Negative self-schemas and the onset of depression in women: longitudinal study

BackgroundBeck's cognitive theory of depression has received little empirical support.AimsTo test whether those with negative self-schemas were at risk of onset of depression.MethodData were collected by postal questionnaire from 12003 women recruited during early pregnancy; questionnaires included measures of depressive symptoms and negative self-schemas. Regular questionnaires were sent during pregnancy and following childbirth.ResultsOf 8540 women not depressed when recruited, 8.6% (95% CI 8.0–9.2) became depressed 14 weeks later. Those in the highest tertile for negative self-schema score were more likely to become depressed than those in the lowest tertile (odds ratio 3.04, 95% CI 2.48–3.73). The association remained after adjustment for baseline depressive symptoms and previous depression (OR 1.6, 95% CI1.27–2.02) and was of similar magnitude for onset 3 years later.ConclusionsHolding a negative self-schema is an independent risk factor for the onset of depression in women. This finding supports a key element of Beck's cognitive theory. Understanding more about how negative self-schemas arise should help inform preventive policies.

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Depressive symptoms as an independent risk factor for mortality in elderly persons: Results of a national longitudinal study

Aging & Mental Health ◽

10.1080/13607863.2012.747081 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 17 (4) ◽

pp. 470-478 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Po-Ren Teng ◽

Chih-Jung Yeh ◽

Meng-Chih Lee ◽

Hui-Sheng Lin ◽

Te-Jen Lai

Keyword(s):

Risk Factor ◽

Depressive Symptoms ◽

Longitudinal Study ◽

Independent Risk Factor ◽

Elderly Persons ◽

National Longitudinal Study

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The Association of Familial Hypertension and Risk of Gestational Hypertension and Preeclampsia

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18137045 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (13) ◽

pp. 7045

Author(s):

Małgorzata Lewandowska

Keyword(s):

Risk Factor ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

Odds Ratio ◽

Independent Risk Factor ◽

Gestational Hypertension ◽

First Trimester ◽

Chronic Hypertension ◽

Modifiable Factors ◽

The Family ◽

Maternal Hypertension

It has not been established how history of hypertension in the father or mother of pregnant women, combined with obesity or smoking, affects the risk of main forms of pregnancy-induced hypertension. A cohort of 912 pregnant women, recruited in the first trimester, was assessed; 113 (12.4%) women developed gestational hypertension (GH), 24 (2.6%) developed preeclampsia (PE) and 775 women remained normotensive (a control group). Multiple logistic regression was used to calculate adjusted odds ratios (AOR) (and 95% confidence intervals) of GH and PE for chronic hypertension in the father or mother of pregnant women. Some differences were discovered. (1) Paternal hypertension (vs. absence of hypertension in the family) was an independent risk factor for GH (AOR-a = 1.98 (1.2–3.28), p = 0.008). This odds ratio increased in pregnant women who smoked in the first trimester (AOR-a = 4.71 (1.01–21.96); p = 0.048) or smoked before pregnancy (AOR-a = 3.15 (1.16–8.54); p = 0.024), or had pre-pregnancy overweight (AOR-a = 2.67 (1.02–7.02); p = 0.046). (2) Maternal hypertension (vs. absence of hypertension in the family) was an independent risk factor for preeclampsia (PE) (AOR-a = 3.26 (1.3–8.16); p = 0.012). This odds ratio increased in the obese women (AOR-a = 6.51 (1.05–40.25); p = 0.044) and (paradoxically) in women who had never smoked (AOR-a = 5.31 (1.91–14.8); p = 0.001). Conclusions: Chronic hypertension in the father or mother affected the risk of preeclampsia and gestational hypertension in different ways. Modifiable factors (overweight/obesity and smoking) may exacerbate the relationships in question, however, paradoxically, beneficial effects of smoking for preeclampsia risk are also possible. Importantly, paternal and maternal hypertension were not independent risk factors for GH/PE in a subgroup of women with normal body mass index (BMI).

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Lorazepam Is an Independent Risk Factor for Transitioning to Delirium in Intensive Care Unit Patients

Anesthesiology ◽

10.1097/00000542-200601000-00005 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 104 (1) ◽

pp. 21-26 ◽

Cited By ~ 689

Author(s):

Pratik Pandharipande ◽

Ayumi Shintani ◽

Josh Peterson ◽

Brenda Truman Pun ◽

Grant R. Wilkinson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factor ◽

Odds Ratio ◽

Independent Risk Factor ◽

A Priori ◽

Dose Administration ◽

P Values ◽

Mechanically Ventilated ◽

Analgesic Dose ◽

Ventilated Patients ◽

Relevant Covariates

Background Delirium has recently been shown as a predictor of death, increased cost, and longer duration of stay in ventilated patients. Sedative and analgesic medications relieve anxiety and pain but may contribute to patients' transitioning into delirium. Methods In this cohort study, the authors designed a priori an investigation to determine whether sedative and analgesic medications independently increased the probability of daily transition to delirium. Markov regression modeling (adjusting for 11 covariates) was used in the evaluation of 198 mechanically ventilated patients to determine the probability of daily transition to delirium as a function of sedative and analgesic dose administration during the previous 24 h. Results Lorazepam was an independent risk factor for daily transition to delirium (odds ratio, 1.2 [95% confidence interval, 1.1-1.4]; P = 0.003), whereas fentanyl, morphine, and propofol were associated with higher but not statistically significant odds ratios. Increasing age and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II scores were also independent predictors of transitioning to delirium (multivariable P values < 0.05). Conclusions Lorazepam administration is an important and potentially modifiable risk factor for transitioning into delirium even after adjusting for relevant covariates.

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Incidence, Risk Factors, and Outcomes for Atrial Arrhythmias in Trauma Patients

The American Surgeon ◽

10.1177/000313481107700526 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 77 (5) ◽

pp. 634-639 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Pantelis Hadjizacharia ◽

Terence O'Keeffe ◽

Carlos V.R. Brown ◽

Kenji Inaba ◽

Ali Salim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Risk Factor ◽

Odds Ratio ◽

Independent Risk Factor ◽

Beta Blockers ◽

Head Injuries ◽

Paroxysmal Supraventricular Tachycardia ◽

Trauma Patients ◽

Academic Level ◽

Incidence Risk

The purpose of this study is to determine the incidence, risk factors, and outcomes after the development of an atrial arrhythmia (AA) in trauma patients admitted to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU). We performed a retrospective study of more than 7 years of trauma patients admitted to the ICU at an urban, academic Level I trauma center. Patients with AA, defined as atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, or paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia, were compared with patients without AA. Groups were compared by univariate and multivariate analysis. Three thousand, four hundred and ninety-nine trauma patients were admitted to the ICU during the study period and 210 (6%) developed an AA. AA patients were more likely to sustain blunt trauma, were older, more often female, more severely injured, and sustained more head injuries. The only independent risk factor for developing an AA was age > 55 years (odds ratio = 4.6, P < 0.01). Mortality was higher in the AA group (33% vs 14%, P < 0.01) and AA was an independent risk factor for mortality (odds ratio = 1.7, P = 0.01). Twenty-eight per cent (n = 59) of AA patients received beta-blockers in the postinjury period, and these patients had lower mortality (22% vs 37%, P = 0.04). AA occurs in 6 per cent of trauma patients admitted to the ICU. Developing an AA is an independent risk factor for mortality after trauma. Beta-blocker therapy was associated with decreased mortality in trauma patients with AA.

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Interdelivery Interval and Diabetes Mellitus in a Subsequent Pregnancy

American Journal of Perinatology ◽

10.1055/s-0038-1676114 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 36 (10) ◽

pp. 1039-1044 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Annie M. Dude ◽

Ashley Battarbee ◽

Lynn M. Yee

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Risk Factor ◽

Odds Ratio ◽

Independent Risk Factor ◽

Adjusted Odds Ratio ◽

Case Control Study ◽

Case Control ◽

Subsequent Pregnancy ◽

Confounding Factors ◽

Control Study

Objective We determined whether time between deliveries is associated with developing diabetes at the time of a subsequent delivery. Study Design This is a case–control study of women who had two consecutive singleton births at the same institution with no pregestational diabetes in the baseline pregnancy. Cases were defined as women who were diagnosed with any type of diabetes at the time of the subsequent delivery. Controls were defined as women who had no diagnosis of diabetes at the time of the subsequent delivery. Interdelivery interval (IDI) was categorized as < 18, 18 to 60, or > 60 months. Results Of 12,263 women, 4.1% (N = 501) were diagnosed with diabetes at the subsequent delivery. Women with diabetes were more likely to have an IDI of >60 months than women without diabetes (9.0 vs. 4.2%, p < 0.001). After controlling for confounding factors, an IDI > 60 months remained associated with development of pregestational or gestational diabetes by the conclusion of the subsequent pregnancy (adjusted odds ratio = 2.13 compared with an IDI of 18–60 months, 95% confidence interval 1.44–3.15). Conclusion A longer IDI is an independent risk factor for the development of diabetes at the time of a subsequent delivery.

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Risk of Surgery and Anesthesia for Ischemic Stroke

Anesthesiology ◽

10.1097/00000542-200002000-00024 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 92 (2) ◽

pp. 425-425 ◽

Cited By ~ 46

Author(s):

Gilbert Y. Wong ◽

David O. Warner ◽

Darrell R. Schroeder ◽

Kenneth P. Offord ◽

Mark A. Warner ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Risk Factor ◽

Ischemic Stroke ◽

High Risk ◽

Confidence Interval ◽

Odds Ratio ◽

Independent Risk Factor ◽

Index Date ◽

Stroke Index ◽

Increased Risk

Background The goal of this study was to determine if the combination of surgery and anesthesia is an independent risk factor for the development of incident (first-time) ischemic stroke. Methods All residents of Rochester, MN, with incident ischemic stroke from 1960 through 1984 (1,455 cases and 1,455 age- and gender-matched controls) were used to identify risk factors associated with ischemic stroke. Cases and controls undergoing surgery involving general anesthesia or central neuroaxis blockade before their stroke/index date of diagnosis were identified. A conditional logistic regression model was used to estimate the odds ratio of surgery and anesthesia for ischemic stroke while adjusting for other known risk factors. Results There were 59 cases and 17 controls having surgery within 30 days before their stroke/index date. After adjusting for previously identified risk factors, surgery within 30 days before the stroke/index date (perioperative period) was found to be an independent risk factor for stroke (P<0.001; odds ratio, 3.9; 95% confidence interval, 2.1-7.4). In an analysis that excluded matched pairs where the case and/or control underwent surgery considered "high risk" for stroke (cardiac, neurologic, or vascular procedures), "non-high-risk surgery" was also found to be an independent risk factor for perioperative stroke (P = 0.002; odds ratio, 2.9; 95% confidence interval, 1.5-5.7). Conclusion Our results suggest that there is an increased risk of ischemic stroke in the 30 days after surgery and anesthesia. This risk remains elevated even after excluding surgeries (cardiac, neurologic, and vascular surgeries) considered to be high risk for ischemic stroke.

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