Development of emergency water supplies for the drought-impacted southern Cape coastal region of South Africa – observations while abstracting saline water for desalination

2019 ◽  
pp. 43-52
Author(s):  
Roger Parsons
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Coastal Region ◽  
Water Supplies

scholarly journals Effect of River Salinity on Crop Diversity: A Case Study of South West Coastal Region of Bangladesh

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 29-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Animesh K. Gain ◽  
Kul P. Aryal ◽  
Pritish Sana ◽  
Md Nazim Uddin
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Coastal Region ◽  
Saline Water Intrusion ◽  
South West ◽  
Agricultural Diversity ◽  
Structured Questionnaire ◽  
Local Farmers ◽  
Saline Zone

Saline water intrusion is a major problem and conflicting issue in south-west coastal region of Bangladesh. The increased salinity has negative impact on agricultural diversity in this region. The present study provides an assessment of perception of local farmers about changes of agricultural diversity mainly diversity of vegetable species (both summer and winter) and standing plants with the changes of salinity level in the nearby river. This study was carried out in January to August 2005 through semi-structured questionnaire in selected villages of different salinity prone areas such as high saline zone and moderate saline zone, namely Paikgacha and Rampal, respectively. The study has revealed that in Paikgacha, the salinity varies approximately within the range from 20,000 to 45,000 micro-mhos and in Rampal it is from 10,000 to 30,000 micro-mhos. Due to increased salinity, the summer vegetable species in Paikgacha and Rampal have been reduced from 16 to 2 and 15 to 9 respectively during the period 1975-2005. For winter vegetable species, this figure wasreduced from 13 to 9 in Paikgacha but in Rampal this number remained unchanged. Standing plant species in Paikgacha and Rampal have been reduced from 31 to 14 and 35 to21 respectively during that period. Agricultural diversity is reducing in substantial rate both spatially and temporally.Nepal Agric. Res. J. Vol. 8, 2007, pp. 29-37 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/narj.v8i0.11576

scholarly journals Saline Irrigation Water Retards Growth of Amaranthus in Coastal Kenya

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ogalo Baka Oluoch ◽  
Esther Mwende Muindi ◽  
Elisha Otieno Gogo
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Coastal Region ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Root Volume ◽  
Saline Irrigation ◽  
Coastal Kenya ◽  
Emergence Rate

Salinity is a major biotic factor that negatively affects growth and yield of crops. Over 90% of the coastal region of Kenya is arid and semi-arid, most farmers in the region use borehole irrigation water which is saline. Amaranthus spp. is one of the main vegetables grown in coastal region. There is limited information regarding the effect of salinity on amaranthus production. The study sought to determine the effect of saline irrigation water on amaranthus growth in coastal Kenya. Two experiments were set up, one at Mivumoni Secondary School farm in Kwale County and another at Pwani University farm in Kilifi County from beginning of September 2019 to the end of January, 2020. The experiments were laid out in a randomized complete block design and replicated three times. The six treatments tested were: fresh water alone, 75% saline water alone, 100% saline water alone, fresh water + DAP, 75% saline water + DAP, 100% saline water + DAP. Crop growth data collected were: emergence rate, plant height, leaf number, leaf area, chlorophyll content, stem thickness, root density, root weight, root volume and total plant biomass. Data obtained were subjected to analysis of variance using SAS statistical package (SAS, Version 10) and treatment effects were tested for significance using F-test. Significant means at F-test was ranked using Tukey’s test at 5% level of significance. Amaranthus seeds sown in fresh water had higher emergence rate compared to seeds sown in saline water. Salinity regardless of concentration used and application of DAP, resulted in decrease in height, leaf number, leaf area, stem tickness, chlorophyll content, root length, root weight, root volume and total biomass. The study demonstrates that saline irrigation water in coastal Kenya has a negative effect on Amaranthus growth.

scholarly journals Impact of sea-level fluctuations on the sedimentation patterns of the SE African margin: implications for slope instability

2019 ◽  
Vol 500 (1) ◽  
pp. 267-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron Micallef ◽  
Aggeliki Georgiopoulou ◽  
Andrew Green ◽  
Vittorio Maselli
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Coastal Region ◽  
Passive Margin ◽  
Slope Instability ◽  
Bottom Current ◽  
The South ◽  
Sea Level Fluctuations ◽  
International Ocean Discovery Program ◽  
Seismic Reflection Profiles

AbstractThe sheared-passive margin offshore Durban (South Africa) is characterized by a narrow continental shelf and steep slope hosting numerous submarine canyons. Supply of sediment to the margin is predominantly terrigenous, dominated by discharge from several short but fast-flowing rivers. International Ocean Discovery Program Expedition 361 provides a unique opportunity to investigate the role of sea-level fluctuations on the sedimentation patterns and slope instability along the South African margin. We analysed >300 sediment samples and downcore variations in P-wave, magnetic susceptibility, bioturbation intensity and bulk density from site U1474, as well as regional seismic reflection profiles to: (1) document an increase in sand input since the Mid-Pliocene; (2) associate this change to a drop in sea-level and extension of subaerial drainage systems towards the shelf-edge; (3) demonstrate that slope instability has played a key role in the evolution of the South Africa margin facing the Natal Valley. Furthermore, we highlight how the widespread occurrence of failure events reflects the tectonic control on the morphology of the shelf and slope, as well as bottom-current scour and instability of fan complexes. This information is important to improve hazard assessment in a populated coastal region with growing offshore hydrocarbon activities.

scholarly journals Dealing with Water Scarcity and Salinity: Adoption of Water Efficient Technologies and Management Practices by California Avocado Growers

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 3555
Author(s):  
Julie Reints ◽  
Ariel Dinar ◽  
David Crowley
Keyword(s):  
Water Scarcity ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Irrigated Agriculture ◽  
Water Supplies ◽  
Self Organizing Maps ◽  
Agriculture Sector ◽  
Elevated Salinity

The irrigated agriculture sector has been facing an increased scarcity of good quality water worldwide. Consequently, the sustainability of water intensive crops, such as avocado, is threatened when water becomes scarce and expensive, or when growers must use saline water supplies that reduce crop yields. A variety of irrigation technologies and water management practices are now recommended to help growers through times of limited water supplies and elevated salinity levels. To examine how growers adopt different practices and combinations of practices, we collected data from a sample of avocado growers in California. We used Kohonen self-organizing maps, and developed logit models to identify the most common bundles of technologies and management practices that growers are using to deal with water scarcity. We test the validity of the proposed bundles and factors affecting their adoption, using primary data obtained from a survey of California avocado growers at the height of the drought during 2012–2013. Results show that farm location, share of income from agricultural production, use of cooperative extension advice, and farmer characteristics, such as age and education, all play important roles in grower adoption of individual and bundled methods to adapt to water scarcity.

Detection of enteroviruses in untreated and treated drinking water supplies in South Africa

2005 ◽  
Vol 39 (11) ◽  
pp. 2253-2258 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.M. Ehlers ◽  
W.O.K. Grabow ◽  
D.N. Pavlov
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supplies ◽  
Treated Drinking Water

scholarly journals Impact of Cyclone on Livelihood Pattern in the South Western Coastal Region of Bangladesh: Pirojpur

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 30
Author(s):  
Dilara Nasrin ◽  
Mahmuda Binte Latif ◽  
Shamim Al Mamun ◽  
Reyad Hossain Arif ◽  
Muliadi Muliadi
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Coastal Region ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Food Habit ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Cultivated Land ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
The Impact

This research was carried out to assess the impact of cyclone on livelihood pattern in Pirojpur district, Bangladesh during January to June, 2017. The study was both qualitative and quantitative type. The primary data were collected using randomly sampling method (42+42+42=126 respondents) from Tushkhali, Bhitabaria and Pattashi villages of Pirojpur district. The secondary data were collected from different journals, articles, books, official documents, thesis papers and also daily newspapers etc. From the study it was observed that monthly income of  middle (4001-8000 tk) and high (8001-above tk) income groups ware decreased by 5% and 0.92% respectively while low income people (1-4000 tk) was increased due to decrease of production after Sidr. On the other hand, expenditure ability of low and middle income groups was decreased. Sidr has created a great impact on human health, livestock, fisheries, food habit, crop production and occupation pattern of the affected people. Respondent’s houses were damaged partially (66.78%), 33.22% completely and cultivated land 28.57 % completely by Sidr in study area. Respondents of the study area said that the production of rice (8%), chili (12%), and vegetables (11%) were reduced due to saline water entrance into the crop field after Sidr. Affected people were migrated (temporary 23.10%, local 25% and internal 26.10%) from Pirojpur to Dhaka (53%), Pirojpur to other places (47%) on the post Sidr due to loss of houses, shelters, cultivated land and lack of job opportunity. Among all factors of temporary migration, water logging was the first reason of migrating people of the study area. 

scholarly journals Effects of alternate water source on the yield and nutrient composition of stem Amaranth in the coastal region of Bangladesh

2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-50
Author(s):  
Farzana Yasmin ◽  
Sayma Khanom ◽  
Shahid Akhtar Hossain
Keyword(s):  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Coastal Region ◽  
Soil Nutrient ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Nutrient Composition ◽  
Aquifer Recharge ◽  
Total Dietary Fiber ◽  
Treated Water

A field experiment was conducted in Khulna district to evaluate the growth and nutrient composition on stem Amaranth by irrigating with different water sources. Water that has been used as treatment are saline water, T1 and treated water, T2 (water from a project called Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR)). A field condition was also included, T0 (control). All the growth parameters of the crop were significantly improved for treated water. Whereas, N, P, and K uptake (3.54, 39.56 and 564.42 kg/ha, respectively) were increased and S was decreased (48.76 kg/ha) for treated water (T2) compared to control (T0). Carbohydrate and total dietary fiber (TDF) is increased (6.09 and 6.87 g/100g) while protein, fat, ash and energy in the leaf of stem Amaranth is decreased (3.16, 0.46, 3.26 g/100g and 54.94 Kcal/100g respectively) by irrigating with T2 water. Moreover, carbohydrate content is increased (3.55 g/100 g) in treated water (T2) but protein, fat, ash, TDF and energy in the stem of stem Amaranth is decreased. EC, pH, Na, K, Ca and Mg of the soil were decreased markedly by applying treated water (T2) and other nutrients present in soil also varies. From the study, it can be concluded that the best alternate source of water for irrigation is MAR water (T2) which can improve plant nutrient content and uptake and soil nutrient status.Bangladesh J. Sci. Res. 28(1): 43-50, June-2015

scholarly journals Delineating the characteristics of saline water intrusion in the coastal aquifers of Tamil Nadu, India by analysing the Dar-Zarrouk parameters

2021 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-163
Author(s):  
Somvir SINGH ◽  
Param K. GAUTAM ◽  
Prashant KUMAR ◽  
Arkoprovo BISWAS ◽  
Tandrila SARKAR
Keyword(s):  
Coastal Aquifers ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Coastal Region ◽  
Southeastern Part ◽  
Study Region ◽  
Transverse Resistance ◽  
Dar Zarrouk Parameters ◽  
Freshwater Aquifers ◽  
Subsurface Resistivity

Tuticorin, located in the southeastern part of Tamil Nadu, is a coastal aquifer on which Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) was conducted, thereby analysing the interpreted subsurface resistivity layer parameters covering around 112 km2 area of the study region. VES is an essential tool for investigating hard rock terrains of coastal aquifers and perceive an idea about the groundwater quality. In this study, Dar-Zarrouk (D-Z) parameters like longitudinal conductance (Sc), transverse resistance (Tr) and anisotropy (λ) are analysed as these are well-established parameters in delineating the occurrence and distribution of both fresh and saline water aquifers. These parameters are also very persuasive in investigating complex subsurface parameters (resistivity and conductivity) within saline water intruded coastal region environment. After conducting a thorough survey, the resistivity results reflect that the sediments are enriched with saltwater, clay with moderate freshwater and freshwater-bearing formations. The analysis shows that the D-Z parameters offer a helpful and assured answer in demarcating the saline, moderate fresh, and freshwater aquifers. Therefore, the behaviour and patterns of the D-Z parameters in space established the existence of saline water and freshwater aquifer structures in the coastal aquifers over a vast area.

scholarly journals Comparison of manually and automatically derived fresh-saline groundwater boundaries from helicopter-borne EM data at the Jade Bay, Northern Germany

2018 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 00032 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernhard Siemon ◽  
Annika Steuer ◽  
Nico Deus ◽  
Jörg Elbracht
Keyword(s):  
Saline Water ◽  
Coastal Region ◽  
Threshold Values ◽  
Northern Germany ◽  
Lower Saxony ◽  
Saline Groundwater ◽  
Jade Bay ◽  
Federal Institute ◽  
Geophysical Surveys ◽  
Subsurface Sediments

The Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR) conducted many airborne geophysical surveys in Northern Germany during the last decades. The coastal regions of Lower Saxony were investigated by frequency-domain helicopter-borne electromagnetics (HEM) to reveal the bulk resistivity of the subsurface (sediments and pore fluids). The State Authority for Mining, Energy and Geology (LBEG) is preparing a statewide “saltwater map” for Lower Saxony with a focus on the coastal aquifers influenced by seawater intrusion. For this purpose, the HEM resistivities are used in combination with groundwater data and a geological model to derive the lower fresh-water boundary. As appropriate depth values are manually picked from vertical resistivity sections, this procedure is time consuming. Therefore, we tested an alternative, which automatically derives the fresh-saline groundwater boundary directly from the HEM resistivity models. The ambiguity between brackish/saline water and clayey sediments as source for low resistivities can somewhat be reduced by the application of gradients instead of threshold values for searching an appropriate boundary. We compare results of both methods using a dataset from a coastal region at the Jade Bay.

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