Hydrocarbon production and storage using offshore underground salt caverns

The paper presents the data on the situation of the oil and gas complex of the Saratov region. It is shown that the Saratov region is a promising region for hydrocarbon production and one of the leaders in the Volga Federal district, since 85 % of the territory is occupied by oil and gas-promising lands. The structure of the oil and gas complex and the dynamics of production of hydrocarbons in the region are presented in the article. The paper describes the indicators of the oil and gas complex, background accident risks that determine environmental pollution. The results of monitoring the pollution of the territory of the largest in Europe Stepnovsky gas storage facility, created on the basis of the Stepnovsky oil and gas processing enterprise, which operated from 1953 to 1973, are given. It is proved that during the production and storage of hydrocarbons at this enterprise, there was a strong pollution of the soil with oil and petroleum products, so their content reaches 1527 mg/kg of soil in the upper half-meter layer, and 2060 mg/kg of soil in the second half-meter. The content of plumbum and copper in the soil is 3.3 and 2.3 times higher above the background values for dark chestnut soils. The accumulation of a significant amount of unsaturated hydrocarbons (C1-C10) in the subsurface air from 25.97 mg/m3 to 38.17 mg/m3 is proved. It is shown that the extraction and storage of hydrocarbons at the Stepnovsky enterprise did not lead to a deterioration of the sanitary and microbiological condition of the studied soil.

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Alternatives to Electricity for GW-Scale Transmission and Firming Storage for Diverse, Stranded Renewables: Hydrogen and Ammonia

ASME 2010 4th International Conference on Energy Sustainability, Volume 1 ◽

10.1115/es2010-90341 ◽

2010 ◽

Author(s):

William C. Leighty ◽

John H. Holbrook ◽

James G. Blencoe

Keyword(s):

Combined Heat And Power ◽

Gaseous Hydrogen ◽

Transmission Systems ◽

Large Solution ◽

Underground Pipelines ◽

The World ◽

End Use ◽

Salt Caverns ◽

Annual Scale ◽

And Storage

COP15, Copenhagen, December 09, failed partly for lack of a credible, comprehensive vision for how we may, and must soon, “run the world on renewables”. We cannot, and should not try to, accomplish this entirely with electricity transmission. The world’s richest renewable energy (RE) resources — of large geographic extent and high intensity — are stranded: far from end-users with inadequate or nonexistent gathering and transmission systems to deliver the energy. Electricity energy storage cannot affordably firm large, intermittent renewables at annual scale, while gaseous hydrogen (GH2) and anhydrous ammonia (NH3) fuels can: GH2 in large solution-mined salt caverns, NH3 in surface tanks, interconnected via underground pipelines in RE systems for gathering, transmission, distribution, and end use. Thus, we need to think beyond electricity as we plan new “transmission” systems for bringing large, stranded RE resources to distant markets as annually-firm C-free energy, to empower subsequent efforts to COP15. Recent press has extolled the global RE vision, but without adequate attention to the diverse transmission and storage systems required for achievement. [21] At GW scale, renewable-source electricity from diverse sources can be converted to hydrogen and byproduct oxygen, and/or to NH3, pipelined underground to load centers for use as vehicle fuel and combined-heat-and-power generation on the wholesale or retail side of the customers’ meters. The ICE, CT, and fuel cell operate very efficiently on GH2 and NH3 fuels. USA has extensive extant NH3 pipeline and tank storage infrastructure.

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Hydrogen generation by electrolysis and storage in salt caverns: Potentials, economics and systems aspects with regard to the German energy transition

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy ◽

10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.02.102 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 42 (19) ◽

pp. 13427-13443 ◽

Cited By ~ 58

Author(s):

Jan Michalski ◽

Ulrich Bünger ◽

Fritz Crotogino ◽

Sabine Donadei ◽

Gregor-Sönke Schneider ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hydrogen Generation ◽

Energy Transition ◽

Salt Caverns ◽

And Storage

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Shale Poroelastic Effects on Well Performance Analysis of Shale Gas Reservoirs

Fuels ◽

10.3390/fuels2020008 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 130-143

Author(s):

Ebrahim Fathi ◽

Fatemeh Belyadi ◽

Bahiya Jabbar

Keyword(s):

History Matching ◽

Gas Transport ◽

Gas Production ◽

Unconventional Reservoirs ◽

Sorption Behavior ◽

Governing Equations ◽

Hydrocarbon Production ◽

Multi Scale ◽

Pore Compressibility ◽

And Storage

The effect of poroelastic properties of the shale matrix on gas storage and transport mechanisms has gained significant attention, especially during history-matching and hydrocarbon production forecasting in unconventional reservoirs. The common oil and gas industry practice in unconventional reservoir simulation is the extension of conventional reservoir simulation that ignores the dynamic behavior of matrix porosity and permeability as a function of reservoir effective net stress. This approach ignores the significant impact of the poroelastic characteristics of the shale matrix on hydrocarbon production. The poroelastic characteristics of the shale matrix highly relate to the shale matrix geomechanical properties, such as the Young’s Modulus, Poisson’s ratio, bulk modulus, sorption behavior, total organic content (TOC), mineralogy and presence of natural fractures in the multi-scale shale structure. In this study, in order to quantify the effect of the poroelasticity of the shale matrix on gas production, a multi-continuum approach was employed in which the shale matrix was divided into organic materials, inorganic materials and natural fractures. The governing equations for gas transport and storage in shale were developed from the basic fundamentals of mass and momentum conservation equations. In this case, gas transport in organics was assumed to be diffusive, while gas transport in inorganics was governed by convection. Finally, a fracture system was added to the multi-scale shale gas matrix, and the poroelastic effect of the shale matrix on transport and storage was investigated. A modified Palmer and Mansoori model (1998) was used to include the pore compression, matrix swelling/shrinkage and desorption-induced deformation of shale organic matter on the overall pore compressibility of the shale matrix. For the inorganic part of the matrix, relations between rock mechanical properties and the pore compressibility were obtained. A dual Langmuir–Henry isotherm was also used to describe the sorption behavior of shale organic materials. The coupled governing equations of gas storage and transport in the shale matrix were then solved using the implicit finite difference approach using MATLAB. For this purpose, rock and fluid properties were obtained using actual well logging and core analysis of the Marcellus gas well. The results showed the importance of the poroelastic effect on the pressure response and rate of gas recovery from the shale matrix. The effect was found to be mainly due to desorption-induced matrix deformation at an early stage. Coupling the shale matrix gas production including the poroelastic effect in history-matching the gas production from unconventional reservoirs will significantly improve engineering completion design optimization of the unconventional reservoirs by providing more accurate and robust production forecasts for each hydraulic fracture stage.

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Technology readiness assessment of ultra-deep salt caverns for carbon capture and storage in Brazil

International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control ◽

10.1016/j.ijggc.2020.103083 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 99 ◽

pp. 103083

Author(s):

Mariana Barbero Ribeiro Goulart ◽

Pedro Vassalo Maia da Costa ◽

Alvaro Maia da Costa ◽

Antonio C.O. Miranda ◽

Andre Bergsten Mendes ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Carbon Capture ◽

Carbon Capture And Storage ◽

Technology Readiness ◽

Readiness Assessment ◽

Salt Caverns ◽

And Storage

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Technical Potential of Salt Caverns for Hydrogen Storage in Europe

10.20944/preprints201910.0187.v1 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Dilara Caglayan ◽

Nikolaus Weber ◽

Heidi Ursula Heinrichs ◽

Jochen Linßen ◽

Martin Robinius ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Storage Capacity ◽

Renewable Energy Sources ◽

Energy System ◽

Salt Domes ◽

Suitability Assessment ◽

The North ◽

Technical Potential ◽

Storage Potential ◽

Salt Caverns ◽

And Storage

The role of hydrogen in a future energy system with a high share of variable renewable energy sources (VRES) is regarded as crucial in order to balance fluctuations in electricity generation. These fluctuations can be compensated for by flexibility measures such as the expansion of transmission, flexible generation, larger back-up capacity and storage. Salt cavern storage is the most promising technology due to its large storage capacity, followed by pumped hydro storage. For the underground storage of chemical energy carriers such as hydrogen, salt caverns offer the most promising option owing to their low investment cost, high sealing potential and low cushion gas requirement. This paper provides a suitability assessment of European subsurface salt structures in terms of size, land eligibility and storage capacity. Two distinct cavern volumes of 500,000 m3 and 750,000 m3 are considered, with preference being given for salt caverns over bedded salt deposits and salt domes. The storage capacities of individual caverns are estimated on the basis of thermodynamic considerations based on site-specific data. The results are analyzed using three different scenarios: onshore and offshore salt caverns, only onshore salt caverns and only onshore caverns within 50 km of the shore. The overall technical storage potential across Europe is estimated at 84.8 PWhH2, 27% of which constitutes only onshore locations. Furthermore, this capacity decreases to 7.3 PWhH2 with a limitation of 50 km distance from shore. In all cases, Germany has the highest technical storage potential, with a value of 9.4 PWhH2, located onshore only in salt domes in the north of the country. Moreover, Norway has 7.5 PWhH2 of storage potential for offshore caverns, which are all located in the subsurface of the North Sea Basin.

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Liverpool Bay Area CCS: An advanced Case Study to Achieve UK's Carbon Neutrality

10.2118/207418-ms ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Bruce William Becker ◽

Francesco Baldino ◽

Alessandro Aleandri

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Carbon Capture ◽

Unit Cost ◽

Carbon Capture And Storage ◽

Hydrocarbon Production ◽

Liverpool Bay ◽

North West ◽

Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽

The Uk ◽

And Storage

Abstract The Liverpool Bay Asset Carbon Capture and Storage (LBA CCS) project is being developed in parallel with, and as an integral part of, the HyNet North West integrated project, which is aimed at decarbonizing the important industrial region of North-West England and North Wales. The Liverpool Bay Asset (100% Eni UK Limited) is approaching the end of its production life and would be progressively decommissioned over the period 2023 to 2025 without the prospect of re-configuring to a CCS project. Eni plans to reuse and repurpose the depleted hydrocarbon reservoirs of the Hamilton, Hamilton North and Lennox fields together with their associated infrastructure to transport and store carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions captured upstream by the HyNet NW partners. A Carbon Dioxide Appraisal and Storage Licence was awarded to Eni by the UK Oil & Gas Authority (OGA) in October 2020 for this purpose. The project has now completed the Concept Selection Phase and the paper describes the multidisciplinary work covering subsurface, facilities and drilling engineering, flow assurance and project management that has been completed to select the development concept for advancement into the concept definition phase. It demonstrates the viability and benefits of re-using depleted fields and existing infrastructure originally installed for hydrocarbon production to reduce the unit cost of storage, a key metric for all CCS projects.

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An Overview of Digital Image Processing and Recognition (Invited Paper)

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100055837 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 40 ◽

pp. 700-702

Author(s):

R. C. Gonzalez

Keyword(s):

Image Processing ◽

New York ◽

Digital Image Processing ◽

Digital Image ◽

Practical Implementation ◽

Submarine Cable ◽

Vigorous Growth ◽

Digitized Pictures ◽

Processing Techniques ◽

And Storage

Interest in digital image processing techniques dates back to the early 1920's, when digitized pictures of world news events were first transmitted by submarine cable between New York and London. Applications of digital image processing concepts, however, did not become widespread until the middle 1960's, when third-generation digital computers began to offer the speed and storage capabilities required for practical implementation of image processing algorithms. Since then, this area has experienced vigorous growth, having been a subject of interdisciplinary research in fields ranging from engineering and computer science to biology, chemistry, and medicine.

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Control of Secretory Production in the Isopod Hepatopancreas

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100094085 ◽

1972 ◽

Vol 30 ◽

pp. 166-167

Author(s):

John W. Roberts ◽

E. R. Witkus

Keyword(s):

B Cells ◽

Morphological Data ◽

Secretory Product ◽

Secretory Function ◽

Secretory Material ◽

Blind Ending ◽

Secretory Production ◽

Regenerative Cells ◽

Immature Cells ◽

And Storage

The isopod hepatopancreas, as exemplified by Oniscus ascellus. is comprised of four blind-ending diverticula. The regenerative cells at the tip of each diverticula differentiate into either club-shaped B-cells, which serve a secretory function, or into conoid S-cells, which serve in the absorption and storage of nutrients.The glandular B-cells begin producing secretory material with the development of rough endoplasmic reticulum during their process of maturation from the undifferentiated regenerative cells. Cytochemical and morphological data indicate that the hepatopancreas sequentially produces two types of secretory material within the large club-shaped cells. The production of the carbohydrate-like secretory product in immature cells seems to be phased out as the production of the osmiophilic secretion was phased in as the cell matured.

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