scholarly journals Exploring rationality in schizophrenia

BJPsych Open ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 98-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rasmus Revsbech ◽  
Erik Lykke Mortensen ◽  
Gareth Owen ◽  
Julie Nordgaard ◽  
Lennart Jansson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Test Performance ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Neuropsychological Test ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Neuropsychological Performance ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
The Difference

BackgroundEmpirical studies of rationality (syllogisms) in patients with schizophrenia have obtained different results. One study found that patients reason more logically if the syllogism is presented through an unusual content.AimsTo explore syllogism-based rationality in schizophrenia.MethodThirty-eight first-admitted patients with schizophrenia and 38 healthy controls solved 29 syllogisms that varied in presentation content (ordinary v. unusual) and validity (valid v. invalid). Statistical tests were made of unadjusted and adjusted group differences in models adjusting for intelligence and neuropsychological test performance.ResultsControls outperformed patients on all syllogism types, but the difference between the two groups was only significant for valid syllogisms presented with unusual content. However, when adjusting for intelligence and neuropsychological test performance, all group differences became non-significant.ConclusionsWhen taking intelligence and neuropsychological performance into account, patients with schizophrenia and controls perform similarly on syllogism tests of rationality.

scholarly journals Effects of Illiteracy on the European Cross-Cultural Neuropsychological Test Battery (CNTB)

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 713-720 ◽  
Author(s):  
T Rune Nielsen
Keyword(s):  
Test Performance ◽  
Neuropsychological Test ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Test Battery ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Neuropsychological Test Battery ◽  
Turkish Immigrants ◽  
Participant Characteristics ◽  
And Gender

Abstract Objectives Test performances of illiterate and literate immigrants were compared to investigate the effects of illiteracy on the European Cross-cultural Neuropsychological Test Battery (CNTB), and associations between test performance and participant characteristics were examined. Method Participants were 20 illiterate and 21 literate middle-aged and older Turkish immigrants (50–85 years) matched by age and gender that completed the CNTB as well as a number of demographic and medical questionnaires. Results No significant group differences or correlations between education, acculturation or health characteristics and test performances were found on 10 of 16 measures. Illiteracy status and participant characteristics affected measures of mental processing speed, executive function, and visuoconstruction. Conclusions The preliminary findings suggest that several of the measures in the CNTB may be valid for assessment of cognitive functioning in people who are illiterate when applied using available normative data. However, these findings need to be replicated in larger samples.

Eye movements and neurocognitive function in treatment resistant schizophrenia: a pilot study

2003 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annette Thampi ◽  
Clarke Campbell ◽  
Mary Clarke ◽  
Suzanne Barrett ◽  
David J King
Keyword(s):  
Frontal Lobe ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Test Performance ◽  
Neuropsychological Test ◽  
Treatment Resistance ◽  
Treatment Resistant ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Resistant Group ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Neuropsychological Impairments

AbstractObjectives: It is increasingly important to develop predictors of treatment response and outcome in schizophrenia. Neuropsychological impairments, particularly those reflecting frontal lobe function, appear to predict poor outcome. Eye movement abnormalities probably also reflect frontal lobe deficits. We wished to see if these two aspects of schizophrenia were correlated and whether they could distinguish a treatment resistant from a treatment responsive group.Methods: Ten treatment resistant schizophrenic patients were compared with ten treatment responsive patients on three eye movement paradigms (reflexive saccades, antisaccades and smooth pursuit), clinical psychopathology (BPRS, SANS and CGI) and a neuropsychological test battery designed to detect frontal lobe dysfunction. Ten aged-matched controls also carried out the eye movement tasks.Results: Both treatment responsive (p = 0.038) and treatment resistant (p = 0.007) patients differed significantly from controls on the antisaccade task. The treatment resistant group had a higher error rate than the treatment responsive group, but the difference was not statistically significant. Similar poor neuropsychological test performance was found in both groups.Conclusions: To demonstrate the biological differences characteristic of treatment resistance, larger sample sizes and wider differences in outcome between the two groups are necessary.

Empirical Studies of Transferability of Helsinki Metropolitan Area Travel Forecasting Models

1997 ◽  
Vol 1607 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nina Karasmaa ◽  
Matti Pursula
Keyword(s):  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
Model Updating ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Estimation Procedure ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Distribution Models ◽  
Travel Forecasting ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Small Sample Sizes

The temporal transferability of mode choice and trip distribution models was studied by using the data based on traffic surveys in the Helsinki, Finland, metropolitan area in 1981 and 1988. The updating procedures examined were the Bayesian updating, combined transfer estimation, transfer scaling, and joint context estimation procedures. The results of model updating indicated that finding the correct method and sample size for each case is not an unambiguous task. The best method depends on the difference in model coefficients between the initial and the final stages as well as the quality of the data. According to the statistical tests, no differences could be discerned between the models at all. However, the sample enumeration test proved that the models’ ability to predict changes in behavior can vary greatly according to the method used. On the basis of this research the transfer scaling seems to be the method best suited for simple models. In particular, the method is quite useful if the transfer bias is large. The combined transfer estimation procedure performs best when there is a great number of observations and the transfer bias is small. With small sample sizes the Bayesian approach and the joint context estimation give the best results.

scholarly journals A-081 Cognitive Reserve Factors Influence Neuropsychological Performance in Alcohol Use Disorder

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 873-873
Author(s):  
Mcnally S ◽  
Syan S ◽  
Hargreaves T ◽  
Sarles Whittlesley H ◽  
McIntyre-Wood C ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Processing Speed ◽  
Psychosocial Functioning ◽  
Alcohol Use Disorder ◽  
Cognitive Reserve ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Neuropsychological Performance ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Card Sort

Abstract Objective Cognitive reserve (CR) refers to the brain’s capacity to cope with pathology and preserve functioning. We investigated cognitive performance between individuals with alcohol use disorder (AUD) and healthy controls to examine whether CR, operationalized as education and psychosocial functioning, influences neuropsychological functioning. Method We recruited 45 AUD (DSM-V criteria) who reported drinking levels exceeding NIAAA guidelines (>14/7 drinks/week for men/women) and 30 healthy controls who did not. MANCOVAs controlling for CR were used to investigate between-group differences in neuropsychological performance, as measured by the NIH Toolbox. A series of linear regression analyses were also performed to evaluate effects of AUD and CR on neuropsychological performance. Psychosocial functioning, education, and AUD status were simultaneously entered as predictors of Flanker, Dimensional Change Card Sort, Picture Sequence, List Sort, and Processing Speed scores. Results MANCOVAs revealed a significantly slower processing speed in the AUD group compared to controls when controlling for CR (F = 4.30, p = .042). There were no significant group differences on other tests. Linear regressions showed only processing speed to be predicted by AUD (β = −.255, p = .042), while CR measures were not. Education predicted Picture Sequence (β = .245, p = .041) and Card Sort (β = .291, p = .009) performance, and psychosocial functioning predicted Flanker (β = .296, p = .021) and Card Sort (β = .316, p = .010) performance. Conclusions CR appears to contribute to higher-order cognitive functions, regardless of AUD status. Only processing speed, a domain typically susceptible to brain pathology, was significantly related to AUD. Thus, factors linked to CR may serve as important targets for future research and intervention in AUD to promote favorable cognitive outcomes.

Reading Based IQ Estimates and Actual Premorbid Cognitive Performance: Discrepancies in a College Athlete Sample

2011 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda R. Rabinowitz ◽  
Peter A. Arnett
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Test Performance ◽  
Test Scores ◽  
Neuropsychological Test ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Neuropsychological Performance ◽  
College Athlete ◽  
Concussion Management ◽  
Sports Concussion ◽  
Adult Reading

AbstractThe present study sought to evaluate the Wechsler Test of Adult Reading (WTAR) Full-Scale IQ (FSIQ) estimate as an index of premorbid ability in a sample 574 of healthy college athletes participating in a sports concussion management program. We compared baseline neuropsychological test performance with the WTAR FSIQ estimate obtained at baseline. Results revealed that the discrepancy between actual neuropsychological test scores and the WTAR FSIQ estimate was greatest for those with estimated FSIQs greater than 107. The clinical implication of this finding was evaluated in the 51 participants who went on to sustain a concussion. For individuals with higher IQ estimates, the WTAR estimate obtained post-concussion suggested greater post-concussion decline than that indicated by comparison with actual baseline neuropsychological performance. (JINS, 2012,18, 139–143)

scholarly journals Gout Is Not Just Arthritis: Abnormal Cortical Thickness and Structural Covariance Networks in Gout

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yifan Yang ◽  
Yuqi Cheng ◽  
Xiangyu Wang ◽  
Bibhuti Upreti ◽  
Ruomei Cui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cortical Thickness ◽  
Global Network ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Neuroprotective Effects ◽  
Structural Covariance ◽  
Network Measures ◽  
Disease Damage ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Background: Hyperuricemia is the cause of gout. The antioxidant and neuroprotective effects of uric acid seem to benefit some patients with central nervous system injury. However, changes in the brain structure have not been discovered in patients with gout.Object: Clarify the changes in cortical thickness in patients with gout and the alteration of the structural covariance networks (SCNs) based on cortical thickness.Methods: We collected structural MRIs of 23 male gout patients and 23 age-matched healthy controls. After calculating and comparing the difference in cortical thickness between the two groups, we constructed and analyzed the cortical thickness covariance networks of the two groups, and we investigated for any changes in SCNs of gout patients.Results: Gout patients have thicker cortices in the left postcentral, left supramarginal, right medial temporal, and right medial orbitofrontal regions; and thinner cortices were found in the left insula, left superior frontal, right pericalcarine, and right precentral regions. In SCN analysis, between-group differences in global network measures showed that gout patients have a higher global efficiency. In regional network measures, more nodes in gout patients have increased centrality. In network hub analysis, we found that the transfer of the core hub area, rather than the change in number, may be the characteristic of the gout's cortical thickness covariance network.Conclusion: This is the first study on changes in brain cortical thickness and SCN based on graph theory in patients with gout. The present study found that, compared with healthy controls, gout patients show regional cortical thinning or thickening, and variation in the properties of the cortical thickness covariance network also changed. These alterations may be the combined effect of disease damage and physiological compensation. More research is needed to fully understand the complex underlying mechanisms of gout brain variation.

Examining the range of normal intraindividual variability in neuropsychological test performance

2003 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 864-870 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J. Schretlen ◽  
Cynthia A. Munro ◽  
James C. Anthony ◽  
Godfrey D. Pearlson
Keyword(s):  
Test Performance ◽  
Test Scores ◽  
Neuropsychological Test ◽  
Intraindividual Variability ◽  
Cognitive Test ◽  
Intraindividual Variation ◽  
Adult Participants ◽  
Cerebral Dysfunction ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Cognitive Test Performance

AbstractNeuropsychologists often diagnose cerebral dysfunction based, in part, on marked variation in an individual's cognitive test performance. However, little is known about what constitutes the normal range of intraindividual variation. In this study, after excluding 54 individuals with significant health problems, we derived 32 z-transformed scores from 15 tests administered to 197 adult participants in a study of normal aging. The difference between each person's highest and lowest scores was computed to assess his or her maximum discrepancy (MD). The resulting MD values ranged from 1.6 to 6.1 meaning that the smallest MD shown by any person was 1.6 standard deviations (SDs) and the largest MD shown by any person was 6.1 SDs. Sixty-six percent of participants produced MD values that exceeded 3 SDs. Eliminating each person's highest and lowest test scores decreased their MDs, but 27% of the participants still produced MD values exceeding 3. Although MD values appeared to increase with age, adjusting test scores for age, which is standard in clinical practice, did not correct for this. These data reveal that marked intraindividual variability is very common in normal adults, and underscore the need to base diagnostic inferences on clinically recognizable patterns rather than psychometric variability alone. (JINS, 2003, 9, 864–870.)

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Exacerbates Emotional Complaints but not Cognitive Impairments in Individuals Suffering from Postconcussional Disorder after Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

2015 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara C. Schroeder ◽  
Ronald M. Ruff ◽  
Lutz Jäncke
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Posttraumatic Stress ◽  
Mild Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Test Performance ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Neuropsychological Test ◽  
Composite Scale

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) on (a) neuropsychological test performance and (b) self-reported emotional complaints within individuals suffering from postconcussional disorder (PCD) after a mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI). A two-group comparative research design was employed. Two MTBI samples with and without PTSD were assessed with a neuropsychological test battery and the Ruff Neurobehavioral Inventory (RNBI). On the neurocognitive test performances no significant between group differences were found, but the MTBI group with PTSD endorsed a significantly greater number of emotional complaints, especially in the RNBI subscales of anxiety and depression. The patients with PTSD also endorsed a significantly greater number of premorbid sequelae in the RNBI emotional composite scale as well as the RNBI premorbid subscales of pain, anxiety and abuse. In sum, PTSD has a negative impact on emotional but not cognitive functioning within individuals suffering from PCD after a mild TBI.

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