Development and economic trends in cancer therapeutic drugs: An updated analysis of modern and historical treatment costs compared to the contemporary GDP per capita.

2013 ◽  
Vol 31 (31_suppl) ◽  
pp. 259-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Savage
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Treatment ◽  
Standard Treatment ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Cancer Drug ◽  
Cancer Drugs ◽  
Per Capita Gdp ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
New Treatments ◽  
The Cost

259 Background: Cancer drug development is a major industry and clincial success story with new cancer treatment drugs delivering improved healthcare for many more patients each year. Generally new cancer treatment drugs are viewed as being of 'high cost' and there is considerable debate as to how these new treatments can be funded for routine use. Accurate data on the trends of the relative costs of new treatments compared with earlier high cost cancer drugs is limited. In this sudy we have aimed to document all the newly licenced cancer drugs, by year of introduction, and compare the cost of a standard course of treatment relative to the current per capita GDP to allow an assessment of how relative costs of new drugs have changed over time. Methods: Drugs are classified by years of introduction, therapeutic classification, and an assessment of relative treatment cost using a contemporary 'standard' treatment compared with the relevant UK GDP per capita. Results: Prior to 1960, there were 5 cancer drugs available, 2 new drugs were introduced in the 1960s, 18 in the 1970s, 14 in the 1980s, 24 in the 1990s, 23 between 2000-2009 and 15 between 2010-12. Data will be presented on the cost relative to per capita GDP of a standard treatment for each new drug released from 1987 to current. The summary data indicates that the cost at introduction of an average new cancer drug treatment has increased from 33% of per capita GDP for 1995-99, 53% for 2000-2004, 67% for 2005-2009 and is now 114% for 2010-2012. Conclusions: The cost of new cancer drug treatments appears to be rising in absolute and relative terms. The data in this abstract may be of value to those interested in the history of cancer treatment development and the associated current economic issues.

scholarly journals Cost per DALY averted in low, middle- and high-income countries: evidence from the global burden of disease study to estimate the cost-effectiveness thresholds

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajabali Daroudi ◽  
Ali Akbari Sari ◽  
Azin Nahvijou ◽  
Ahmad Faramarzi
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Inverse Correlation ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Capita Health Expenditure ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Healthcare Interventions ◽  
Disease Study ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Very High

Abstract Background Determining the cost-effectiveness thresholds for healthcare interventions has been a severe challenge for policymakers, especially in low- and middle-income countries. This study aimed to estimate the cost per disability-adjusted life-year (DALY) averted for countries with different levels of Human Development Index (HDI) and Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Methods The data about DALYs, per capita health expenditure (HE), HDI, and GDP per capita were extracted for 176 countries during the years 2000 to 2016. Then we examined the trends on these variables. Panel regression analysis was performed to explore the correlation between DALY and HE per capita. The results of the regression models were used to calculate the cost per DALY averted for each country. Results Age-standardized rate (ASR) DALY (DALY per 100,000 population) had a nonlinear inverse correlation with HE per capita and a linear inverse correlation with HDI. One percent increase in HE per capita was associated with an average of 0.28, 0.24, 0.18, and 0.27% decrease on the ASR DALY in low HDI, medium HDI, high HDI, and very high HDI countries, respectively. The estimated cost per DALY averted was $998, $6522, $23,782, and $69,499 in low HDI, medium HDI, high HDI, and very high HDI countries. On average, the cost per DALY averted was 0.34 times the GDP per capita in low HDI countries. While in medium HDI, high HDI, and very high HDI countries, it was 0.67, 1.22, and 1.46 times the GDP per capita, respectively. Conclusions This study suggests that the cost-effectiveness thresholds might be less than a GDP per capita in low and medium HDI countries and between one and two GDP per capita in high and very high HDI countries.

Evaluating the Outcomes of a Hospital-to-Community Model of Integrated Care for Dementia

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Ngoc Huong Lien Ha ◽  
Philip Yap Lin Kiat ◽  
Sean Olivia Nicholas ◽  
Ivana Chan ◽  
Shiou Liang Wee
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Integrated Care ◽  
Dementia Care ◽  
Behavioural Problems ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Post Intervention ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Cost

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> Living with dementia is challenging for persons with dementia (PWDs) and their families. Although multi-component intervention, underscored by the ethos of person-centred care, has been shown to maintain quality of life (QOL) in PWDs and caregivers, a lack of service integration can hinder effectiveness. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> CARITAS, an integrated care initiative provided through a hospital-community care partnership, endeavours to provide person-centred dementia care through ambulatory clinic consults, case management, patient and caregiver engagement, and support. We evaluated CARITAS’ clinical outcomes and cost-effectiveness with a naturalistic cross-sectional within-subject design. We assessed patients’ function, QOL, and behavioural problems post-intervention. We estimated CARITAS’ cost-effectiveness from a patient’s perspective, benchmarking it against other dementia treatments and Singapore’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita. <b><i>Results:</i></b> CARITAS care significantly improved health utility (<i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.001), reduced caregiver burden (<i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.001), and improved PWDs’ behavioural problems (<i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.001) related to “memory” (<i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.001), “disruption” (<i>p</i> = 0.017), and “depression” (<i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.001). CARITAS’ benefits (<i>d</i><sub>RMBPC</sub> = 0.357, <i>d</i><sub>EQ5D index</sub> = 0.328, <i>d</i><sub>ZBI</sub> = 0.361) were comparable to those of other pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions for dementia. CARITAS costs SG$133,056.69 per quality-adjusted life years gain, yielding an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of 1.31 and 1.49 against the cost of donepezil in patients with mild Alz­heimer’s disease and Singapore’s GDP per capita in 2019, respectively, falling within the cost-effectiveness threshold of 1.0–3.0. <b><i>Discussion:</i></b> CARITAS integrated dementia care is a cost-effective intervention that showed promising outcomes for PWDs and their caregivers.

scholarly journals DRUG REPOSITION OF NON-CANCER DRUGS FOR CANCER TREATMENTS VIA PHARMACOVIGILANCE APPROACH - REPURPOSING DRUGS IN ONCOLOGY

2019 ◽  
pp. 310-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mrugank Bhaskarkumar Parmar ◽  
Shital Panchal
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Cancer Treatment ◽  
Drug Repositioning ◽  
Adverse Event Reporting System ◽  
Adverse Event Reporting ◽  
Cancer Drug ◽  
Cancer Drugs ◽  
Management Activity ◽  
Post Marketing Surveillance ◽  
Source Data

This study for drug repositioning has been performed for the drugs which are in the market since more than a decade and they are approved with their well-established efficacy and safety in human being. Objective of this study was to reposition the existing non-cancer drug therapy for cancer treatment, which is having well characterized pharmacologic profile with more efficacy and least toxicity as anti-neoplastic agent. We have retrieved the source data from FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) for the last 13 years covering duration from 2004 to 2016 and analysed those using pharmacovigilance approach ‘a proposed future novel pharmaceutical tool for drug reposition’. Signal management activity was performed for statistical analysis. Result of statistical analysis derived that propranolol; metformin; pioglitazone; dabigatran and nitroglycerin are the existing non-cancer drugs which deserved for their direct / indirect reposition for cancer treatment and anti-neoplastic activity. Further studies retrieving the source data from other regulatory database (e.g. Eudravigilance of EMA and VigiFlow of WHO) and post-marketing surveillance study with the same objective may adjuvant our results for the reposition of existing drugs by pharmacovigilance approach.

scholarly journals An Analysis of the Monetary Transmission Mechanism of M&A, Greenfield FDI, Domestic Investment, and GDP Per Capita Growth: The Structural Vector Correction Model in Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 29-42
Author(s):  
Albert Hasudungan ◽  
◽  
Andrey Hasiholan Pulungan ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Mergers And Acquisitions ◽  
Direct Investment ◽  
Transmission Mechanism ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Monetary Transmission ◽  
Domestic Investment ◽  
Correction Model ◽  
Per Capita Gdp ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Structural Vector

Purpose: The study aims to evaluate the different implications of mergers and acquisitions (M&A) and Greenfield foreign direct investment in the transmission mechanism effects on the growth of gross domestic product per capita (GDP per capita) in Indonesia. The origin of the study stems from past academic debates that contested whether Greenfield FDI or M&A bear more effect on the economic growth in emerging markets.

scholarly journals Economic Activity and Pollution:The case of Indonesia 1967-2013

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Rofiuddin ◽  
Tito Aditya Perdana ◽  
Nugroho SBM
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Environmental Pollution ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Significant Influence ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
Quadratic Equation ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Per Capita Gdp ◽  
Curve Method ◽  
Per Capita

Increased economic activity accompanied with environmental pollution. The objective of the study was to analyze the effect of per capita GDP on CO2 emissions and to prove the hypothesis of the Kuznets environment curve. Method for analyzing data by using multiple linear regression with quadratic equation. The results show that GDP per capita has a positive and significant influence on CO2 emissions, as well as the square GDP per capita has a negative and significant influence on CO2 emissions, so the Kuznets Environment Curve's hypothesis can be proven.

scholarly journals Sugarcane ethanol industry effects on the GDP per capita in the Center-South region of Brazil

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-200
Author(s):  
Carlos Eduardo Caldarelli ◽  
Márcia Azanha Ferraz Dias De Moraes ◽  
Pietro André Telatin Paschoalino
Keyword(s):  
Federal District ◽  
Econometric Models ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Panel Data Models ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
Industry Effects ◽  
Per Capita Gdp ◽  
Demand Growth ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Mato Grosso Do Sul

The demand growth for biofuels worldwide led to a significant increase in the Brazilian sugarcane ethanol industry from the 2000’s. This scenario affected specially the Center-South region of Brazil, which comprises the states of São Paulo, Paraná, Minas Gerais, Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso, and Goiás, as well as the Federal District of Brasília, because it surpasses all other regions of the country in terms of the production and production facilities. Therefore, the aim of this study is to quantify the sugarcane ethanol industry effects on the per capita municipal gross domestic product (GDP) in the Center-South region of Brazil, for the 2000-2012 period. To that end, we estimated two econometric models, using panel data models and quantile regression. The results show that sugar ethanol industry has an important effect on GDP per capita for the Center-South region municipalities, furthermore the effects are more intensive on the lowest municipalities levels of the per capita GDP, thus being able to provide support for making public policy.

scholarly journals Treatment for Severe Lupus Nephritis: A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis in China

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zonglin Dai ◽  
Xi Zhang ◽  
Irene OL Wong ◽  
Eric HY Lau ◽  
Zhiming Lin
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Effective Strategy ◽  
Lifetime Horizon ◽  
Clinical Prognosis ◽  
Cost Effective Strategy ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The One ◽  
The Cost

Background: Lupus nephritis (LN) is the most common secondary glomerular diseases that will cause end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and renal-related death. The cost-effectiveness of various treatments for LN recommended by official guidelines has not been investigated in China. Our study is to evaluate clinical prognosis and cost-effectiveness of the current treatments for severe LN.Methods: A Markov model was simulated for 1,000 LN patients of 30 years old, over a 3-years and 30-years lifetime horizon respectively. We assessed the cost-effectiveness of six therapeutic strategies from a societal perspective, with cyclophosphamide (CYC) or mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) induction therapy followed by CYC, MMF or azathioprine (AZA) maintenance therapy. Main outcomes included quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) and clinical prognosis. One and three times gross domestic product (GDP) per capita were used as the willingness-to-pay (WTP) thresholds. We also carried out sensitivity analysis under a lifetime horizon.Results: Compared with the baseline strategy of CYC induction and maintenance, for a 3-years horizon the most cost-effective strategy was CYC induction and AZA maintenance with $448 per QALY gained, followed by MMF induction and AZA maintenance which however was not cost-effective under the one times GDP per capita WTP threshold. For a lifetime horizon, CYC induction and AZA maintenance remained the most cost-effective strategy but MMF induction and maintenance became cost-effective under the one times GDP per capita WTP threshold and achieved a higher complete remission rate (57.2 versus 48.9%) and lower risks of ESRD (3.3 versus 5.8%) and all-cause mortality (36.0 versus 40.8%). The risk of developing ESRD during maintenance was the most influential parameter affecting ICER.Conclusions: The strategy of CYC induction followed by AZA maintenance was the most cost-effective strategy in China for short-term treatment, while the strategy of MMF in both induction and maintenance became cost-effective and yielded more desirable clinical outcomes for lifetime treatment. The uncertainty analysis supported the need for monitoring the progression to ESRD.

scholarly journals Trends of Business-to-Business Transactions to Develop Innovative Cancer Drugs

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (14) ◽  
pp. 5535
Author(s):  
Arisa Djurian ◽  
Tomohiro Makino ◽  
Yeongjoo Lim ◽  
Shintaro Sengoku ◽  
Kota Kodama
Keyword(s):  
Small Molecules ◽  
Open Innovation ◽  
Business Environment ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Cancer Drug ◽  
Annual Number ◽  
Pharmaceutical Companies ◽  
Cancer Drugs ◽  
Innovative Drug ◽  
Medical Needs

A key concept in the pharmaceutical industry is open innovation, in which pharmaceutical companies contribute to human health and adapt to a changing business environment by acquiring external knowledge. As successful drug discoveries and developments have become challenging, pharmaceutical companies must proactively pursue the open innovation of new drugs through various inter-firm partnerships to be more sustainable. This study aims to interpret the trend of inter-firm partnerships in the development of cancer drugs and to evaluate their effectiveness by examining inter-firm transactions related to cancer drugs approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). It is a novel approach to exercise this on each product instead of at the company level. The findings revealed that the number of inter-firm transactions in the oncology field has increased over the past 20 years. Furthermore, the annual number of transactions related to biologics has surpassed that of small molecules since 2015 and has been primarily driven by three PD-(L)1 inhibitors: Keytruda, Opdivo, and Tecentriq. Moreover, the average number of inter-firm transactions related to biologics is significantly higher than that of small molecules in total, in alliances, and in financing, suggesting that inter-firm transactions for biologic cancer drugs actively occur through various means. Additionally, a positive and significant correlation exists between the number of transactions and the average number of approved indications for biologics, but not for small molecules. These results suggest that the observed trend of active inter-firm transactions is key in increasing the probability of success in cancer drug research and development. This could provide a potential breakthrough in this industry for the successful development of innovative drug candidates to address unmet medical needs. Further study is necessary to confirm the applicability of this paradigm in broader drug discoveries and development.

scholarly journals Is Albumin-based Resuscitation in Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock Justifiable? An Evidence from a Cost-effectiveness Evaluation

1970 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bereket Tigabu ◽  
Majid Davari ◽  
Abbas Kebriaeezadeh ◽  
Mojtaba Mojtahedzadeh ◽  
Kourosh Sadeghi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Septic Shock ◽  
Severe Sepsis ◽  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Sepsis And Septic Shock ◽  
The Cost

BACKGROUND: Fluid and antimicrobial therapy are the essential parts of sepsis management. The type of fluid to resuscitate with is an unsettled issue in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock. The objective of this study was to evaluate the cost effectiveness of albumin-based resuscitation over crystalloids.METHODS: A cost-effectiveness analysis was conducted by extracting data from a database of Sina Hospital, Islamic Republic of Iran. A decision tree was constructed by using Tree Age Pro2011. The patients were grouped based on the types of fluids used for resuscitation into crystalloid alone or crystalloid + albumin groups at the initial decision node. The patients were followed from the onset of severe sepsis and septic shock upto 28 days. The healthcare payers’ perspective was considered in constructing the model. The cost was measured in US dollars and the effectiveness was measured by life years gained.RESULTS: The addition of albumin during resuscitation of patients with severe sepsis and septic shock has an effectiveness gain of 0.09 life years and cost increment of 495.00 USD. The estimated ICER for this analysis was 5500.00 USD per life year gained. The probability that albumin is cost-effective at one GDP per capita is 49.5%.CONCLUSION: Albumin-based resuscitation is not cost-effective in Iran when a GDP per capita was considered for a life year gain. The cost-effectiveness was insensitive to the cost of standard care. We recomend the caustious use albumin as per the Surviving Sepsis Campaign guideline. 

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document