Molecular Mechanisms of Host Immune Responses to Entamoeba

2021 ◽  
pp. 461-477
Author(s):  
Moisés Martínez-Castillo ◽  
Jesús Serrano-Luna ◽  
Daniel Coronado-Velázquez ◽  
Judith Pacheco-Yépez ◽  
Mireya de la Garza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Host Immune Responses

scholarly journals Molecular Mechanisms of Immune Escape for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 729
Author(s):  
Bo Yang ◽  
Xiaohui Zhang ◽  
Dajun Zhang ◽  
Jing Hou ◽  
GuoWei Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Disease Virus ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Immune Escape ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
Mouth Disease Virus ◽  
Foot And Mouth ◽  
Vesicular Disease

Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) causes a highly contagious vesicular disease in cloven-hoofed livestock that results in severe consequences for international trade, posing a great economic threat to agriculture. The FMDV infection antagonizes the host immune responses via different signaling pathways to achieve immune escape. Strategies to escape the cell immune system are key to effective infection and pathogenesis. This review is focused on summarizing the recent advances to understand how the proteins encoded by FMDV antagonize the host innate and adaptive immune responses.

scholarly journals Inhibition of Innate Immune Responses Is Key to Pathogenesis by Arenaviruses

2016 ◽  
Vol 90 (8) ◽  
pp. 3810-3818 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bjoern Meyer ◽  
Hinh Ly
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Immune Evasion ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Multiorgan Failure ◽  
Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Lassa Virus ◽  
Immune Recognition ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Host Immune Responses

Mammalian arenaviruses are zoonotic viruses that cause asymptomatic, persistent infections in their rodent hosts but can lead to severe and lethal hemorrhagic fever with bleeding and multiorgan failure in human patients. Lassa virus (LASV), for example, is endemic in several West African countries, where it is responsible for an estimated 500,000 infections and 5,000 deaths annually. There are currently no FDA-licensed therapeutics or vaccines available to combat arenavirus infection. A hallmark of arenavirus infection (e.g., LASV) is general immunosuppression that contributes to high viremia. Here, we discuss the early host immune responses to arenavirus infection and the recently discovered molecular mechanisms that enable pathogenic viruses to suppress host immune recognition and to contribute to the high degree of virulence. We also directly compare the innate immune evasion mechanisms between arenaviruses and other hemorrhagic fever-causing viruses, such as Ebola, Marburg, Dengue, and hantaviruses. A better understanding of the immunosuppression and immune evasion strategies of these deadly viruses may guide the development of novel preventative and therapeutic options.

scholarly journals Distinct Molecular Mechanisms of Host Immune Response Modulation by Arenavirus NP and Z Proteins

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 784
Author(s):  
Robert J. Stott ◽  
Thomas Strecker ◽  
Toshana L. Foster
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Protein Interactions ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Host Protein ◽  
Response Modulation ◽  
Species Barrier ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
Cellular Pathways

Endemic to West Africa and South America, mammalian arenaviruses can cross the species barrier from their natural rodent hosts to humans, resulting in illnesses ranging from mild flu-like syndromes to severe and fatal haemorrhagic zoonoses. The increased frequency of outbreaks and associated high fatality rates of the most prevalent arenavirus, Lassa, in West African countries, highlights the significant risk to public health and to the socio-economic development of affected countries. The devastating impact of these viruses is further exacerbated by the lack of approved vaccines and effective treatments. Differential immune responses to arenavirus infections that can lead to either clearance or rapid, widespread and uncontrolled viral dissemination are modulated by the arenavirus multifunctional proteins, NP and Z. These two proteins control the antiviral response to infection by targeting multiple cellular pathways; and thus, represent attractive targets for antiviral development to counteract infection. The interplay between the host immune responses and viral replication is a key determinant of virus pathogenicity and disease outcome. In this review, we examine the current understanding of host immune defenses against arenavirus infections and summarise the host protein interactions of NP and Z and the mechanisms that govern immune evasion strategies.

scholarly journals Innate Immunity Modulating Impurities and the Immunotoxicity of Nanobiotechnology-Based Drug Products

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (23) ◽  
pp. 7308
Author(s):  
Claire K. Holley ◽  
Marina A. Dobrovolskaia
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Cell Activation ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Pharmaceutical Products ◽  
Drug Effectiveness ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
Drug Products ◽  
The Many

Innate immunity can be triggered by the presence of microbial antigens and other contaminants inadvertently introduced during the manufacture and purification of bionanopharmaceutical products. Activation of these innate immune responses, including cytokine secretion, complement, and immune cell activation, can result in unexpected and undesirable host immune responses. These innate modulators can also potentially stimulate the activation of adaptive immune responses, including the formation of anti-drug antibodies which can impact drug effectiveness. To prevent induction of these adverse responses, it is important to detect and quantify levels of these innate immunity modulating impurities (IIMIs) that may be present in drug products. However, while it is universally agreed that removal of IIMIs from drug products is crucial for patient safety and to prevent long-term immunogenicity, there is no single assay capable of directly detecting all potential IIMIs or indirectly quantifying downstream biomarkers. Additionally, there is a lack of agreement as to which of the many analytical assays currently employed should be standardized for general IIMI screening. Herein, we review the available literature to highlight cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying IIMI-mediated inflammation and its relevance to the safety and efficacy of pharmaceutical products. We further discuss methodologies used for direct and indirect IIMI identification and quantification.

Molecular Mechanisms of Host Immune Responses to Rotavirus

2021 ◽  
pp. 119-139
Author(s):  
Lijuan Yuan ◽  
Alissa Hendricks ◽  
Ashwin Ramesh
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Host Immune Responses

scholarly journals Combination Immunotherapy Using Oncolytic Virus for the Treatment of Advanced Solid Tumors

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (20) ◽  
pp. 7743 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chang-Myung Oh ◽  
Hong Jae Chon ◽  
Chan Kim
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Oncolytic Virus ◽  
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Therapeutic Strategy ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Combination Immunotherapy ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
Specific Antigens

Oncolytic virus (OV) is a new therapeutic strategy for cancer treatment. OVs can selectively infect and destroy cancer cells, and therefore act as an in situ cancer vaccine by releasing tumor-specific antigens. Moreover, they can remodel the tumor microenvironment toward a T cell-inflamed phenotype by stimulating widespread host immune responses against the tumor. Recent evidence suggests several possible applications of OVs against cancer, especially in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors. In this review, we describe the molecular mechanisms of oncolytic virotherapy and OV-induced immune responses, provide a brief summary of recent preclinical and clinical updates on this rapidly evolving field, and discuss a combinational strategy that is able to overcome the limitations of OV-based monotherapy.

scholarly journals EssE Promotes Staphylococcus aureus ESS-Dependent Protein Secretion To Modify Host Immune Responses during Infection

2016 ◽  
Vol 199 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Anderson ◽  
Ryan Jay Ohr ◽  
Khaled A. Aly ◽  
Salvatore Nocadello ◽  
Hwan K. Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Bloodstream Infection ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Interleukin 12 ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
Dependent Protein ◽  
Host Infection

ABSTRACT Staphylococcus aureus, an invasive pathogen of humans and animals, requires a specialized ESS pathway to secrete proteins (EsxA, EsxB, EsxC, and EsxD) during infection. Expression of ess genes is required for S. aureus establishment of persistent abscess lesions following bloodstream infection; however, the mechanisms whereby effectors of the ESS pathway implement their virulence strategies were heretofore not known. Here, we show that EssE forms a complex with other members of the ESS secretion pathway and its substrates, promoting the secretion of EsxA, EsxB, EsxC, EsxD, and EssD. During bloodstream infection of mice, the S. aureus essE mutant displays defects in host cytokine responses, specifically in the production of interleukin-12 (IL-12) (p40/p70) and the suppression of RANTES (CCL5), activators of TH1 T cell responses and immune cell chemotaxis, respectively. Thus, essE-mediated secretion of protein effectors via the ESS pathway may enable S. aureus to manipulate host immune responses by modifying the production of cytokines. IMPORTANCE Staphylococcus aureus and other firmicutes evolved a specialized ESS (EsxA/ESAT-6-like secretion system) pathway for the secretion of small subsets of proteins lacking canonical signal peptides. The molecular mechanisms for ESS-dependent secretion and their functional purpose are still unknown. We demonstrate here that S. aureus EssE functions as a membrane assembly platform for elements of the secretion machinery and their substrates. Furthermore, S. aureus EssE-mediated secretion contributes to the production or the suppression of specific cytokines during host infection, thereby modifying immune responses toward this pathogen.

ADDRESSING THE ISSUE OF СOVID-19, SARS-COV-2 VIRUS AND THE DISEASE

2020 ◽  
Vol 99 (6) ◽  
pp. 15-31
Author(s):  
A.A. Korenkova ◽  
◽  
E.M. Mayorova ◽  
V.V. Bahmetjev ◽  
M.V. Tretyak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Significant Problem ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Optimal Therapy ◽  
The World ◽  
Public Health Challenge ◽  
Coronavirus Infection

The new coronavirus infection has posed a major public health challenge around the world, but new data on the disease raises more questions than answers. The lack of optimal therapy is a significant problem. The article examines the molecular mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 infection and the pathogenesis of COVID-19, special attention is paid to features of pathological processes and immune responses in children. COVID-19 leads to a wide diversity of negative outcomes, many of which can persist for at least months. Many of the consequences have yet to be identified. SARS-CoV-2 may provoke autoimmune reactions. Reinfection, herd immunity, vaccines and other prevention measures are also discussed in this review.

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