scholarly journals Substance misuse, psychiatric disorder and violent and disturbed behaviour

2000 ◽  
Vol 176 (4) ◽  
pp. 345-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Soyka
Keyword(s):  
Substance Misuse ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Significant Risk Factor ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Male Gender ◽  
Psychosocial Treatment ◽  
Psychotic Symptoms ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Increased Risk

BackgroundEpidemiological studies suggest schizophrenia and substance misuse to be associated with a higher rate of violence and crime.AimsThe literature was evaluated to assess whether people with schizophrenia who use substances have an increased risk for violence and disturbed behaviour.MethodA detailed Medline analysis was performed and relevant studies were reviewed.ResultsA large number of studies have linked substance misuse in schizophrenia with male gender, high incidence of homelessness, more pronounced psychotic symptoms, non-adherence with medication, poor prognosis, violence and aggression. The latter has been proved by clinical, epidemiological and longitudinal prospective studies of unselected birth cohorts. The increased risk for aggression and violent acts cannot be interpreted only as a result of poor social integration. Male gender, more severe psychopathology, a primary antisocial personality, repeated intoxications and non-adherence with treatment are important confounding variables.ConclusionSubstance misuse has been shown consistently to be a significant risk factor for violence and disturbed behaviour. Future research should try to evaluate possible pharmacological and psychosocial treatment approaches.

scholarly journals Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE1, ACE2) gene variants are associated with COVID19 severity depending on the hypertension status

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Gómez ◽  
Guillermo M Albaiceta ◽  
Marta García-Clemente ◽  
Carlos López-Larrea ◽  
Laura Amado-Rodríguez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Significant Risk Factor ◽  
Male Gender ◽  
Hypertension Status ◽  
Angiotensin System ◽  
Susceptibility To Infection ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Ace2 Gene

AbstractBackgroundThe Angiotensin system is implicated in the pathogenesis of COVID19. First, ACE2 is the cellular receptor for SARS-COv-2, and expression of the ACE2 gene could regulate the individual’s susceptibility to infection. In addition, the balance between ACE1 and ACE activity has been implicated in the pathogenesis of respiratory diseases and could play a role in the severity of COVID19. Functional ACE1/ACE2 gene polymorphisms have been associated with the risk of cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases, and could thus also contribute to the outcome of COVID19.MethodsWe studied 204 COVID19 patients (137 non-severe and 67severe-ICU cases) and 536 age-matched controls. The ACE1 insertion/deletion and ACE2rs2285666 polymorphism were determined. Variables frequencies were compared between the groups by logistic regression. We also sequenced the ACE2 coding nucleotides in a group of patients.ResultsSevere COVID19 was associated with hypertension male gender (p<0.001), hypertension (p=0.006), hypercholesterolaemia (p=0.046), and the ACE1-DD genotype (p=0.049). In the multiple logistic regression hypertension (p=0.02, OR=2.26, 95%CI=1.12-4.63) and male gender (p=0.002; OR=3.15, 95%CI=1.56-6.66) remained as independent significant predictors of severity. The ACE2 polymorphism was not associated with the disease outcome. The ACE2 sequencing showed no coding sequence variants that could explain an increased risk of developing COVID19.ConclusionsAdverse outcome of COVID19 was associated with male gender, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia and the ACE1 genotype. The ACE1-I/D was a significant risk factor for severe COVID19, but the effect was dependent on the hypertensive status.

scholarly journals Designing Epidemiology Studies to Determine the Incidence and Prevalence of Encapsulating Peritoneal Sclerosis (EPS)

2015 ◽  
Vol 35 (7) ◽  
pp. 678-682 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorothea Nitsch ◽  
Andrew Davenport
Keyword(s):  
Significant Risk ◽  
Significant Risk Factor ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Length Of Treatment ◽  
Current Test ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Epidemiology Studies

The reported incidence and prevalence of encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis (EPS) varies markedly between North America, Europe, Japan, and Australia. Although this could reflect differences in clinical practice patterns and access to transplantation as there is no current test for early detection, and some patients may present many years after discontinuation of peritoneal dialysis (PD), there are concerns about under-reporting, particularly for those with milder forms. Currently, only PD vintage has been identified as a significant risk factor for developing EPS, although some patients can develop EPS within months of starting PD. As such, there is a need for epidemiological studies to determine the incidence and prevalence of EPS to allow for patient education and counselling in terms of dialysis modality choice and length of treatment. In addition, carefully designed epidemiological studies could potentially allow for the identification of risk factors and bio-markers that could then be used to identify patients at increased risk of developing EPS in the future. Typically, studies to date have been underpowered with inadequate longitudinal follow-up. We review the different types of epidemiological studies and provide information as to the number of patients to be recruited and the duration of follow-up required to determine the incidence and prevalence of EPS.

Physical Illness and Suicide Risk in Rural Residents of Contemporary China

Crisis ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 330-337 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cun-Xian Jia ◽  
Lin-Lin Wang ◽  
Ai-Qiang Xu ◽  
Ai-Ying Dai ◽  
Ping Qin
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Rural China ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Significant Risk Factor ◽  
Health Condition ◽  
Physical Illness ◽  
Rural Residents ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Study Population

Background: Physical illness is linked with an increased risk of suicide; however, evidence from China is limited. Aims: To assess the influence of physical illness on risk of suicide among rural residents of China, and to examine the differences in the characteristics of people completing suicide with physical illness from those without physical illness. Method: In all, 200 suicide cases and 200 control subjects, 1:1 pair-matched on sex and age, were included from 25 townships of three randomly selected counties in Shandong Province, China. One informant for each suicide or control subject was interviewed to collect data on the physical health condition and psychological and sociodemographic status. Results: The prevalence of physical illness in suicide cases (63.0%) was significantly higher than that in paired controls (41.0%; χ2 = 19.39, p < .001). Compared with suicide cases without physical illness, people who were physically ill and completed suicide were generally older, less educated, had lower family income, and reported a mental disorder less often. Physical illness denoted a significant risk factor for suicide with an associated odds ratio of 3.23 (95% CI: 1.85–5.62) after adjusted for important covariates. The elevated risk of suicide increased progressively with the number of comorbid illnesses. Cancer, stroke, and a group of illnesses comprising dementia, hemiplegia, and encephalatrophy had a particularly strong effect among the commonly reported diagnoses in this study population. Conclusion: Physical illness is an important risk factor for suicide in rural residents of China. Efforts for suicide prevention are needed and should be integrated with national strategies of health care in rural China.

scholarly journals The Relationship Between Bullying Victimization and Perpetration and Non-suicidal Self-injury: A Systematic Review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gianluca Serafini ◽  
Andrea Aguglia ◽  
Andrea Amerio ◽  
Giovanna Canepa ◽  
Giulia Adavastro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Peer Victimization ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Significant Risk Factor ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Bullying Victimization ◽  
Self Injury ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Bully Victims

AbstractExperience of bullying may be a significant risk factor for non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI). This study had three aims: to systematically investigate the association between bullying and NSSI, analyze the possible mechanisms underlying the two phenomena, and evaluate any differences between bullying victimization and bullying perpetration with respect to NSSI. A systematic search about the association between bullying victimization and perpetration and NSSI was conducted using specific databases (PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct). The following keywords were used in all database searches: "bullying" AND "NSSI" OR "peer victimization" and NSSI. The searches in PubMed, Scopus and Science Direct revealed a total of 88 articles about bullying or peer victimization and NSSI. However, only 29 met our inclusion criteria and were used for the present review. Overall, all studies examined victimization; four studies also evaluated the effects of perpetration and one included bully-victims. According to the main findings, both being a victim of bullying and perpetrating bullying may increase the risk of adverse psychological outcomes in terms of NSSI and suicidality in the short and the long run. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first review to systematically evaluate the relation between bullying victimization/perpetration and NSSI. The main results support a positive association. Future research should evaluate the possible role of specific mediators/moderators of the association between experience of bullying and NSSI.

scholarly journals The association between obesity and depression in adults: a meta-review

BJPsych Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (S1) ◽  
pp. S267-S267
Author(s):  
Abdi Malik Musa ◽  
Samuele Cortese ◽  
Olivia Bloodworth
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Significant Risk Factor ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Odds Ratios ◽  
Medical File ◽  
Depressed Adolescent ◽  
Meta Review

AimsObesity and depression are increasing in prevalence and have become key issues in the public health of the modern day. We performed a meta-review to summarise the association between obesity and depression in adults.MethodA systematic literature search was undertaken on MEDLINE, PsychINFO, EMBASE and Web of Science for systematic reviews (SRs) with or without meta-analyses (MA) on the association between obesity and depression in adults (>18 years) published before 18 September 2018. Any approach to define depressive disorders (e.g. via structured interview or code in medical file) was accepted. Likewise, any method to assess obesity was accepted. Screening, data extraction and quality assessment was completed by two reviewers independently, with a third reviewer to arbitrate any disagreement. AMSTAR 2 tool was used to assess the methodological quality and risk of bias of the pertinent SRs/MAs.ResultAfter duplicate removal, we identified 6007 potentially pertinent citations. Following, title, abstract and full-text screening, 10 studies were included in the review; nine SRs with MAs and one SR. A statistically significant association between obesity and depression was reported in all nine SRs with MAs, with odds ratios ranging from 1.18 (95% CI = 1.11-1.26) to 1.57 (95% CI = 1.53-2.01). Increased severity of obesity (body mass index over 40) was associated with a greater odds of becoming depressed. Odds of developing depression were greater for obese females, compared to obese males, but this difference was not statistically significant. Depression was shown to be a significant risk factor for future obesity in all four relevant MAs with odds ratios ranging from 1.18 (95% CI = 1.13-1.23) to 1.40 (95% CI = 1.14-1.71) . Depressed adolescent females had the highest odds of becoming obese, significantly more so than depressed adolescent males and depressed adults. The quality of the included studies were mixed with five scoring moderate quality, three low quality and two critically low quality.ConclusionThe findings suggest a reciprocal association between depression and obesity, which may be modulated by age and gender. Future research should assess the potential effect of obesity and depression severity more carefully while also exploring the underlying mechanisms. These results warrant the investigation of the effect of obesity or depression intervention on the outcomes of the other.FUNDINGThis research received no financial sponsorship.

scholarly journals Television Viewing and Cognitive Dysfunction of Korean Older Adults

Healthcare ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 547
Author(s):  
Mi Sook Jung ◽  
Eunyoung Chung
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Cognitive Dysfunction ◽  
Cognitive Aging ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Significant Risk Factor ◽  
Tv Viewing ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Impact

This study examined the association between television (TV) viewing and cognitive dysfunction in elderly Koreans. Among participants of the 2014 National Survey of Older Koreans, 9644 were considered in this study. To better identify the association between two factors, propensity score (PS) matching with exact method was used. Finally, 168 viewers and non-viewers each were selected based on estimated PS on key variables and eliminating double matches. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed when controlling for possible covariates. Viewers were more likely to have cognitive dysfunction than non-viewers, with significant differences in most covariates. After correcting confounding effects of these covariates with PS matching, TV viewing was found to be a significant risk factor of cognitive dysfunction, along with absence of diagnosed hypertension and non-participation in physical leisure activities. TV viewing might be associated with increased risk of cognitive dysfunction in later life. Appropriate education and strategies to minimize TV viewing among older adults should be established to contribute to attenuating cognitive aging. More interventional studies can help older adults, caregivers, and healthcare professionals explore the cognitively beneficial alternatives to TV use considering the impact of socioeconomic factors of selecting TV viewing as a preferred leisure activity.

Colorectal cancer and hormone replacement therapy: a review of epidemiological studies

2000 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esteve Fernandez ◽  
Silvia Franceschi ◽  
Carlo La Vecchia
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Hormone Replacement ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Inverse Association ◽  
Case Control Studies ◽  
Relative Risks ◽  
Increased Risk

Mortality rates for colorectal cancer in many developed countries have declined in women more than in men. Possible explanations of the sex differentials in colorectal cancer mainly, but not only, refer to different exposure to exogenous hormones. This paper aims to review the available epidemiological evidence on this issue. Seven cohort studies reported information on HRT use and colorectal cancer risk, with relative risks (RRs) around or below unity, and significant inverse association was found in two of them. Of 12 case-control studies, five reported significant risk reductions among ever-users of HRT, while two investigations showed moderate, non-significant inverse associations and none showed a significant increased risk. Two recent meta-analysis showed a 20% reduction in the risk of colon cancer among current users. Overall, the studies reviewed support the existence of an inverse association between colorectal cancer and HRT. Although these epidemiological observations are consistent, surveillance bias may account for part of the association.

Bullying victimization in youths and mental health problems: ‘Much ado about nothing’?

2009 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 717-729 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Arseneault ◽  
L. Bowes ◽  
S. Shakoor
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Significant Risk Factor ◽  
Health Problems ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Psychotic Symptoms ◽  
Bullying Victimization ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Violent Behaviour

Bullying victimization is a topic of concern for youths, parents, school staff and mental health practitioners. Children and adolescents who are victimized by bullies show signs of distress and adjustment problems. However, it is not clear whether bullying is the source of these difficulties. This paper reviews empirical evidence to determine whether bullying victimization is a significant risk factor for psychopathology and should be the target of intervention and prevention strategies. Research indicates that being the victim of bullying (1) is not a random event and can be predicted by individual characteristics and family factors; (2) can be stable across ages; (3) is associated with severe symptoms of mental health problems, including self-harm, violent behaviour and psychotic symptoms; (4) has long-lasting effects that can persist until late adolescence; and (5) contributes independently to children's mental health problems. This body of evidence suggests that efforts aimed at reducing bullying victimization in childhood and adolescence should be strongly supported. In addition, research on explanatory mechanisms involved in the development of mental health problems in bullied youths is needed.

Civil Protective Order Effectiveness: Justice or Just a Piece of Paper?

2010 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 332-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
TK Logan ◽  
Robert T Walker
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Significant Risk Factor ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Perceived Effectiveness ◽  
Protective Order ◽  
Protective Orders ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Future Harm

Many victims, victim advocates, and even law enforcement believe that protective orders are “just a piece of paper,” suggesting that they do not work or are not effective. This study examined protective order effectiveness by following 210 women for 6 months after obtaining a protective order. There are four main themes that were identified from the study results. First, protective orders were not violated for half of the women in the sample during the 6-month follow-up period. Second, even among those who experienced violations, there were significant reductions in abuse and violence. Third, overall, women were less fearful of future harm from the PO partner at the 6-month follow-up, and a vast majority felt the protective order was fairly or extremely effective. Fourth, stalking emerges as a significant risk factor for protective order violations, sustained fear, and lower perceived effectiveness of the protective order. Implications for practice and future research are discussed.

scholarly journals Increased Risk of Valvular Heart Disease in Systemic Sclerosis: An Underrecognized Cardiac Complication

2021 ◽  
pp. jrheum.201005
Author(s):  
Reto D. Kurmann ◽  
Edward A. El-Am ◽  
Yasser A. Radwan ◽  
Avneek S. Sandhu ◽  
Cynthia S. Crowson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Disease ◽  
Systemic Sclerosis ◽  
Valvular Heart Disease ◽  
Cardiac Involvement ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Significant Risk Factor ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Incident Cases

Objective Cardiac involvement is a poor prognostic marker in systemic sclerosis (SSc). While diastolic dysfunction, myocardial fibrosis, and arrhythmias are traditionally considered features of primary cardiac involvement in SSc, the incidence of valvular heart disease (VHD) is not well reported. Our objective was to examine the prevalence of VHD at time of SSc diagnosis and incidence of VHD during follow up compared to non-SSc subjects. Methods Medical records of patients with suspicion of SSc were reviewed to identify incident cases. SSc subjects were matched 1:2 by age- and sex to non-SSc subjects. Results The study included 78 incident SSc cases and 156 non-SSc comparators [56 years (± 15.7), 91% female]. A nearly 4-fold increase in the prevalence of moderate/severe VHD prior to SSc diagnosis compared to non-SSc subjects (6% vs. 0%; P=0.004) was identified. During follow up, 18 SSc and 12 non-SSc patients developed moderate/severe VHD. The cumulative incidence of VHD at 10 years after SSc incidence/index was 17.9% (95% CI: 10.7-29.9%) in patients with SSc compared with 2.3% (95% CI: 0.7-6.3%) in non-SSc subjects (HR: 4.23; 95% CI: 2.03-8.83). Coronary heart disease was the only significant risk factor for VHD. Conclusion SSc patients have a 4-fold increase in the prevalence of moderate/severe VHD at diagnosis compared to non-SSc patients. They also have a 4-fold increased risk of developing moderate/severe VHD after diagnosis of SSc. Aortic stenosis and mitral regurgitation have a much higher prevalence in SSc patients, besides secondary tricuspid regurgitation. Underlying mechanisms for this association require further elucidation.

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