scholarly journals The price of a drink: the potential of alcohol minimum unit pricing as a public health measure in the UK

2012 ◽  
Vol 201 (3) ◽  
pp. 169-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Rice ◽  
Colin Drummond
Keyword(s):  
Control Measures ◽  
The Past ◽  
Alcohol Control ◽  
Health Measure ◽  
Alcohol Taxation ◽  
Unit Pricing ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Alcohol Related Harm ◽  
Related Harm

SummaryThe UK has seen a dramatic increase in alcohol consumption and alcohol-related harm over the past 30 years. Alcohol taxation has long been considered a key method of controlling alcohol-related harm but a combination of factors has recently led to consideration of methods which affect the price of the cheapest alcohol as a means of improved targeting of alcohol control measures to curb the consumption of the heaviest drinkers. Although much of the evidence in favour of setting a minimum price of a unit of alcohol is based on complex econometric models rather than empirical data, all jurisdictions within the UK now intend to make selling alcohol below a set price illegal, which will provide a naturalistic experiment allowing assessment of the impact of minimum pricing.

Alcohol-related harm and health inequalities

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine Smith ◽  
Jon Foster ◽  
Katherine Brown
Keyword(s):  
Health Inequalities ◽  
Welfare Spending ◽  
Younger Women ◽  
Disadvantaged Groups ◽  
Unit Pricing ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Alcohol Related Harm ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Related Harm

This chapter examines the relationship between alcohol use and health inequalities. It first reviews the evidence and theories concerning health inequalities in morbidity and mortality as well as evidence and theories that specifically relate to the role of alcohol within these broader inequalities. The available evidence suggests that alcohol-related harms follow the expected social gradient; greater harms are suffered by more disadvantaged groups, at least for men and for younger women. However, some statistics indicate that people living in deprived communities consume less alcohol than more advantaged communities. The chapter analyses potential explanations for this apparent tension, often referred to as the alcohol harm paradox, along with evidence concerning the impact of alcohol-related interventions, such as minimum unit pricing (MUP), Reducing the Strength (RTS) schemes and welfare spending, on inequalities. It concludes with a range of relevant research and policy recommendations.

The State of the Art in Management Education Applicable to Aerospace Activities

1967 ◽  
Vol 71 (677) ◽  
pp. 344-348
Author(s):  
J. V. Connolly
Keyword(s):  
Management Education ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Aerospace Industry ◽  
List Type ◽  
Industrial Training ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Economic Necessity ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact

During the past two years, there has been a sharp acceleration to the interest which industry has displayed in the subject of management education. This can be attributed to these factors: —(a) A more widespread realisation of the gap developing between the UK and a number of foreign economies, as manifested by diverging rates of the major economic indicators.(b) The attainment of top-management responsibilities by a younger generation of managers, many of whom had been given some earlier training and who were more conscious of its value than the incumbents of the job from earlier generations.(c) The publication of the Franks, Robbins and (in the aerospace industry) the Plowden reports.(d) The impact of the Industrial Training Boards making it manifest, in terms of serious levies, that training was an economic necessity and therefore must be investigated thoroughly.Notwithstanding the widespread awakening of interest, it is very belated and sets numerous problems. The problems are in two areas—scale and quality.

scholarly journals Diversity and Perceptions of Immigration: How the Past Influences the Present

2020 ◽  
pp. 003232172092277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren McLaren ◽  
Anja Neundorf ◽  
Ian Paterson
Keyword(s):  
Generational Differences ◽  
European Social Survey ◽  
Additive Models ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
The Past ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
The Uk ◽  
British Sample ◽  
The Impact

The question of whether high immigration produces anti-immigration hostility has vexed researchers across multiple disciplines for decades. And yet, understanding this relationship is crucial for countries dependant on immigrant labour but concerned about its impact on social cohesion. Absent from most of this research are theories about the impact of early-years socialisation conditions on contemporary attitudes. Using the British sample of the European Social Survey (2002–2017) and two innovative approaches to modelling generational differences – generalised additive models and hierarchical age‒period‒cohort models – this paper shows that rather than producing hostility to immigration, being socialised in a context of high immigrant-origin diversity is likely to result in more positive attitudes to immigration later in life. This implies that through generational replacement, countries like the UK are likely to become increasingly tolerant of immigration over time. Importantly, however, a context of high-income inequality may diminish this effect.

scholarly journals Alcohol-related harm to others in England: a cross-sectional analysis of national survey data

BMJ Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. e021046 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caryl Beynon ◽  
David Bayliss ◽  
Jenny Mason ◽  
Kate Sweeney ◽  
Clare Perkins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Harm To Others ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Socioeconomic And Demographic Factors ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Alcohol Related Harm ◽  
Related Harm

ObjectivesTo estimate the prevalence, the frequency and the perpetrators of alcohol-related harm to others (AHTO) and identify factors associated with experiencing harm and aggressive harm.DesignCross-sectional survey.SettingEngland.ParticipantsAdults (general population) aged 16 and over.Outcome measuresPercentage of respondents who experienced harm. Socioeconomic and demographic factors associated with the outcomes. Outcomes were (1) experienced harm/did not experience harm and (2) experienced aggressive harm (physically threatened, physically hurt and forced/pressured into something sexual)/did not experience an aggressive harm (no aggressive harm plus no harm at all).ResultsData to support a response rate calculation were not collected; 96.3% of people surveyed completed the AHTO questions. The weighted sample was 4874; 20.1% (95% CI 18.9 to 21.4, N=980) reported experiencing harm in the previous 12 months and 4.6% (95% CI 4.0 to 5.4, N=225) reported experiencing an aggressive harm. Friends and strangers were the dominant perpetrators. Most harms (74.8%) occurred less than monthly. Factors associated with experiencing harm were: younger age (p<0.001), drinking harmfully/hazardously (p<0.001), white British (p<0.001 compared to other white groups and Asian groups and p=0.017 compared to black groups), having a disability (p<0.001), being educated (p<0.001 compared to no education) and living in private rented accommodation (p=0.004 compared with owned outright). Being in the family stage of life (defined as having children in the household) had significantly lower odds of harm (p=0.006 compared to being single), as did being retired (p<0.001 compared to being employed). Factors associated with experiencing an aggressive harm were similar.ConclusionsThis exploratory study, using data collected through the Alcohol Toolkit Survey, shows that AHTO affects 20.1% of the population of England. Even apparently minor harms, like being kept awake, can have a negative impact on health, while aggressive harms are clearly of concern. Using a standard methodology to measure harm across studies would be advantageous. Policies that focus on alcohol must take into consideration the impact of drinking on those other than the drinker.

Revival of an old problem: an increase in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium definitive phage type 8 infections in 2010 in England and Northern Ireland linked to duck eggs

2011 ◽  
Vol 140 (1) ◽  
pp. 146-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. NOBLE ◽  
C. LANE ◽  
C. L. LITTLE ◽  
R. DAVIES ◽  
E. De PINNA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Northern Ireland ◽  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Salmonella Enterica Serovar Typhimurium ◽  
Strong Association ◽  
Phage Type ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Serovar Typhimurium ◽  
Duck Egg ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact

SUMMARYSalmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium definitive phage type (DT) 8 is uncommon in humans in the UK. In July 2010, the Health Protection Agency reported an excess isolation rate of pan-susceptible S. Typhimurium DT8 in England and Northern Ireland. By the end of October, this amounted to 81 laboratory-confirmed human cases for all regions of England and Northern Ireland in 2010, an increase of 26% and 41% on 2009 and 2008, respectively. Descriptive epidemiological investigation found a strong association with infection and consumption of duck eggs. Duck eggs contaminated with S. Typhimurium DT8 were collected from a patient's home and also at farms in the duck-egg supply chain. Although duck eggs form a small part of total UK eggs sales, there has been significant growth in sales in recent years. This is the first known outbreak of salmonellosis linked to duck eggs in the UK since 1949 and highlighted the impact of a changing food source and market on the re-emergence of salmonellosis linked to duck eggs. Control measures by the duck-egg industry should be improved along with a continued need to remind the public and commercial caterers of the potential high risks of contracting salmonellosis from duck eggs.

scholarly journals Are we allowed to visit now? Concerns and issues surrounding vaccination and infection risks in UK care homes during COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clarissa Marie Giebel ◽  
Kerry Hanna ◽  
Jacqueline Cannon ◽  
Paul Marlow ◽  
Hilary Tetlow ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Care Home ◽  
Home Visitation ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Care Homes ◽  
Family Carers ◽  
Care Home Staff ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact

Background: Vaccination uptake in the UK and increased care home testing are likely affecting care home visitation. With scant scientific evidence to date, the aim of this longitudinal qualitative study was to explore the impact of both (vaccination and testing) on the conduct and experiences of care home visits. Methods: Family carers of care home residents with dementia and care home staff from across the UK took part in baseline (October/November 2020) and follow-up interviews (March 2021). Public advisers were involved in all elements of the research. Data were analysed using thematic analysis. Results: Across 62 baseline and follow-up interviews with family carers (n=26; 11) and care home staff (n=16; 9), five core themes were developed: Delayed and inconsistent offers of face-to-face visits; Procedures and facilitation of visits; Frustration and anger among family carers; Variable uptake of the COVID-19 vaccine; Misinformation, education, and free choice. The variable uptake in staff, compared to family carers, was a key factor seemingly influencing visitation, with a lack of clear guidance leading care homes to implement infection control measures and visitation rights differently. Conclusions: We make five recommendations in this paper to enable improved care home visitation in the ongoing, and in future, pandemics. Visits need to be enabled and any changes to visiting rights must be used as a last resort, reviewed regularly in consultation with residents and carers and restored as soon as possible as a top priority, whilst more education needs to be provided surrounding vaccination for care home staff.

scholarly journals The ELAStiC (Electronic Longitudinal Alcohol Study in Communities) project

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashley Akbari ◽  
Ronan Lyons ◽  
Damon Berridge ◽  
John Gallacher ◽  
John MacLeod ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Cohort Study ◽  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Longitudinal Data ◽  
Routine Data ◽  
Household Composition ◽  
Police Data ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Alcohol Related Harm ◽  
Related Harm

ABSTRACT ObjectivesThe ELAStiC (Electronic Longitudinal Alcohol Study in Communities) project was established to determine factors that predict pathways into alcohol misuse and the life-course effects of alcohol use and misuse on health and well-being. This is achieved through accessing existing longitudinal data that are key sources of evidence for social and health policy, developing statistical methods and modelling techniques from a diverse range of disciplines, working with stakeholders in both policy, practice and the third sector to bring relevance to the work, and to bring together a diverse team of experts to collaborate and facilitate learning across diverse fields. ApproachThe project will link data that include cohort studies such as; UK Biobank, ALSPAC (Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children), Millennium Cohort Study, British Household Panel Survey, Understanding Society, E_CATALyST (Caerphilly Health and Social Needs Electronic Cohort Study) and WECC (Wales Electronic Cohort for Children). These data will be linked with routine data from primary and secondary healthcare in England, Scotland and Wales. Additional data from education and police data source will also be linked as part of the project. The main work packages for the project are: Methodological InnovationsMethodological developments in mechanisms for correcting bias in reporting alcohol consumption and for combining routine data with cohort data; the application of Markov models for examining the extent to which past behaviour influences future behaviour, and econometric hedonic pricing methods for providing insights into the costs of alcohol-related harm. Pathways into HarmDo family structure, household composition, youngsters’ previous ill-health and educational attainment predict their use of alcohol and what socio-economic factors and household transitions contribute to hazardous alcohol consumption in adults? Secondary HarmsWhat is the effect on children’s health and educational achievement of living in households in which one or more adults has experienced alcohol-related harm? Mental Health & Well-BeingWhat is the relationship between alcohol consumption, hospital admission and mental health in adults and children? ResultsThe results of the data linkage between the multiple cohorts and health, education and police data will be reported. The challenges of linking cohort and other data types from different nations will be discussed. ConclusionsOur project will aim to provide evidence that informs the UK Government’s commitment to “radically reshape the approach to alcohol and reduce the number of people drinking to excess”, by working with existing longitudinal data collected in the UK to inform policy and practice.

scholarly journals Ireland Takes Action on Alcohol and Cancer

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement 2) ◽  
pp. 124s-124s
Author(s):  
A. Lyng ◽  
T. McCarthy ◽  
R. Glynn ◽  
S. Costello ◽  
A. Harte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Health Service ◽  
Cancer Control ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Target Audience ◽  
Breast Cancers ◽  
Service Staff ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Alcohol Related Harm ◽  
Related Harm

Background and context: The 2006 EU strategy to reduce alcohol-related harm focuses on protecting young people and children; preventing alcohol-related harm in adults; raising awareness of the impact of harmful alcohol consumption. Ireland is the first EU country to develop alcohol legislation with a focus on cancer control. The Irish Public Health Alcohol Bill (PHAB) aims to reduce alcohol harm. Each year in Ireland > 900 new cancer cases are attributed to alcohol. < 20% of people are aware of the link between alcohol and breast cancer. It was timely the theme for 2017 European Awareness Week on Alcohol Related Harm (20-24th Nov) was “Alcohol and Cancer”. Aim: Capitalising on the theme, Ireland's National Cancer Control Program partnered with the Health Service Alcohol Program for “Action on Alcohol” a national public campaign to - raise awareness of the link between alcohol and cancer - call the public to action, to assess alcohol intake using the drinks calculator on askaboutalcohol.ie - enhance support for the PHAB Strategy/Tactics: Overarching message: “Drinking alcohol increases your risk of developing cancer. Drink less to reduce the risk”. Each day a target audience and message was identified: Monday: Women – 1 in 8 breast cancers are caused by alcohol Tuesday: Youth – drinking less in your teens and 20s can reduce your risk of developing cancer in later life Wednesday: Men – drinking less cancer reduce your risk of developing mouth, head and neck cancer. Thursday: LGBT – drinking less can reduce your risk of developing 7 types of cancer Program/Policy process: Statutory bodies, NGOs and charities were briefed and supplied with partner packs containing key messages, social assets, supporting research and planned campaign activity: - Press release to local and national media and health service staff - Local radio interviews with spokespeople (cancer expert and target audience expert) - National radio advertisement highlighted link between alcohol and breast cancer - Articles in print and online media - Social media campaign. Outcomes: - askaboutalcohol.ie received 35,855 page views (highest in 2 week period) 1,157 direct Web site visits, 427 completed drinks calculator (previous fortnight 409 visits, 58 completed drinks calculator) - > 25k people read “6 alcohol-related health risks everyone in their 20s should know about”, 38% completed drinks calculator - 9 Facebook posts had 109,852 views - National TV program invited spokesperson for interview - National and local newspapers coverage. In the period after campaign the PHAB passed through the next stage of legislation process with an amendment nominated by senators to add cancer warning labels to alcohol products.What was learned: - Clear division of target audiences and themes provided varied content with a consistent message - Partner pack empowered partners to deliver messages - Allow time for structured collaboration and communication with partners in advance.

scholarly journals Electronic Longitudinal Alcohol Study in Communities (ELAStiC) Wales – protocol for platform development

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Laszlo Trefan ◽  
Ashley Akbari ◽  
Shantini Paranjothy ◽  
Daniel Mark Farewell ◽  
Andrea Gartner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hospital Admissions ◽  
Routine Data ◽  
Population Data ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Health Trajectories ◽  
Platform Development ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Alcohol Related Harm ◽  
Related Harm

IntroductionExcessive alcohol consumption has adverse effects on health and there is a recognised need for thelongitudinal analysis of population data to improve our understanding of the patterns of alcohol use,harms to consumers and those in their immediate environment. The UK has a number of linkable,longitudinal databases that if assembled properly could support valuable research on this topic. Aims and objectivesThis paper describes the development of a broad set of cross-linked cohorts, e-cohorts, surveys andlinked electronic healthcare records (EHRs) to construct an alcohol-specific analytical platform inthe United Kingdom using datasets on the population of Wales. The objective of this paper is to provide a description of existing key datasets integrated withexisting, routinely collected electronic health data on a secure platform, and relevant derived variablesto enable population-based research on alcohol-related harm in Wales. We illustrate our use of thesedata with some exemplar research questions that are currently under investigation. MethodsRecord-linkage of routine and observational datasets. Routine data includes hospital admissions,general practice, and cohorts specific to children. Two observational studies were included. Routinesocioeconomic descriptors and mortality data were also linked. ConclusionWe described a record-linked, population-based research protocol for alcohol related harm on a secureplatform. As the datasets used here are available in many countries, ELAStiC provides a templatefor setting up similar initiatives in other countries. We have also defined a number of alcohol specificvariables using routinely-collected available data that can be used in other epidemiological studiesinto alcohol related outcomes. With over 10 years of longitudinal data, it will help to understandalcohol-related disease and health trajectories across the lifespan.

scholarly journals Comparative Analysis of Early Dynamic Trends in Novel Coronavirus Outbreak: A Modeling Framework

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huazhen Lin ◽  
Wei Liu ◽  
Hong Gao ◽  
Jinyu Nie ◽  
Qiao Fan
Keyword(s):  
Growth Model ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Peak Time ◽  
Time Varying ◽  
Modeling Framework ◽  
Epidemic Size ◽  
Significant Public Health ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact

AbstractBackgroundThe 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) represents a significant public health threat globally. Here we describe efforts to compare epidemic growth, size and peaking time for countries in Asia, Europe, North America, South America and Australia in the early epidemic phase.MethodsUsing the time series of cases reported from January 20, 2020 to February 13, 2020 and transportation data from December 1, 2019 to January 23, 2020 we have built a novel time-varying growth model to predict the epidemic trend in China. We extended our method, using cases reported from January 26, 2020 - or the date of the earliest case reported, to April 9, 2020 to predict future epidemic trend and size in 41 countries. We estimated the impact of control measures on the epidemic trend.ResultsOur time-varying growth model yielded high concordance in the predicted epidemic size and trend with the observed figures in C hina. Among the other 41 countries, the peak time has been observed in 28 countries before or around April 9, 2020; the peak date and epidemic size were highly consistent with our estimates. We predicted the remaining countries would peak in April or May 2020, except India in July and Pakistan in August. The epidemic trajectory would reach the plateau in May or June for the majority of countries in the current wave. Countries that could emerge to be new epidemic centers are India, Pakistan, Brazil, Mexico, and Russia with a prediction of 105 cases for these countries. The effective reproduction number Rt displayed a downward trend with time across countries, revealing the impact of the intervention remeasures i.e. social distancing. Rt remained the highest in the UK (median 2.62) and the US (median 2.19) in the fourth week after the epidemic onset.ConclusionsNew epidemic centers are expected to continue to emerge across the whole world. Greater challenges such as those in the healthcare system would be faced by developing countries in hotspots. A domestic approach to curb the pandemic must align with joint international efforts to effectively control the spread of COVID-19. Our model promotes a reliable transmissibility characterization and epidemic forecasting using the incidence of cases in the early epidemic phase.

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