scholarly journals Review of wave forces on bridge decks with experimental and numerical methods

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuebin Chen ◽  
Zhiwu Chen ◽  
Guoji Xu ◽  
Xianrong Zhuo ◽  
Qinghua Deng
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Methods ◽  
Failure Mechanism ◽  
Bridge Deck ◽  
Numerical Models ◽  
Bridge Decks ◽  
Wave Force ◽  
Wave Forces ◽  
Coastal Zones ◽  
Coastal Bridges ◽  
Bridge Failure

AbstractMassive coastal bridges were damaged in Hurricanes Ivan (2004) and Katrina (2005), and considerable efforts have been devoted to the studies of wave forces acting on bridge decks since then. When the hurricane and tsunamis approach the coastal zones, the mean water level is elevated, making it possible for the incident wave to hit the bridge deck directly. The study of wave force acting on the bridge deck is essential for the investigation of bridge failure mechanism, and a literature review of wave forces with experimental and numerical methods after Hurricanes Ivan and Katrina is presented in this paper. Though the experiments and numerical models can not fully simulate the wave-deck interaction as in realistic conditions, remarkable progress has been achieved, and some significant findings help the researchers to further understand the failure mechanism of the bridge deck. Emphasis is given to the studies that have significantly improved our understanding of the topic. Challenges associated with the existing studies and suggestions for future studies are presented for a deeper understanding of the failure mechanism of the bridge deck, and more countermeasures are expected to protect the bridge deck under extreme wave forces.

scholarly journals WAVE ACTION ON LARGE OFF-SHORE STRUCTURES

1976 ◽  
Vol 1 (15) ◽  
pp. 129 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.J. Apelt ◽  
A. Macknight
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Methods ◽  
Water Surface ◽  
Theoretical Method ◽  
Wave Force ◽  
Wave Action ◽  
Tidal Range ◽  
Scale Model ◽  
Wave Forces ◽  
Accurate Calculation ◽  
Scour Protection

The paper describes investigations carried out in order to design for the wave action, both wave force and scour, on large off-shore berthing structures sited approximately 1.3 miles (2.1 km) off-shore near Hay Point, North Queensland, in 56 feet (17 m) of water at low tide, the tidal range being 20 feet (6 m). The region is a cyclone area and the structures must be capable of withstanding attack from maximum predicted waves with period of 8.25 seconds and amplitude of 24 feet (7.3 m). The main units in the berthing structures are concrete caissons sunk on to the ocean bed and the largest of these have plan dimensions of approximately 150 feet (46.7 m) by 135 feet (41.4 m) with four columns approximately 40 feet (12.2 m) square projecting through the water surface. No theoretical method available at the time of the investigation was capable of accurate calculation of wave forces on these structures. A scale model was tested to obtain wave forces and the paper compares results from the model with those of numerical methods and discusses the application of the results to the design functions. Scour effects were also modelled and the results used as the basis for design of scour protection.

Experimental and numerical investigation of wave-current forces on coastal bridge superstructures with box girders

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (7) ◽  
pp. 1438-1453 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiawei Zhang ◽  
Bing Zhu ◽  
Azhen Kang ◽  
Ruitao Yin ◽  
Xin Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Simulations ◽  
Numerical Models ◽  
Wave Forces ◽  
Vertical Force ◽  
Box Girder Bridges ◽  
Box Girder ◽  
Coastal Bridges ◽  
Girder Bridges ◽  
Wave Parameters ◽  
Waves And Currents

Coastal bridges are exposed to hurricane waves and storm surges during hurricanes, which threaten the safety of the superstructures. Since waves and ocean currents coexist in the natural marine environment and the action of currents leads to changes in wave parameters and thus affects wave loads, considering their interaction is necessary for the study of wave forces on coastal bridges. In this study, hydrodynamic loads on a box girder with the joint action of regular waves and currents are investigated with both experiments and numerical models. A series of experiments of wave forces that include conditions with different wave heights, current velocities, wave periods and submergence depths are conducted in a wave flume. Two-dimensional numerical simulations are performed to further investigate the mechanics of wave-current forces on box girder bridges. The wave parameters and wave forces of the numerical simulations are compared with the experimental results. The results indicate that a following current usually leads to higher maximum horizontal forces and lower maximum vertical forces. The opposing current results in a higher maximum hydrodynamic vertical force than following current with a low submergence depth. However, due to the joint effect of the wave parameters and structure position relationships, the behaviours of wave forces in other situations become complicated. It is anticipated that this study can provide experimental data of wave-current forces for the superstructures of box girder bridges and enhance the understanding of the mechanism of bridge damage by waves and currents.

Field and numerical investigation of the effect of under-sleeper pads on the dynamic behavior of railway bridges

2018 ◽  
Vol 232 (8) ◽  
pp. 2126-2137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaber Mottahed ◽  
Jabbar A Zakeri ◽  
Saeed Mohammadzadeh
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Investigation ◽  
Dynamic Behavior ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Bridge Deck ◽  
Numerical Models ◽  
Bridge Decks ◽  
Span Length ◽  
Railway Bridge ◽  
Railway Bridges ◽  
Northern District

There is a growing need to minimise vibrations of railway structures, especially the railway bridges, due to the increasing speed of trains. Various methods are used to reduce the effects of vibration on bridges. One of the methods is using under-sleeper pads. In this study, a real railway bridge – located in the northern district of Iran – with two spans and a free span length of 7 m was selected for the investigation of the effect of under-sleeper pads on the reduction of vibrations imposed on railway bridges. Field experiments – including the installation of an accelerometer to measure the accelerations beneath bridge decks, on the rail web, and next to the sleeper, and also the installation of Linear variable differential transformers (LVDTs) to measure the displacements of midspan point of bridge decks – were conducted. The effect of under-sleeper pads on the reduction of vibration accelerations, displacements, and moments of bridge midspan was investigated by developing numerical models of the bridge and validating its results through experimental outputs. The modeling predicts that the reduction of acceleration imposed on the deck in the first and second spans was different; the reduction effects in the first span were higher, where there was 58% reduction after using under-sleeper pads beneath the sleepers. There was a 15% decrease in the displacement of the bridge deck when under-sleeper pads are used. Similar results were obtained for the midspan moment of the bridge which reduced by 16%.

scholarly journals NUMERICAL MODELLING OF SOLITARY AND FOCUSED WAVE FORCES ON COASTAL-BRIDGE DECK

2018 ◽  
pp. 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rameeza Moideen ◽  
Manasa Ranjan Behera ◽  
Arun Kamath ◽  
Hans Bihs
Keyword(s):  
Water Waves ◽  
Bridge Deck ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Wave Forces ◽  
Extreme Waves ◽  
Shallow Water Waves ◽  
Wave Impact ◽  
Coastal Bridges ◽  
Focused Wave ◽  
The Impact

In the recent past, coastal bridges have been subjected to critical damage due to extreme wave attacks during natural calamities like storm surge and tsunami. Various numerical and experimental studies have suggested different empirical equations for wave impact on deck. However, they do not account the velocities of the wave type properly, which requires a detailed investigation to study the impact of extreme waves on decks. Solitary wave assumption is more suitable for shallow water waves, while the focused wave has been used widely to represent extreme waves. The present study aims to investigate the focused wave impact on coastal bridge deck using REEF3D (Bihs et al., 2016).

scholarly journals Study of wave forces acting on the box-girder superstructure of coastal bridges in the submerged condition based on potential flow theory

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bo Huang ◽  
Qingyang Ren ◽  
Xiaolu Cui ◽  
Jiawei Zhang ◽  
Bing Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Method ◽  
Potential Flow ◽  
Structural Parameters ◽  
Flow Theory ◽  
Wave Force ◽  
Structural Safety ◽  
Wave Forces ◽  
Box Girder ◽  
Coastal Bridges ◽  
Potential Flow Theory

AbstractThe box-girder superstructure of coastal bridges is vulnerable to wave-induced damage in the case of small clearances. The analytical method for estimating the wave forces on the box-girder superstructure of coastal bridges is proposed based on the potential flow theory in this paper. The two-dimension problem of the box-girder superstructure under the wave action is defined with some necessary simplifications first. Then, the analytical solutions are solved by the eigenfunction matching method, and the wave force on the submerged box-girder superstructure is calculated using the Bernoulli principle. After validating the accuracy of the proposed method by previous calculations and the experimental test, the influences of the girder type and structural configuration on the wave forces of submerged box-girder are conducted using the proposed analytical method. The results show that the girder type has a significant effect on the wave forces of the submerged superstructure, and the influence of various structural parameters should be considered comprehensively in the structural safety design under wave actions. The results of the present study can provide a useful reference for the estimation of wave forces and the structural design of the box-girder superstructure of coastal bridges.

Review of Wave Loads on Coastal Bridge Decks

2016 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Masoud Hayatdavoodi ◽  
R. Cengiz Ertekin
Keyword(s):  
Failure Mechanism ◽  
Bridge Decks ◽  
Complex Problem ◽  
Wave Loads ◽  
Coastal Bridges ◽  
Structure Interaction ◽  
New Findings ◽  
Air Pockets ◽  
Tohoku Tsunami ◽  
Wave Induced

Recent natural extreme events, such as Hurricane Ike in the U.S. (2008), Tohoku tsunami in Japan (2011), and Typhoon Haiyan in Southeast Asia (2013), have caused significant damage to the decks of coastal bridges. The failure of the structure occurs when wave-induced loads on the decks of coastal bridges exceed the bridge capacity, resulting in partial removal or a complete collapse of bridge decks. Tsunami, storm waves, and storm surge are known to be the ultimate agents of such failures. An understanding of the failure mechanism and possible solutions require a better knowledge of the destructive loads on the structure. Interaction of surface waves with the bridge deck is a complex problem, involving fluid–structure interaction, wave breaking, and overtopping. Possible submergence of the deck and entrapment of air pockets between girders can increase destructive forces and add to the complexities of the problem. In recent years, remarkable progress has been made on this topic, resulting in some new findings about the failure mechanism and the destructive wave loads. A review of the key studies on wave loads on the coastal bridge decks, including those in the past and very recently, is presented here. Emphasis is given to the pioneering works that have significantly improved our understanding of the problem. Challenges associated with the existing solutions are highlighted, and suggestions for future studies are provided.

scholarly journals A Hybrid Surrogate Model for the Prediction of Solitary Wave Forces on the Coastal Bridge Decks

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (12) ◽  
pp. 170
Author(s):  
Jinsheng Wang ◽  
Shihao Xue ◽  
Guoji Xu
Keyword(s):  
Solitary Wave ◽  
Hybrid Model ◽  
Surrogate Model ◽  
Bridge Decks ◽  
Wave Forces ◽  
Coastal Bridges ◽  
Modeling Techniques ◽  
Fast Development ◽  
Artificial Neural Network Ann ◽  
Prediction Capability

To facilitate the establishment of the probabilistic model for quantifying the vulnerability of coastal bridges to natural hazards and support the associated risk assessment and mitigation activities, it is imperative to develop an accurate and efficient method for wave forces prediction. With the fast development of computer science, surrogate modeling techniques have been commonly used as an effective alternative to computational fluid dynamics for the establishment of a predictive model in coastal engineering. In this paper, a hybrid surrogate model is proposed for the efficient and accurate prediction of the solitary wave forces acting on coastal bridge decks. The underlying idea of the proposed method is to enhance the prediction capability of the constructed model by introducing an additional surrogate to correct the errors made by the main predictor. Specifically, the regression-type polynomial chaos expansion (PCE) is employed as the main predictor to capture the global feature of the computational model, whereas the interpolation-type Kriging is adopted to learn the local variations of the prediction error from the PCE. An engineering case is employed to validate the effectiveness of the hybrid model, and it is observed that the prediction performance (in terms of residual mean square error and correlation coefficient) of the hybrid model is superior to the optimal PCE and artificial neural network (ANN) for both horizontal and vertical wave forces, albeit the maximum PCE degrees used in the hybrid model are lower than the optimal degrees identified in the pure PCE model. Moreover, the proposed hybrid model also enables the extraction of explicit predictive equations for the parameters of interest. It is expected that the hybrid model could be extended to more complex wave conditions and structural shapes to facilitate the life-cycle structural design and analysis of coastal bridges.

Dynamic analysis of a helical gear reduction by experimental and numerical methods

2020 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-58
Author(s):  
Chao Liu ◽  
Zongde Fang ◽  
Fang Guo ◽  
Long Xiang ◽  
Yabin Guan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Methods ◽  
Dynamic Analysis ◽  
Dynamic Behavior ◽  
Fourth Order ◽  
Numerical Models ◽  
Helical Gear ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Dynamic Responses ◽  
Lumped Mass ◽  
Gear Mesh

Presented in this study is investigation of dynamic behavior of a helical gear reduction by experimental and numerical methods. A closed-loop test rig is designed to measure vibrations of the example system, and the basic principle as well as relevant signal processing method is introduced. A hybrid user-defined element model is established to predict relative vibration acceleration at the gear mesh in a direction normal to contact surfaces. The other two numerical models are also constructed by lumped mass method and contact FEM to compare with the previous model in terms of dynamic responses of the system. First, the experiment data demonstrate that the loaded transmission error calculated by LTCA method is generally acceptable and that the assumption ignoring the tooth backlash is valid under the conditions of large loads. Second, under the common operating conditions, the system vibrations obtained by the experimental and numerical methods primarily occur at the first fourth-order meshing frequencies and that the maximum vibration amplitude, for each method, appears on the fourth-order meshing frequency. Moreover, root-mean-square (RMS) value of the acceleration increases with the increasing loads. Finally, according to the comparison of the simulation results, the variation tendencies of the RMS value along with input rotational speed agree well and that the frequencies where the resonances occur keep coincident generally. With summaries of merit and demerit, application of each numerical method is suggested for dynamic analysis of cylindrical gear system, which aids designers for desirable dynamic behavior of the system and better solutions to engineering problems.

The Concept of the Optimum Alignment of Discharge Pipelines Due to the Minimization of the Wave Forces

1992 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 211-216
Author(s):  
A. Akyarli ◽  
Y. Arisoy
Keyword(s):  
Wave Height ◽  
Wave Force ◽  
Wave Forces ◽  
Wave Direction ◽  
Incoming Wave ◽  
Pipeline Route ◽  
Optimum Alignment ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Resultant Wave

As the wave forces are the function of the wave height, period and the angle between the incoming wave direction and the axis of the discharge pipeline, the resultant wave force is directly related to the alignment of the pipeline. In this paper, a method is explained to determine an optimum pipeline route for which the resultant wave force becomes minimum and hence, the cost of the constructive measures may decrease. Also, the application of this method is submitted through a case study.

scholarly journals Characteristics of Breaking Wave Forces on Piles over a Permeable Seabed

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 520
Author(s):  
Zhenyu Liu ◽  
Zhen Guo ◽  
Yuzhe Dou ◽  
Fanyu Zeng
Keyword(s):  
Wave Breaking ◽  
Stokes Equations ◽  
Slope Angle ◽  
Wave Force ◽  
Breaking Waves ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Secondary Wave ◽  
Wave Forces ◽  
Breaking Wave ◽  
Breaking Wave Forces

Most offshore wind turbines are installed in shallow water and exposed to breaking waves. Previous numerical studies focusing on breaking wave forces generally ignored the seabed permeability. In this paper, a numerical model based on Volume-Averaged Reynolds Averaged Navier–Stokes equations (VARANS) is employed to reveal the process of a solitary wave interacting with a rigid pile over a permeable slope. Through applying the Forchheimer saturated drag equation, effects of seabed permeability on fluid motions are simulated. The reliability of the present model is verified by comparisons between experimentally obtained data and the numerical results. Further, 190 cases are simulated and the effects of different parameters on breaking wave forces on the pile are studied systematically. Results indicate that over a permeable seabed, the maximum breaking wave forces can occur not only when waves break just before the pile, but also when a “secondary wave wall” slams against the pile, after wave breaking. With the initial wave height increasing, breaking wave forces will increase, but the growth can decrease as the slope angle and permeability increase. For inclined piles around the wave breaking point, the maximum breaking wave force usually occurs with an inclination angle of α = −22.5° or 0°.

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