noticed by experts, policymakers and managers which is daily evaluated in epidemics and a lot of judgments are made based on it, is case fatality rate (CFR) index of the disease. CFR can change during epidemics. This study aims to calculate CFR index for nCov-2019 in Iran and answer the following question: Is it right to base judgment on CFR all the time during epidemics and is it right to judge based on that since the outbreak of an epidemic?Methods: This research is a descriptive study. Its required data was obtained from the website of The Ministry of Health and Medical Education of Iran from February 20th 2020 until March 14th 2020. CFR index was calculated when the death toll of a disease is divided by the total number of people infected by that disease. Excel 2013 software was used to a1nalyze the data.Results: According to the findings of this study, In Iran, until March 14th 2020, 11364 people have been infected by Coronavirus 2019-nCoV and 514 people died of it. CFR index had a descending trend and it was 100%, 18.6%, 8.8%, 3.1%, 3.3%, 4.5% on the first, fifth, tenth, fifteenth, twentieth and twenty fifth day, respectively. Conclusion: In emerging epidemics, an index must not be based to judge a health system’s performance until that epidemics condition has not been clarified. It would be suggested that in the outbreak of an epidemic, specifically emerging diseases, CFR must not be the base of judgment. Making judgments, specifically, in the outbreak of emerging epidemics based on fatality rate can lead to an information bias.

scholarly journals Correlation between COVID-19 case fatality rate and percentage of BCG vaccination: is it true the vaccine is protective?

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aliae A. R. Mohamed Hussein ◽  
Marwa Rashad Salem ◽  
Samar Salman ◽  
A F Abdulrahim ◽  
Nasrallah A. Al Massry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vaccination Coverage ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Vaccination Policy ◽  
Bcg Vaccination ◽  
Different Populations

Abstract Background The observations of some recent epidemiological studies offer hope for a reduced impact of COVID-19 for countries which practice universal BCG vaccination policy. Main body This report provides a correlation between the case fatality rates of COVID-19 and the percentage of BCG vaccination coverage in 183 most affected countries. The main objective of this observational ecologic report is to evaluate possible effects of the previous BCG vaccination in different populations and the epidemic outcomes specially the rates of severe/critical cases and case fatalities. The analysis is preliminary since it is based on constantly rolling data while the COVID-19 pandemic is still unfolding. Conclusion Our findings seem to support the fact that an older BCG vaccine may have a protective role in avoiding severe/critical SARS-CoV2 pneumonia and relatively decrease its fatalities.

scholarly journals 674. Epidemiology of Diphtheria and Antimicrobial Resistance Among Diphtheria Cases, Bijapur District, Karnataka, India, 2012–2015

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (suppl_1) ◽  
pp. S243-S244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sree Kalpana Mohankumar ◽  
Suresh Paschapur ◽  
Shankareppa Mailare
Keyword(s):  
Multidrug Resistance ◽  
Attack Rate ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Vaccine Coverage ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Penicillin Resistance ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Probable Case ◽  
Sensitivity Pattern

Abstract Background India contributes to 80% of diphtheria cases. Many diphtheria outbreaks were reported from Bijapur district of Karnataka state, India. Analysis of burden and drug sensitivity pattern might help to identify risk groups and to provide guidelines for treatment of diphtheria cases. Our objectives were to describe epidemiology and drug susceptibility of diphtheria cases in Bijapur district. Methods We did cross-sectional study between 2012 and 2015. We defined a probable case as inflammation of upper respiratory tract with adherent membranes. We defined a confirmed case as a probable case that was laboratory confirmed by throat culture. We collected line list of probable and confirmed diphtheria cases, population details in Bijapur district and antibiotic sensitivity of culture reports. We calculated attack rates and case fatality rate by taluks of Bijapur district. We calculated proportion of antibiotic resistance among lab confirmed cases. Results There were 229 probable cases and 26 confirmed cases of diphtheria. Attack rate was 110/million and case fatality rate was 2% (5/255). Median age of males was 5 years (range: 3 months to 18 years) and females was 6 years (range: 1 year to 18 years). Highest attack rate (290/million) was in Bagewadi taluk, followed by Sindagi taluk (130/ million). Attack rate in Bijapur, Indi and Muddebihal were 80, 80and 70 per million respectively. Incidence of diphtheria cases was 3/million in 2012, 15/million in 2013, 80/million in 2014 and 14/million in 2015. Penicillin resistance was found among 92% (24/26) of cases, cotrimaxozole resistance among 27% cases (7/26) and ampicillin resistance among 15% cases (4/26)}. Multidrug resistance for penicillin and cotrimoxazole was found among 23% (6/26) of cases. Multidrug resistance to penicillin and ampicillin was found among 15% (4/26) of cases). All cases were sensitive to azithromycin, erythromycin, doxycycline, clindamycin, ciprofloxacin, cefotaxime, gentamycin and tetracycline. Conclusion Diphtheria incidence increased between 2012 and 2014. Incidence reduced in 2015. Penicillin resistance was common. We recommend sensitising health workers about penicillin resistance and educating them not to use penicillin. We recommend estimating vaccine coverage and vaccine effectiveness among children. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

scholarly journals Characterisation of carried and invasive Neisseria meningitidis isolates in Shanghai, China from 1950 to 2016: implications for serogroup B vaccine implementation

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mingliang Chen ◽  
Charlene M.C. Rodrigues ◽  
Odile B Harrison ◽  
Chi Zhang ◽  
Tian Tan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Meningococcal Disease ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Vaccine Coverage ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Polysaccharide Vaccine ◽  
Sequence Type ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Registry System ◽  
Current Vaccine

AbstractBackgroundSerogroup B invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) is increasing in China, little is known however, about these meningococci. This study characterises a collection of isolates associated with IMD and carriage in Shanghai and assesses current vaccine strategies.MethodsIMD epidemiological data in Shanghai from 1950–2016 were obtained from the National Notifiable Diseases Registry System, with 460 isolates collected for analysis including, 169 from IMD and 291 from carriage. Serogroup B meningococcal (MenB) vaccine coverage was evaluated using Bexsero® Antigen Sequence Type (BAST).ResultsSeven IMD epidemic periods have been observed in Shanghai since 1950, with incidence peaking from February to April. Analyses were divided according to the period of meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine (MPV) introduction: (i) pre-MPV-A, 1965-1980; (ii) post-MPV-A, 1981-2008; and (iii) post-MPV-A+C, 2009-2016. IMD incidence decreased from 55.4/100,000 to 0.71 then to 0.02, and corresponded with shifts from serogroup A ST-5 complex (MenA:cc5) to MenC:cc4821 then MenB:cc4821. MenB IMD became predominant (63.2%) in the post-MPV-A+C period, of which 50% were caused by cc4821, with the highest incidence in infants (0.45/100,000) and a case-fatality rate of 9.5%. IMD was positively correlated with carriage rates. Data indicate that fewer than 25% of MenB isolates in the post-MPV-A+C period may be covered by the vaccines Bexsero®, Trumenba®, or a PorA-based vaccine, NonaMen.ConclusionsA unique IMD epidemiology is found in China, changing periodically from hyperepidemic to low-level endemic disease. MenB IMD now dominates in Shanghai, with isolates harbouring diverse antigenic variants potentially beyond coverage with licenced OMV- and protein-based MenB vaccines.SummaryMeningococcal disease in Shanghai, China is described and current vaccine approaches evaluated. Since 1950, MenA:cc5 shifted to MenC:cc4821 then MenB:cc4821, with MenB dominating since 2009. Distinct antigens potentially beyond coverage with licensed OMV- and protein-based MenB vaccines were found.

Impact of hydroxychloroquin/azithromycin protocol on COVID-19 case-fatality rate reduction in Algeria. (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed Youssef Kada
Keyword(s):  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Doubling Time ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
World Health ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Therapeutic Protocol ◽  
First Case ◽  
The World ◽  
The Impact ◽  
At Home

BACKGROUND Covid-19 is an emerging infectious disease like viral zoonosis caused by new coronavirus SARS CoV 2. On December 31, 2019, Wuhan Municipal Health Commission in Hubei province (China) reported cases of pneumonia, the origin of which is a new coronavirus. Rapidly extendable around the world, the World Health Organization (WHO) declares it pandemic on March 11, 2020. This pandemic reaches Algeria on February 25, 2020, date on which the Algerian minister of health, announced the first case of Covid-19, a foreign citizen. From March 1, a cluster is formed in Blida and becomes the epicentre of the coronavirus epidemic in Algeria, its total quarantine is established on March 24, 2020, it will be smoothly alleviated on April 24. A therapeutic protocol based on hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin was put in place on March 23, for complicated cases, it was extended to all the cases confirmed on April 06. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to demonstrate the effectiveness of hydroxychloroquin/azithromycin protocol in Algeria, in particular after its extension to all patients diagnosed COVID-19 positive on RT-PCR test. We were able to illustrate this fact graphically, but not to prove it statistically because the design of our study, indeed in the 7 days which followed generalization of therapeutic protocol, case fatality rate decrease and doubling time increase, thus confirming the impact of wide and early prescription of hydroxychloroquin/azithromycin protocol. METHODS We have analyzed the data collected from press releases and follow-ups published daily by the Ministry of Health, we have studied the possible correlations of these data with certain events or decisions having a possible impact on their development, such as confinement at home and its reduction, the prescription of hydroxychloroquine/azithromycin combination for serious patients and its extension to all positive COVID subjects. Results are presented in graphics, the data collection was closed on 31/05/2020. RESULTS Covid-19 pandemic spreads from February 25, 2020, when a foreign citizen is tested positive, on March 1 a cluster is formed in the city of Blida where sixteen members of the same family are infected during a wedding party. Wilaya of Blida becomes the epicentre of coronavirus epidemic in Algeria and lockdown measures taken, while the number of national cases diagnosed begins to increases In any event, the association of early containment measures combined with a generalized initial treatment for all positive cases, whatever their degree of severity, will have contributed to a reduction in the fatality rate of COVID 19 and a slowing down of its doubling time. CONCLUSIONS In Algeria, the rapid combination of rigorous containment measure at home and early generalized treatment with hydroxychloroquin have demonstrated their effectiveness in terms of morbidity and mortality, the classic measures of social distancing and hygiene will make it possible to perpetuate these results by reducing viral transmission, the only unknown, the reopening procedure which can only be started after being surrounded by precautions aimed at ensuring the understanding of the population. CLINICALTRIAL Algeria, Covid-19, pandemic, hydroxychloroquin, azithromycin, case fatality rate

scholarly journals Author Correction: Calcium channel blocker amlodipine besylate therapy is associated with reduced case fatality rate of COVID-19 patients with hypertension

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lei-Ke Zhang ◽  
Yuan Sun ◽  
Haolong Zeng ◽  
Qingxing Wang ◽  
Xiaming Jiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Channel ◽  
Calcium Channel Blocker ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Channel Blocker ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Amlodipine Besylate

A Correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41421-021-00267-0

scholarly journals Early determination of case fatality rate of COVID-19 pandemic during the ongoing Yemeni armed conflict

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Abdulla Salem Bin Ghouth ◽  
Ali Ahmed Al-Waleedi ◽  
Marhami Fahriani ◽  
Firzan Nainu ◽  
Harapan Harapan
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Mechanical Ventilators ◽  
Poor Outcomes

Abstract Objectives: To determine the case-fatality rate (CFR) of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and its associated determinants in order to understand the true magnitude of the problem during ongoing conflict in Yemen. Methods: The CFR among confirmed COVID-19 cases in Yemen was calculated. The data was retrieved from national COVID-19 surveillance between April 10, when the first COVID-19 case reported, and May 31, 2020. Results: A total of 419 confirmed COVID-19 cases were reported. There were 14.1% and 5.7% of cases who required intensive care and mechanical ventilators, respectively. Out of total cases, 95 deaths were reported, giving CFR of 22.6% which is much higher compared to other countries. CFR was significantly higher among elderly compared to young adults and varied between governorates. Mortality was associated with preexisting hypertension (OR: 2.30; 95%CI: 1.58, 3.54) and diabetes (OR: 1.68; 95%CI: 1.08, 2.61). Conclusions: Elderly and those with comorbidities, in particular hypertension and diabetes, have higher risk for poor outcomes and therefore should receive more attention in the clinical setting. Preventive measures should also be prioritized to protect those groups in order to reduce the severe cases and deaths-associated COVID-19 in armed-conflict.

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