Evaluation of Generalized Site Response Functions for Typical Soil Classes (B, C, and D) in Taiwan

2004 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 1279-1316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir Yu Sokolov ◽  
C-H. Loh ◽  
K-L. Wen
Keyword(s):  
Site Response ◽  
Soft Rock ◽  
Site Amplification ◽  
Soil Class ◽  
Class D ◽  
Spectral Models ◽  
Amplitude Spectra ◽  
Class B ◽  
Large Earthquakes ◽  
Stiff Soil

Empirical amplification functions for site classes B, C, and D in Taiwan were evaluated as the ratio between Fourier amplitude spectra of recorded accelerograms and spectra modeled for a hypothetical very hard rock (VHR) site. The approach allowed testing applicability of various spectral models in the studied region. More than 1,000 acceleration records obtained during 21 intermediate-sized and large earthquakes (ML>5.5), including the ML 7.3 (MW 7.6) Chi-Chi earthquake (21 September 1999) and the large aftershocks (ML 6.8), were used. The evaluated amplification functions were compared with independent data, which were obtained recently for Taiwan, the western United States, and Greece. The prominent influence of geologic and geomorphologic factors on site amplification functions for the considered cases of rock (Class B), soft rock or very dense soil (Class C), and stiff soil (Class D) sites has been observed for the Taiwan region.

scholarly journals Struktur Kecepatan Gelombang Geser (Vs) di Daerah Rawan Gerakan Tanah (Longsor) Jalan Lintas Kabupaten Bengkulu Tengah-Kepahiang

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 134
Author(s):  
Nanang Sugianto ◽  
Refrizon Refrizon
Keyword(s):  
Shear Wave ◽  
Wave Velocity ◽  
Shear Wave Velocity ◽  
Velocity Structure ◽  
Soft Rock ◽  
Rock Properties ◽  
Subsurface Structure ◽  
Class D ◽  
Class B ◽  
Hard Structures

Shear wave velocity <em>(V<sub>s</sub>)</em> structure at along of Central Bengkulu-Kepahiang crossline has been mapped. This research aims to identify the subsurface structure and to estimate the constituent material type of rock in landslide-prone areas (Central Bengkulu-Kepahiang crossline). Shear wave velocity structure on each site is obtained by the HVSR-inversion of 146 microtremor data (ambient noise recording of seismometer). <em>V<sub>s</sub></em> structure at the line mapped from the surface until to 30 meters of the depth. Groups of Vs are identified in class E (<em>V<sub>s</sub></em> &lt;180), Class D (180≤<em> V<sub>s</sub></em> &lt;360), Class C (360≤<em> V<sub>s</sub></em> &lt;760), and Class B (760≤<em> V<sub>s</sub></em> &lt;1500). The subsurface structure at the depth of 0 to 10 meters are dominated by stiff soil, very dense soil, and soft rock which has highly fractured and weathered rock properties. At the depth of 15 meters to 30 meters, the subsurface structure is dominated by hard rock but it is high potential or easy to fracturing and weathering like the properties of the rocks in areas that have landslides in the past. Based on <em>V<sub>s</sub></em> value, rock constituent materials are deposition of sand, clay, gravel and alluvium ranging from soft to relatively hard structures at the depth.

scholarly journals KELAS SOIL DAERAH SEKITAR RENCANA TAPAK REAKTOR DAYA EKSPERIMENTAL (RDE) SERPONG DARI DATA MIKROTREMOR

2015 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 57
Author(s):  
Marjiyono Marjiyono ◽  
Hadi Suntoko ◽  
A. Soehaimi ◽  
Yuliastuti Yuliastuti ◽  
H. Syaeful
Keyword(s):  
Shear Wave ◽  
Wave Velocity ◽  
Shear Wave Velocity ◽  
Velocity Structure ◽  
Power Reactor ◽  
Site Response ◽  
Soft Rock ◽  
Response Analysis ◽  
Soil Class ◽  
Single Station

ABSTRAK KELAS SOIL DAERAH SEKITAR RENCANA TAPAK REAKTOR DAYA EKSPERIMENTAL (RDE) SERPONG DARI DATA MIKROTREMOR. Karakteristik geologi permukaan memegang peranan penting dalam analisis respon gelombang di suatu wilayah.  Sehubungan dengan rencana pembangunan Reaktor Daya Eksperimental (RDE) di Serpong, telah dilakukan pemodelan kondisi bawah permukaan dari kombinasi data mikrotremor array dan single station. Pengukuran mikrotremor array dilakukan di 9 lokasi, sedangkan single station di 90 lokasi yang tersebar pada radius ± 1 km di sekitar tapak RDE. Model bawah permukaan yang berupa struktur kecepatan gelombang geser selanjutnya dijadikan dasar untuk menghitung nilai Vs30 di daerah tersebut. Hasil klasifikasi soil berdasarkan nilai Vs30 menunjukkan kelas soil untuk wilayah sekitar tapak RDE secara umum terdiri atas kelas SD (soil menengah) dan SC (batuan lunak). Lokasi rencana tapak sendiri berada dalam wilayah kelas soil SD. Kata kunci : kelas soil, kecepatan gelombang geser, mikrotremor, tapak RDE, Vs30.   ABSTRACT SOIL CLASS AROUND THE SERPONG EXPERIMENTAL POWER REACTOR (EPR) SITE PLAN BASE ON MICROTREMOR DATA. Surface geological characteristics has an important role on site response analysis in a region. In regard with experimental power reactor (EPR) construction plan in Serpong, the subsurface modeling from combination array and single station microtremor data was done. The array and single station microtremor measurement were performed in 9 and 90 sites, respectively, at ± 1 km radius around the EPR site plan. The Vs30 value was calculated from shear wave velocity structure around the investigated area. The soil classification based on Vs30 in the investigated area generally consists of SD (medium soil) and SC (soft rock) class. The EPR site plan its self in the SD class region. Keyword : soil class, shear wave velocity, microtremor, EPR site, Vs30

Site Response Studies for Purpose of Revising NEHRP Seismic Provisions

1996 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 407-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. B. Crouse ◽  
J. W. McGuire
Keyword(s):  
Earthquake Engineering ◽  
Site Response ◽  
Soft Soil ◽  
Strong Motion ◽  
Earthquake Hazard ◽  
Ground Acceleration ◽  
Amplification Factors ◽  
Soil Class ◽  
Engineering Research ◽  
Stiff Soil

A strong motion database was compiled for California earthquakes of surfacewave magnitudes, Ms ≥ 6, occurring from 1933 through 1992. The database consisted of horizontal peak ground acceleration and 5 percent damped response spectra of accelerograms recorded on four different local geologies: rock (class A), soft rock or stiff soil (class B), medium stiff soil (class C), and soft soil (class D). The results of analyses of the database within each of these site classes were used to derive a set of site-dependent spectral amplification factors for oscillator periods between 0.1 and 4.0 sec and ground acceleration levels between 0.1 and 0.4 g. The amplification factors at 0.3 and 1.0 sec periods (designated as Fa and Fv, respectively) are generally within 20 percent of those recommended during the 1992 Site Response Workshop conducted by the National Center for Earthquake Engineering Research (NCEER). The Fa and Fv values recommended from our study and those from the NCEER workshop are intended for use by code committees making future revisions to the National Earthquake Hazard Reduction Program (NEHRP) seismic provisions and the Uniform Building Code.

Engineering implications of ground motions from the Northridge earthquake

1996 ◽  
Vol 86 (1B) ◽  
pp. S270-S288 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan W. Chang ◽  
Jonathan D. Bray ◽  
Raymond B. Seed
Keyword(s):  
Site Response ◽  
Ground Motions ◽  
Free Field ◽  
Strong Motion ◽  
Site Amplification ◽  
Northridge Earthquake ◽  
Horizontal Acceleration ◽  
Predictive Relationships ◽  
Stiff Soil ◽  
Maximum Horizontal Acceleration

Abstract The magnitude, duration, and frequency content of ground motions from the Northridge earthquake are analyzed and compared to predictive relationships typically used in engineering design and to the 1994 Uniform Building Code (UBC). A relationship between maximum horizontal acceleration on soil versus maximum horizontal acceleration on rock is presented based on strong-motion recordings at free-field sites. The effect of geologic conditions on localized damage patterns is shown to be important for this earthquake, although many of the sites within the affected region are stiff soil sites classified as S1 or S2 sites by the UBC. The results of preliminary seismic site response analyses performed at two deep alluvial sites indicate that much of the observed site amplification can be captured by one-dimensional wave propagation analyses.

Simulation-based site amplification model for shallow bedrock sites in Korea

2021 ◽  
pp. 875529302098198
Author(s):  
Muhammad Aaqib ◽  
Duhee Park ◽  
Muhammad Bilal Adeel ◽  
Youssef M A Hashash ◽  
Okan Ilhan
Keyword(s):  
Linear Models ◽  
Site Response ◽  
Site Amplification ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
Nonlinear Component ◽  
Nonlinear Site Response ◽  
Simulation Based ◽  
Linear And Nonlinear ◽  
Input Motion ◽  
Nonlinear Components

A new simulation-based site amplification model for shallow sites with thickness less than 30 m in Korea is developed. The site amplification model consists of linear and nonlinear components that are developed from one-dimensional linear and nonlinear site response analyses. A suite of measured shear wave velocity profiles is used to develop corresponding randomized profiles. A VS30 scaled linear amplification model and a model dependent on both VS30 and site period are developed. The proposed linear models compare well with the amplification equations developed for the western United States (WUS) at short periods but show a distinct curved bump between 0.1 and 0.5 s that corresponds to the range of site natural periods of shallow sites. The response at periods longer than 0.5 s is demonstrated to be lower than those of the WUS models. The functional form widely used in both WUS and central and eastern North America (CENA), for the nonlinear component of the site amplification model, is employed in this study. The slope of the proposed nonlinear component with respect to the input motion intensity is demonstrated to be higher than those of both the WUS and CENA models, particularly for soft sites with VS30 < 300 m/s and at periods shorter than 0.2 s. The nonlinear component deviates from the models for generic sites even at low ground motion intensities. The comparisons highlight the uniqueness of the amplification characteristics of shallow sites that a generic site amplification model is unable to capture.

Estimation of Site Amplification from Geotechnical Array Data Using Neural Networks

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Roten ◽  
Kim B. Olsen
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Neural Networks ◽  
Site Response ◽  
Site Amplification ◽  
Data Driven ◽  
Vertical Array ◽  
The Neural Network ◽  
Simplifying Assumptions ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Fully Connected

ABSTRACT We use deep learning to predict surface-to-borehole Fourier amplification functions (AFs) from discretized shear-wave velocity profiles. Specifically, we train a fully connected neural network and a convolutional neural network using mean AFs observed at ∼600 KiK-net vertical array sites. Compared with predictions based on theoretical SH 1D amplifications, the neural network (NN) results in up to 50% reduction of the mean squared log error between predictions and observations at sites not used for training. In the future, NNs may lead to a purely data-driven prediction of site response that is independent of proxies or simplifying assumptions.

Correspondence between Site Amplification and Topographical, Geological Parameters: Collation of Data from Swiss and Japanese Stations, and Neural Networks-Based Prediction of Local Response

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paolo Bergamo ◽  
Conny Hammer ◽  
Donat Fäh
Keyword(s):  
Frequency Response ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Site Response ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Site Amplification ◽  
Local Response ◽  
Regional Variability ◽  
Individual Site ◽  
Digital Elevation

ABSTRACT We address the relation between seismic local amplification and topographical and geological indicators describing the site morphology. We focus on parameters that can be derived from layers of diffuse information (e.g., digital elevation models, geological maps) and do not require in situ surveys; we term these parameters as “indirect” proxies, as opposed to “direct” indicators (e.g., f0, VS30) derived from field measurements. We first compiled an extensive database of indirect parameters covering 142 and 637 instrumented sites in Switzerland and Japan, respectively; we collected topographical indicators at various spatial extents and focused on shared features in the geological descriptions of the two countries. We paired this proxy database with a companion dataset of site amplification factors at 10 frequencies within 0.5–20 Hz, empirically measured at the same Swiss and Japanese stations. We then assessed the robustness of the correlation between individual site-condition indicators and local response by means of statistical analyses; we also compared the proxy-site amplification relations at Swiss versus Japanese sites. Finally, we tested the prediction of site amplification by feeding ensembles of indirect parameters to a neural network (NN) structure. The main results are: (1) indirect indicators show higher correlation with site amplification in the low-frequency range (0.5–3.33 Hz); (2) topographical parameters primarily relate to local response not because of topographical amplification effects but because topographical features correspond to the properties of the subsurface, hence to stratigraphic amplification; (3) large-scale topographical indicators relate to low-frequency response, smaller-scale to higher-frequency response; (4) site amplification versus indirect proxy relations show a more marked regional variability when compared with direct indicators; and (5) the NN-based prediction of site response is the best achieved in the 1.67–5 Hz band, with both geological and topographical proxies provided as input; topographical indicators alone perform better than geological parameters.

scholarly journals Genetic Diversity, Biochemical Properties, and Detection Methods of Minor Carbapenemases in Enterobacterales

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rémy A. Bonnin ◽  
Agnès B. Jousset ◽  
Cécile Emeraud ◽  
Saoussen Oueslati ◽  
Laurent Dortet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Biochemical Properties ◽  
Amino Acid Sequences ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Class A ◽  
Class D ◽  
Class B ◽  
Encoding Genes

Gram-negative bacteria, especially Enterobacterales, have emerged as major players in antimicrobial resistance worldwide. Resistance may affect all major classes of anti-gram-negative agents, becoming multidrug resistant or even pan-drug resistant. Currently, β-lactamase-mediated resistance does not spare even the most powerful β-lactams (carbapenems), whose activity is challenged by carbapenemases. The dissemination of carbapenemases-encoding genes among Enterobacterales is a matter of concern, given the importance of carbapenems to treat nosocomial infections. Based on their amino acid sequences, carbapenemases are grouped into three major classes. Classes A and D use an active-site serine to catalyze hydrolysis, while class B (MBLs) require one or two zinc ions for their activity. The most important and clinically relevant carbapenemases are KPC, IMP/VIM/NDM, and OXA-48. However, several carbapenemases belonging to the different classes are less frequently detected. They correspond to class A (SME-, Nmc-A/IMI-, SFC-, GES-, BIC-like…), to class B (GIM, TMB, LMB…), class C (CMY-10 and ACT-28), and to class D (OXA-372). This review will address the genetic diversity, biochemical properties, and detection methods of minor acquired carbapenemases in Enterobacterales.

Endolymphatic SAC Surgery for Menière's Disease

1983 ◽  
Vol 92 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gershon J. Spector ◽  
Peter G. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Meniere’S Disease ◽  
Menière’S Disease ◽  
Meniere's Disease ◽  
Ménière’S Disease ◽  
Menière's Disease ◽  
Class A ◽  
Class D ◽  
Class B ◽  
Ménière's Disease

An endolymphatic-mastoid Silastic shunt procedure was performed in 122 cases of Menière's disease having a mean follow-up period of three years. In accordance with American Academy of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology 1972 criteria, there were 43 % class A, 20% class B, 21% class C, and 17% class D results. Analysis of 35 recent cases having a mean follow-up period of nine months revealed 57% class A, 25% class B, 9% class C, and 9% class D results. Sixteen percent of the patients who experienced classes A, B or C results complained of other fluctuating symptoms which were not relieved by surgery. Moreover, three new eases of otolithic crisis were found in the postoperative group. Seven of ten patients who experienced a class A or B result had either a recrudescence of their vertigo or a significant decrement in hearing in response to a postoperative salt-loading test. It is concluded that the surgical success rate decreases with time and that the procedure appears to alter the symptom complex but does not cure Menière's disease.

scholarly journals ACTIVE INTERFERENCE OF STUDENTS OF TOURISM DEPARTMENT, STATE POLYTECHNIC OF BALI IN JAPANESE LANGUAGE LEARNING

HUMANIKA ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 122-132
Author(s):  
Harisal Harisal Harisal ◽  
Kanah Kanah Kanah
Keyword(s):  
Language Learning ◽  
Mother Tongue ◽  
Japanese Language ◽  
Empirical Reality ◽  
Class D ◽  
Class B ◽  
Study Programs ◽  
Field Notes ◽  
Research Students ◽  
Lexical Field

In studying Japanese, interference is so highlighted because language interference is the most conspicuous source of error among Japanese language learners in the Department of Tourism of the State Polytechnic of Bali. This study aims to describe the type of active interference that arises in students of the Department of Tourism, State Polytechnic of Bali who study Japanese and mentions the factors of active interference. The method used is a qualitative approach to the type of research is descriptive research. The data collected in this study is not in the form of numbers but comes from percentages, field notes, personal documents, notes, memos, and other official documents so that the purpose of this qualitative research is to describe the empirical reality behind the phenomenon in-depth, detailed, and complete. Called descriptive because this study seeks to describe the type of active interference that arises in students of the tourism department, State Polytechnic of Bali. The population in this study were all students majoring in Tourism who came from three study programs who were studying Japanese. While the sample in this study was second-semester students of Hospitality study class D totaling 33 people and class E totaling 34 people, and second-semester students of programs Study of Tourism Business Management class B amounted to 34 people who were taken intentionally (purposive) from 12 classes in three study programs in Tourism department. Based on research, students of the Tourism Department, State Polytechnic of Bali showed a tendency to make an active interference in the lexical field, such as active interference of nouns, verbs, and adjectives. They namely deliberately and consciously incorporating elements of mother language and Indonesian when learning Japanese because of limited dictions, Use of Japanese vocabulary without knowing the function, and the mother tongue / Indonesian language which has taken root.

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