Recognising Psychiatric Symptoms

1993 ◽  
Vol 163 (3) ◽  
pp. 308-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. E. Berrios ◽  
E. Y. H. Chen

Current overemphasis on nosological diagnosis has led to a neglect of the process of symptom recognition. There is evidence, however, that the perception of the symptom alone does not guarantee symptom ascertainment since a decision-making component is also involved. To achieve the latter, additional information must be provided by the contextual cues implicit in the ongoing diagnostic hypothesis. Current diagnostic systems, however, still assume a two-stage model according to which symptom and disease recognition are independent cognitive events. This paper suggests that this model is inadequate and that descriptive psychopathology is nottransparent. It then describes a neural network simulation to make various aspects of the problem explicit. This takes into account the multidimensional and probabilistic aspects of symptom recognition and is, from this point of view, superior to traditional algorithmic models. It also has the capacity to represent the different cognitive styles involved in symptom recognition.

2021 ◽  
pp. 49-56
Author(s):  
Stanislav S. Khabarov ◽  
Alexander S. Komshin

Problems of ensuring the safe operation of an aircraft from the point of view of the fatigue life of its structure are considered. The relevance of the creation and implementation of diagnostic systems for monitoring the technical condition of structures of complex technical objects is shown on the example of a helicopter. An original approach to the creation and implementation of complex systems for diagnostics and monitoring of the technical condition of complex technical objects is presented, combining fiber-optic measuring technology and phase-chronometric method. It is shown that the use of monitoring and diagnostic systems ensures the transition to operation based on the actual technical condition. The proposed approach makes it possible to increase the time between overhaul intervals and reduce excess reserves in terms of the reliability factors of structures, which increases the flight performance of aircraft.


Author(s):  
Miroslav I. Yasin

In this article a theoretical investigation of the concept of cognitive closure including the historical involvement of research on this issue and an analysis of the relevant notions is presented. The concept of cognitive closure is considered from a historical point of view – concepts and theories that logically lead to the issue of studying cognitive styles and cognitive closure in particular are given. Such notions as ambiguity intolerance, certainty orientation, desire for a simple cognitive structure, dogmatism, fundamentalism and rigidity of thought are presented to be closely related to the cognitive closure. The most extended and developed construct of cognitive closure is found in the Lay Epistemic Theory. The specifi city of the cognitive closure construct is that in the Lay Epistemic Theory, the emphasis was shifted from the tendency to get rid of information as a psychological feature for an active dynamic (motivational) moment. Cognitive research is one of the promising areas of research in psychology, as it has great explanatory potential, which makes it possible to conduct applied research on various topics. Based on the qualitative and quantitative analysis of modern scientifi c periodicals, the most demanded lines of research are presented and it is concluded that the relevance of the topic is currently increasing.


2020 ◽  
Vol 37 (06) ◽  
pp. 2050029 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hassan Arabshahi ◽  
Hamed Fazlollahtabar ◽  
Leila Maboudi

This paper aims to develop a DEA-based framework to evaluate the efficiency of the supply chain based on the seller–buyer structure and with respect to win–win strategy. This is a bi-stage model employing the CCR model in the forms of input-oriented and output-oriented considering the intermediate measures for two different conditions under a centralized point of view. The obtained results from the extension of this model to supply chain network lead to introduce “efficient path” concept being a path including different components of the supply chain that are efficient in terms of DEA. Other kinds of proper information provided by the proposed model can help the managers and decision-makers of the supply chain field in supplier selection procedure and making efficient portfolios and collaborations across the supply chain network.


2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giampaolo Perri ◽  
Giovanni Marchegiani ◽  
Isabella Frigerio ◽  
Christos G. Dervenis ◽  
Kevin C. Conlon ◽  
...  

Background: The prevalence of undefined pancreatic cystic neoplasms (PCNs) is high in the general population, increasing with patient age. PCNs account for different biological entities with different potential for malignant transformation. The clinician must balance his or her practice between the risk of surgical overtreatment and the error of keeping a malignant lesion under surveillance. Methods: We review and discuss the clinical management of PCNs. Specifically, we analyze the main features of PCNs from the surgeon’s point of view, as they present in the outpatient clinic. We also review the different consensus guidelines, address recent controversies in the literature, and present the current clinical practice at 4 different European Centers for pancreatic surgery. Results: The main features of PCNs were analyzed from the surgeon’s point of view as they present in the outpatient clinic. All aspects of surgical management were discussed, from indications for surgery to intraoperative management and surveillance strategies. Conclusions: Management of PCNs requires a selective approach with the aim of minimizing clinically relevant diagnostic mistakes. Through the evaluation of clinical and radiological features of a PCN, the surgeon can elaborate on a diagnostic hypothesis and assess malignancy risk, but the final decision should be tailored to the individual patient’s need.


2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 477-494 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pekka Ruponen ◽  
Petri Pennanen ◽  
Teemu Manderbacka

Abstract A decision support system with damage stability analysis has been recognized as an important tool for passenger ships. Various software applications have been developed and taken into use over the years, without a direct link to any compelling requirement, set forth in the international regulatory framework. After the Costa Concordia accident, new regulations have been established, setting minimum requirements for a decision support system, as an extension to a loading computer. Yet, more advanced systems have been developed recently, aiming at providing valuable additional information on the predicted development of the stability of the damaged ship. This paper presents these alternative decision support systems with damage stability analysis methods for flooding emergencies on passenger ships. The technical background, usability, and usefulness of the various approaches are compared and discussed, taking into account the important statutory approval point of view. In addition, practical examples, including past accidents, are presented and discussed.


2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 70-85
Author(s):  
Вин Тун Е ◽  
Vin Tun E ◽  
Л. Маркин ◽  
Leonid Markin

The article discusses the solution to the problem of automating the design of layouts of various equipment, taking into account ergonomics, by which is meant the provision of service areas. The article describes the development of methods and algorithms that provide access to installation tools and workspace during installation and maintenance of already placed equipment. The solution method is geometric modeling of both the placed objects and the installation equipment necessary for its maintenance, as well as the trajectory of its movement to the service area. Thus, both the installation equipment and the movement paths are treated as composable objects, the intersection of which with other objects is unacceptable. As a modeling method, receptor-based geometric models that discretize the allocation space were used. The choice of receptor models is due to the fact that the solid-state model of all the instantaneous positions of the installation tool in the process of its delivery and operation is extremely complex from a geometrical point of view. The possibility of relatively easy to determine the fact of the intersection of all objects of the scene, described by receptor models, and is the rationale for the choice in our study of the receptor method of geometric modeling. Based on the receptor design model, a procedure has been developed for determining the trajectory of a mounting tool at a given operating point, as well as the formation of the space required for operation, or establishing the fact that it is impossible to service a particular object, which indicates an unsatisfactory (non-ergonomic) given design solution. In this study a feature of using receptor models is the use of 6-digit codes in the receptor matrices, which, with some complication of the modeling method, allows to obtain additional information about problem areas in the layout under study (impossibility of carrying a tool, impossibility of performing assembly operations, etc.). Algorithms for solving this problem, as well as a graphical shell that visualizes the results of computer-aided design, are implemented as C# programs.


2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (S1) ◽  
pp. s822-s822
Author(s):  
R. Martín Gutierrez ◽  
M. Juncal Ruiz ◽  
O. Porta Olivares ◽  
R. Landera Rodríguez ◽  
L. Sánchez Blanco ◽  
...  

IntroductionMost of elderly onset psychosis present as a consequence of one or more organic processes. We present the case of an 81-year-old patient with diagnosis of a posterior fossa meningioma. It emerged with abrupt positive symptoms of psychosis with important family and social disruption. The interest of the case lies in the low frequency of psychiatric symptoms associated to this type of tumor, given its location. Thus, these symptoms may be explained, by normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) secondary to the tumor.ObjectivesTo highlight the importance of performing a complete organic screening in elderly onset psycotic patients.Material and methodFrom the mentioned case, we performed a literature review of psychopathology associated with NPH.ResultsPsychiatric examination demonstrated parasitization delusions and delusional misinterpretations; tactile and visual zoomorphic hallucinations were also present. They were compatible with Ekbom syndrome; anxiety and behavioral disorganization were prominent. We introduced treatment with risperidone 0.5 mg/12 h with important decrease of positive psychotic symptoms. Currently, the patient is waiting for a ventricular-peritoneal shunt.ConclusionsThe NPH usually presents with memory failures, psychomotor slowing, problems in calculating and writing. It may progress to a neurological impairment so intense that may be indistinguishable from Alzheimer's disease. From a psychopathological point of view, affective or psychotic symptoms and/or behavioral disorganization may also appear. In few cases, HNT onset shows with prominent psychiatric symptoms instead of neurological impairment. These symptoms may improve with pharmacological and surgical treatment. Thus, it is important to get an accurate diagnosis.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.


2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 1062-1066 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Mirzai Matin

Water construction projects in Iran frequently face problems which cause cost overrun and time delay, the two most common issues in construction projects in general. The objective of this survey is to identify and quantify these problems and thus help in avoiding them. This survey represents a collection of the most significant problems found in the literature, classified into 11 groups according to their source. The questionnaire form used contains 84 questions which were answered by random engineers who work in water construction projects. The Relative Importance Weight (RIW) method is used to weight the importance of each one of the 84 problems. The focus of this survey is on overall top ten issues which are: bureaucracy in bidding method, inflation, economical condition of the government, not enough information gathered and surveys done before design, monthly payment difficulties, material cost changes, law changes by the government, financial difficulties, mode of financing and payment for completed work and changes made by the owner. A section for each of these issues provides additional information about them. In the full text of this survey the same weighting method is used to classify the main groups, and the results show that issues related to the groups of government, owner and consultant has the most significant impact. The last part of this survey describes the point of view of the engineers who took part in this survey and the recommendations they made.


2018 ◽  
Vol 67 (5) ◽  
pp. 507-524
Author(s):  
Elena Mancini ◽  
Roberta Martina Zagarella

Per garantire un’elevata affidabilità diagnostica, la classificazione tradizionale delle malattie si basa su due criteri fondamentali: la presenza di caratteristiche peculiari che identificano una malattia distinguendola dalle altre e l’individuazione delle cause o della correlazione multifattoriale. Questa concezione si basa su regole che rimandano ai principi della logica classica, la quale, tuttavia, non può considerarsi uno strumento adeguato in medicina. Essa potrebbe rivelarsi uno strumento utile di fronte a quelle manifestazioni della malattia “prototipiche”, ma non per molte patologie che si presentano come fenomeni complessi e incoerenti, ovvero caratterizzati, sul piano eziologico, da un insieme interrelato di possibili cause e fattori scatenanti e, sul piano clinico, da una elevata variabilità individuale. La diagnosi di tali malattie richiede una logica tramite la quale sia possibile categorizzare il mondo degli oggetti reali. L’articolo prende in esame la logica fuzzy come strumento per il ragionamento diagnostico, e in particolar modo i concetti di “fuzzy set” e “diagnosi fuzzy”, anche al fine di verificarne il possibile impiego nella diagnosi di una patologia rara ad eziologia complessa: la malattia di Anderson-Fabry. L’analisi svolta porta a soffermarsi sulla finalità pratica (e non conoscitiva) della diagnosi, che le conferisce una valenza etica. Muovendo da questa prospettiva, l’articolo propone, nell’ultima parte, alcuni criteri etici di orientamento nel complesso bilanciamento che il clinico effettua tra il rischio inerente alla formulazione di una ipotesi diagnostica di “tipo fuzzy” e i benefici per il paziente di una diagnosi precoce, soprattutto in considerazione della disponibilità di trattamenti farmacologici innovativi. ---------- To ensure high diagnostic reliability, the traditional classification of the diseases is based on two fundamental criteria: the presence of peculiar characteristics that identify a disease distinguishing it from the others; and the detection of causes or multifactorial correlation. This idea is based on rules that refer to the principles of classical logic, which however cannot be considered an appropriate tool in medicine. It may prove to be a useful tool in case of “prototypical” manifestations of a disease, but not for a lot of pathologies that appear as complex and inconsistent cases, or characterized (on the etiological plane) by an interrelation between possible causes and trigger factors, and (on the clinical plane) by an high individual variability. The diagnosis of such diseases requires a logic through which it is possible to categorize the world of real objects. The article examines the fuzzy logic as a tool for the diagnostic reasoning, and particularly the “fuzzy set” and “fuzzy diagnosis” concepts, in order to verify its possible use in the diagnosis of a rare disease with complex etiology: the Anderson-Fabry disease. Our analysis underlines the practical (and not theoretical) purpose of the diagnosis, which gives it an ethical value. From this point of view, the article suggests, in the last part, some ethical criteria in the balance carried out by the clinician between the risk concerning the formulation of a “fuzzy” diagnostic hypothesis and the advantages of an early diagnosis for the patients, especially considering the availability of innovative pharmacological treatments.


1995 ◽  
Vol 166 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Osvaldo P. Almeida ◽  
Robert J. Howard ◽  
Raymond Levy ◽  
Anthony S. David

BackgroundThis study explored the psychopathological state of a sample of ‘late paraphrenic’ patients and the reliability of their diagnosis according to the most widely used systems of classification of mental disorders.MethodThe presence and severity of psychiatric symptoms were assessed with the Present State Examination (PSE), the Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS), and the High Royds Evaluation of Negativity (HEN) scale. Patient signs and symptoms were classified according to the PSE9–CATEGO4, DSM–III–R, DSM–IV, and ICD–10 diagnostic systems. Agreement among the 11 most widely used criteria for the diagnosis of schizophrenia was assessed for these patients. These included DSM–III–R, DSM–IV, ICD–10, Schneider, Langfeldt, New Haven Schizophrenia Index, Carpenter, Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC), Feighner, Taylor & Abrams, and PSE9–CATEGO4. The study assessed 47 patients, including in-patients, out-patients, day-patients, and those in the community. Thirty-three elderly controls were recruited from luncheon clubs in Southwark and Lambeth (London, UK).ResultsPatients showed a wide range of delusional ideas, most frequently involving persecution (83.0%) and reference (31.9%). Eighty-three per cent of patients reported some sort of hallucination, most frequently auditory (78.7%). Formal thought disorder was very rare, only one patient showing mild signs of circumstantial speech. No patients exhibited catatonic symptoms or inappropriate affect. Shallow, withdrawn, or constricted affect was found in only 8.5% of patients. The various systems of classification indicated that most patients displayed typical schizophrenic symptoms, although up to one-third of them did not meet criteria for the diagnosis of schizophrenia. There was poor agreement among the different diagnostic schedules as to whether to classify patients as schizophrenic (0.02 < k < 0.45).ConclusionPsychotic states arising in late life are accompanied by various psychiatric symptoms that are not entirely typical of early-onset schizophrenia. The current trend to include ‘late paraphrenia’ into the diagnosis of schizophrenia or delusional disorder has poor empirical and theoretical bases.


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