scholarly journals Sex Differences in Lipid and Lipoprotein Metabolism: It's Not Just about Sex Hormones

Endocrinology ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 152 (3) ◽  
pp. 1192-1192
Author(s):  
Xuewen Wang ◽  
Faidon Magkos ◽  
Bettina Mittendorfer
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sex Hormones ◽  
Plasma Lipids ◽  
Plasma Lipid ◽  
Lipoprotein Metabolism ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Physiological Alterations ◽  
First Pass ◽  
Hormonal Milieu

Abstract It is commonly thought that sex hormones are important regulators of plasma lipid kinetics and are responsible for sexual dimorphism in the plasma lipid profile. Here we discuss the findings from studies evaluating lipid and lipoprotein kinetics in men and women in the context of what we know about the effects of exogenous sex hormone administration, and we conclude that it is more complicated than that. It has become clear that normal physiological alterations in the hormonal milieu (i.e. due to menopause or throughout the menstrual cycle) do not significantly affect plasma lipid homeostasis. Furthermore, parenterally administered estrogens have either no effect or only very small beneficial effects, whereas orally administered estrogens raise plasma triglyceride concentrations—a phenomenon that is not consistent with the observed sex differences and likely results from the hepatic “first-pass effect.” The effects of progestogens and androgens mimic only in part the differences in plasma lipids between men and women. Thus, the underlying physiological modulators of plasma lipid metabolism responsible for the differences between men and women remain to be elucidated.

scholarly journals Sex Differences in Lipid and Lipoprotein Metabolism: It's Not Just about Sex Hormones

2011 ◽  
Vol 96 (4) ◽  
pp. 885-893 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuewen Wang ◽  
Faidon Magkos ◽  
Bettina Mittendorfer
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sex Hormones ◽  
Plasma Lipids ◽  
Plasma Lipid ◽  
Lipoprotein Metabolism ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Physiological Alterations ◽  
First Pass ◽  
Hormonal Milieu

Abstract It is commonly thought that sex hormones are important regulators of plasma lipid kinetics and are responsible for sexual dimorphism in the plasma lipid profile. Here we discuss the findings from studies evaluating lipid and lipoprotein kinetics in men and women in the context of what we know about the effects of exogenous sex hormone administration, and we conclude that it is more complicated than that. It has become clear that normal physiological alterations in the hormonal milieu (i.e. due to menopause or throughout the menstrual cycle) do not significantly affect plasma lipid homeostasis. Furthermore, parenterally administered estrogens have either no effect or only very small beneficial effects, whereas orally administered estrogens raise plasma triglyceride concentrations—a phenomenon that is not consistent with the observed sex differences and likely results from the hepatic “first-pass effect.” The effects of progestogens and androgens mimic only in part the differences in plasma lipids between men and women. Thus, the underlying physiological modulators of plasma lipid metabolism responsible for the differences between men and women remain to be elucidated.

Habitual consumption of eggs does not alter the beneficial effects of endurance training on plasma lipids and lipoprotein metabolism in untrained men and women

2009 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa M. Vislocky ◽  
Matthew A. Pikosky ◽  
Kristin Herron Rubin ◽  
Sonia Vega-López ◽  
P. Courtney Gaine ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endurance Training ◽  
Plasma Lipids ◽  
Lipoprotein Metabolism ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Beneficial Effects

scholarly journals Sex differences in the association of sphingolipids with age in Dutch and South-Asian Surinamese living in Amsterdam, the Netherlands

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirthe Muilwijk ◽  
Nardie Callender ◽  
Susan Goorden ◽  
Frédéric M. Vaz ◽  
Irene G. M. van Valkengoed
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Waist Circumference ◽  
South Asian ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Plasma Lipid ◽  
Ethnic Origin ◽  
Sphingolipid Metabolism ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass

Abstract Background Men have a higher risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) early in life, while women have a higher risk later in life. The sex-related differences in CVD risk, especially by age, could be related to sphingolipid metabolism. We compared plasma sphingolipid concentrations and its increase by age in men and women. Methods Plasma concentrations of 13 types of sphingolipids were measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in a random subsample of 328 men and 372 women of Dutch and South-Asian Surinamese ethnic origin, participating in the HELIUS study. Sphingolipid concentrations were compared between men and women by age group (18–39, 40–55, and 56–70 years). Multiple linear regression was used to determine sex differences in age trends in sphingolipids stratified by ethnicity. Analyses were performed without adjustment and adjusted for body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference. Results At age 18–39 years, sphingolipid concentrations were lower in women than those in men, but at age 56–70 years this was reversed. At higher age, women showed higher concentrations than men. In line, we observed a more rapid increase of sphingolipid concentrations by age in women than in men. The observed sex differences were not explained by BMI or waist circumference. Patterns of sex differences were similar across ethnic groups, although the strength of associations differed. Conclusions Mean sphingolipid concentrations increase more rapidly with age in women than in men. Therefore, plasma lipid concentrations of sphingolipids, although lower in women than in men at younger age, are higher in women than in men at older age.

scholarly journals ILRUN , a Human Plasma Lipid GWAS Locus, Regulates Lipoprotein Metabolism in Mice

2020 ◽  
Vol 127 (11) ◽  
pp. 1347-1361 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin Bi ◽  
Takashi Kuwano ◽  
Paul C. Lee ◽  
John S. Millar ◽  
Li Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Lipids ◽  
Plasma Cholesterol ◽  
Plasma Lipid ◽  
Lipoprotein Metabolism ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Genetic Associations ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor ◽  
Liver Transcriptome ◽  
Artery Disease

Rationale: Single-nucleotide polymorphisms near the ILRUN (inflammation and lipid regulator with ubiquitin-associated–like and NBR1 [next to BRCA1 gene 1 protein]-like domains) gene are genome-wide significantly associated with plasma lipid traits and coronary artery disease (CAD), but the biological basis of this association is unknown. Objective: To investigate the role of ILRUN in plasma lipid and lipoprotein metabolism. Methods and Results: ILRUN encodes a protein that contains a ubiquitin-associated–like domain, suggesting that it may interact with ubiquitinylated proteins. We generated mice globally deficient for Ilrun and found they had significantly lower plasma cholesterol levels resulting from reduced liver lipoprotein production. Liver transcriptome analysis uncovered altered transcription of genes downstream of lipid-related transcription factors, particularly PPARα (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha), and livers from Ilrun -deficient mice had increased PPARα protein. Human ILRUN was shown to bind to ubiquitinylated proteins including PPARα, and the ubiquitin-associated–like domain of ILRUN was found to be required for its interaction with PPARα. Conclusions: These findings establish ILRUN as a novel regulator of lipid metabolism that promotes hepatic lipoprotein production. Our results also provide functional evidence that ILRUN may be the casual gene underlying the observed genetic associations with plasma lipids at 6p21 in human.

scholarly journals (Pro)renin Receptor Inhibition Reduces Plasma Cholesterol and Triglycerides but Does Not Attenuate Atherosclerosis in Atherosclerotic Mice

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dien Ye ◽  
Xiaofei Yang ◽  
Liwei Ren ◽  
Hong S. Lu ◽  
Yuan Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Lipids ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Plasma Cholesterol ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Plasma Lipid ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Receptor Inhibition ◽  
Density Lipoprotein Receptor

Objective: Elevated plasma cholesterol concentrations contributes to ischemic cardiovascular diseases. Recently, we showed that inhibiting hepatic (pro)renin receptor [(P)RR] attenuated diet-induced hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia in low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) deficient mice. The purpose of this study was to determine whether inhibiting hepatic (P)RR could attenuate atherosclerosis.Approach and Results: Eight-week-old male LDLR−/− mice were injected with either saline or N-acetylgalactosamine-modified antisense oligonucleotides (G-ASOs) primarily targeting hepatic (P)RR and were fed a western-type diet (WTD) for 16 weeks. (P)RR G-ASOs markedly reduced plasma cholesterol concentrations from 2,211 ± 146 to 1,128 ± 121 mg/dL. Fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC) analyses revealed that cholesterol in very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and intermediate density lipoprotein (IDL)/LDL fraction were potently reduced by (P)RR G-ASOs. Moreover, (P)RR G-ASOs reduced plasma triglyceride concentrations by more than 80%. Strikingly, despite marked reduction in plasma lipid concentrations, atherosclerosis was not reduced but rather increased in these mice. Further testing in ApoE−/− mice confirmed that (P)RR G-ASOs reduced plasma lipid concentrations but not atherosclerosis. Transcriptomic analysis of the aortas revealed that (P)RR G-ASOs induced the expression of the genes involved in immune responses and inflammation. Further investigation revealed that (P)RR G-ASOs also inhibited (P)RR in macrophages and in enhanced inflammatory responses to exogenous stimuli. Moreover, deleting the (P)RR in macrophages resulted in accelerated atherosclerosis in WTD fed ApoE−/− mice.Conclusion: (P)RR G-ASOs reduced the plasma lipids in atherosclerotic mice due to hepatic (P)RR deficiency. However, augmented pro-inflammatory responses in macrophages due to (P)RR downregulation counteracted the beneficial effects of lowered plasma lipid concentrations on atherosclerosis. Our study demonstrated that hepatic (P)RR and macrophage (P)RR played a counteracting role in atherosclerosis.

scholarly journals A Tutorial of the Effects of Sex Hormones on Laryngeal Senescence and Neuromuscular Response to Exercise

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 602-610 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Lenell ◽  
Mary J. Sandage ◽  
Aaron M. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Sex Hormones ◽  
Voice Therapy ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Women's Voices ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Neuromuscular Response ◽  
Response To Exercise

Purpose The purpose of this tutorial is to summarize how sex hormones affect both laryngeal senescence and neuromuscular response to exercise, highlighting the importance of considering sex differences in developing treatment for the senescent voice. Conclusion Men and women's voices are sexually dimorphic throughout the life span, including during the laryngeal adaptations observed during senescence. Therefore, presbyphonia (age-related dysphonia) likely clinically manifests differently for men and women due to differences in how the male and the female larynx change in response to aging. Because sexual dimorphism is evident in both laryngeal aging and response to exercise, voice therapy programs aimed at treating the typical and disordered aged voice should consider sex differences in their design.

Lipoprotein metabolism

2011 ◽  
pp. 1659-1667 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bo Angelin ◽  
Paolo Parini
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Plasma Lipids ◽  
Plasma Lipid ◽  
Lipoprotein Metabolism ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Plasma Lipoprotein ◽  
Major Function ◽  
Signalling Molecules ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors

The realization that raised concentrations of plasma lipids, particularly cholesterol, are associated with an increased risk of coronary heart disease has stimulated the study of factors regulating plasma lipid metabolism. With the use of increasingly refined methodology, our understanding of normal plasma lipoprotein metabolism and its derangements due to the influence of genetic and environmental factors is continuously expanding. This chapter summarizes some current concepts regarding plasma lipoprotein transport in normal humans, forming a basis for the discussion of the development of various dyslipidaemias in the following chapters. Lipids represent a heterogeneous group of substances with several biological functions. Phospholipids and cholesterol are essential components of cell membranes, and cholesterol is also the precursor of steroid hormones and bile acids. Some fatty acids form the origin of bioactive compounds such as prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes; phospholipids, fatty acids, and cholesterol may also serve as signalling molecules in their own right. Furthermore, lipid complexes are necessary for the transport of lipid-soluble vitamins, and may have a protective role in the defence against toxins and infectious agents. From an overall physiological perspective, however, the major function of plasma lipid metabolism is the exchange of fat as energy substrates.

scholarly journals Sex hormones affect endothelial lipase-mediated lipid metabolism and atherosclerosis

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chuan Wang ◽  
Manabu Niimi ◽  
Shuji Kitajima ◽  
Fumikazu Matsuhisa ◽  
Haizhao Yan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Hormones ◽  
Plasma Lipids ◽  
Lipoprotein Metabolism ◽  
Lesion Size ◽  
Lipid Lowering ◽  
Endothelial Lipase ◽  
Chow Diet ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
Hepatic Expression ◽  
Before And After

Abstract Background Endothelial lipase (EL) plays an important role in lipoprotein metabolism and atherosclerosis. To study the functional roles of EL, we recently generated transgenic (Tg) rabbits and reported that increased hepatic expression of EL in male Tg rabbits significantly reduced diet-induced hypercholesterolemia compared with non-Tg controls. This gender difference suggests that sex hormones may mediate EL functions thereby influencing lipoprotein metabolism. To examine this hypothesis, we compared the effects of orchiectomy and ovariectomy on plasma lipids and diet-induced atherosclerosis in both Tg and non-Tg rabbits. Methods Male rabbits were under orchiectomy whereas female rabbits were under ovariectomy. We compared plasma lipids, lipoproteins, and apolipoproteins of rabbits before and after surgery in each group fed either a chow diet or cholesterol-rich diet. Results On a chow diet, both male and female Tg rabbits showed lower plasma lipids than non-Tg counterparts and this lipid-lowering effect of EL was not affected by either orchiectomy in male or ovariectomy in female Tg rabbits. On a cholesterol diet; however, male Tg rabbits but not female Tg rabbits showed significant resistance to diet-induced hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis. The EL-mediated atheroprotective effect was eliminated after orchiectomy in male Tg rabbits. Female Tg rabbits showed similar levels of total cholesterol and lesion size of atherosclerosis compared with non-Tg rabbits and ovariectomy did not affect diet-induced hypercholesterolemia or atherosclerosis. Conclusion These results suggest that increased EL protects against diet-induced hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis. The beneficial effect of EL was dependent upon the presence of androgenic hormones.

scholarly journals Sex Hormone/Cortisol Ratios Differentially Modulate Risk-Taking in Men and Women

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 147470491769733 ◽  
Author(s):  
Efrat Barel ◽  
Shosh Shahrabani ◽  
Orna Tzischinsky
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sex Hormones ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Sex Steroids ◽  
Sex Hormone ◽  
Opposite Pattern ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Joint Influence ◽  
Self Reports ◽  
Neuroendocrine Mechanisms

The present study aimed to extend the original focus of the dual-hormone hypothesis on testosterone and cortisol involvement in risk-taking to other sex hormones: estrogen and progesterone. The study also examined two alternative models for the proposed relationship between cortisol and sex steroids and for their joint influence on risk-taking: interaction and ratio terms. In all, 40 women and 37 men were tested for circulating sex hormones and provided self-reports on risk-taking. The findings suggest that sex hormone–cortisol ratios differentially modulate risk-taking in men and women: In men, high ratios were associated with risk-taking, whereas in women the opposite pattern was found. The findings are discussed in light of evolutionary assumptions regarding sex differences in neuroendocrine mechanisms, suggesting sex differences in neural sensitivity to sex hormones in risk-taking.

Cardioprotective Effects of Diet with Different Grains on Lipid Profiles and Antioxidative System in Obesity-Induced Rats

2012 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Kim ◽  
H. Shin ◽  
S. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Aortic Wall ◽  
Plasma Lipids ◽  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Plasma Lipid ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Thiobarbituric Acid ◽  
Lipid Profiles ◽  
Dietary Lipids ◽  
Male Rats

In the present study, the nutritional quality of four grains including adlay (AD), buckwheat (BW), glutinous barley (GB), and white rice (WR) were evaluated in terms of plasma lipid parameters, gut transit time, and thickness of the aortic wall in rats. The rats were then raised for 4 weeks on the high-fat diet based on the American Institute of Nutrition-93 (AIN-93 G) diets containing 1 % cholesterol and 20 % dietary lipids. Forty male rats were divided into 4 groups and raised for 4 weeks with a diet containing one of the following grains: WR, AD, BW, or WB. The level of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) in liver was shown to be higher in rats by the order of those fed WR, AD, GB, and BW. This indicates that other grains decreased oxidative stress in vivo more than WR. The superoxide dismutase, glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase levels in the AD, BW, and GB groups were significantly higher than those in the WR group (p < 0.05). Plasma lipid profiles differed significantly according to grain combination, and decreased aortic wall thickness was consistent with the finding of decreased plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (p < 0.05) and increased high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C) in rats fed AD, BW, and GB (p < 0.001). The antioxidant and hypolipidemic capacities of grains are quite high, especially those of adlay, buckwheat, and glutinous barley. In conclusion, this study has demonstrated that the whole grains had a cardioprotective effect. This effect was related to several mechanisms that corresponded to lowering plasma lipids, decreasing TBARS, and increasing antioxidant activities.

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