Physical Exercise-Induced Changes and Season-Associated Differences in the Pituitary-Ovarian Function of Runners and Joggers*

1985 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 416-422 ◽  
Author(s):  
HANNELE RONKAINEN ◽  
ARTO PAKARINEN ◽  
PERTTI KIRKINEN ◽  
ANTTI KAUPPILA
Keyword(s):  
Physical Exercise ◽  
Ovarian Function ◽  
Exercise Induced ◽  
Induced Changes

Exercise-Induced Changes in Compensatory Reserve and Heart Rate Complexity

2019 ◽  
Vol 90 (12) ◽  
pp. 1009-1015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle B. Mulder ◽  
Sarah A. Eidelson ◽  
Mark D. Buzzelli ◽  
Kirby R. Gross ◽  
Andriy I. Batchinsky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Physical Exercise ◽  
Human Performance ◽  
Sample Entropy ◽  
Mean Square ◽  
Compensatory Reserve ◽  
Exercise Induced ◽  
Heart Rate Complexity ◽  
Combat Casualties ◽  
Induced Changes

BACKGROUND: Portable noninvasive Heart Rate Complexity (HRC) and Compensatory Reserve Measurement (CRM) monitors have been developed to triage supine combat casualties. Neither monitor has been tested in upright individuals during physical exercise. This study tests the hypothesis that exercise evokes proportional changes in HRC and CRM.METHODS: Two instruments monitored volunteers (9 civilian and 11 soldiers) from the Army Trauma Training Department (ATTD) before, during, and following physical exercise. One recorded heart rate (HR, bpm), cardiac output (CO, L · min−1), heart rate variability (HRV, root mean square of successive differences, ms), and HRC (Sample Entropy, unitless). The other recorded HR, pulse oximetry (Spo2, %), and CRM (%).RESULTS: Baseline HR, CO, HRV, HRC, and CRM averaged 72 ± 1 bpm, 5.6 ± 1.2 L · min−1, 48 ± 24 ms, 1.9 ± 0.5, and 85 ± 10% in seated individuals. Exercise evoked peak HR and CO at > 200% of baseline, while HRC and CRM were simultaneously decreased to minimums that were ≤ 50% of baseline (all P < 0.001). HRV changes were variable and unreliable. Spo2 remained consistently above 95%. During a 60 min recovery, HR and CRM returned to baseline on parallel tracks (t1/2=11 ± 8 and 18 ± 14 min), whereas HRC recovery was slower than either CRM or HR (t1/2=40 ± 18 min, both P < 0.05).DISCUSSION: Exercise evoked qualitatively similar changes in CRM and HRC. CRM recovered incrementally faster than HRC, suggesting that vasodilation, muscle pump, and respiration compensate faster than cardiac autonomic control in young, healthy volunteers. Both HRC and CRM appear to provide reliable, objective, and noninvasive metrics of human performance in upright exercising individuals.Mulder MB, Eidelson SA, Buzzelli MD, Gross KR, Batchinsky AI, Convertino VA, Schulman CI, Namias N, Proctor KG. Exercise-induced changes in compensatory reserve and heart rate complexity. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2019; 90(12):1009–1015.

scholarly journals Exercise-Induced Changes in Tumor Growth via Tumor Immunity

Sports ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 46
Author(s):  
Polyxeni Spiliopoulou ◽  
Maria Gavriatopoulou ◽  
Efstathios Kastritis ◽  
Meletios Athanasios Dimopoulos ◽  
Gerasimos Terzis
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Physical Exercise ◽  
Tumor Growth ◽  
Tumor Immunity ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Tumor Development ◽  
Exercise Induced ◽  
Induced Changes

Immunity in the tumor microenvironment plays a central role in tumor development. Cytotoxic immune cells act against tumors, while tumors manage to trigger immunosuppressive mechanisms for defense. One bout of physical exercise acutely regulates the immune system inducing short-term redistribution of immune cells among body organs. Repeated acute immune cell mobilization with continuing exercise training results in long-term adaptations. These long-term exercise-induced changes in the immune system arise both in healthy and in diseased populations, including cancer patients. Recent preclinical studies indicate that physical exercise may have a positive impact on intra-tumoral immune cell processes, resulting in tumor suppression. This short narrative review describes the effect of physical exercise on tumor growth as detected via changes in tumor immunity. Research evidence shows that exercise may improve tumor-suppressive functions and may reduce tumor-progressive responses and mechanisms of immune cells, controlling tumor development. Specifically, it seems that exercise in rodents triggers shifts in tumor infiltration of macrophages, neutrophils, natural killer cells, cytotoxic and regulatory T lymphocytes, resulting in tumor suppression. These recent promising data suggest that physical exercise could be combined with anticancer immunotherapies, although exercise parameters like intensity, duration, and frequency need to be evaluated in more detail. More research is needed to investigate the effect of exercise in other immune cell subtypes and their possible connection with tumor growth, whilst information from human tumors is also required.

scholarly journals The Effects of Acute Cardiovascular Exercise on Memory and Its Associations With Exercise-Induced Increases in Neurotrophic Factors

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura A. Kuhne ◽  
Anna-Maria Ksiezarczyk ◽  
Klaus-Michael Braumann ◽  
Rüdiger Reer ◽  
Thomas Jacobs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Exercise ◽  
Neurotrophic Factors ◽  
Neurotrophic Factor ◽  
Human Memory ◽  
Exercise Session ◽  
Cardiovascular Exercise ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Exercise Induced ◽  
Induced Changes

Due to increasing life expectancy, low-cost interventions to counteract age-related memory impairment have gained popularity. Physical activity has been shown to positively affect memory and hippocampal plasticity in rodents and humans. These effects have been proposed to be mediated by the release of neurotrophic factors. However, studies examining the effects of a single cardiovascular exercise session on human memory have yielded conflicting results. Moreover, it remains unclear whether exercise-induced memory enhancements are related to changes in peripheral neurotrophic factor concentrations. The present study tested whether one bout of cardiovascular exercise during an early phase of memory consolidation, compared to one bout of stretching and toning, positively affected memory. Furthermore, it was analyzed whether exercise-induced changes in the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were related to memory enhancement after a single bout of physical exercise. Fifty healthy participants (20–40 years) were randomly assigned to either a cycling group (BIKE) or a stretching and toning group (STRETCH). Participants performed an implicit vocabulary learning task which was immediately followed by physical exercise. Memory for the learned vocabulary was tested 1–2 weeks later. To measure exercise-induced changes in serum neurotrophic factor levels, blood samples were collected at rest (baseline) and immediately after the exercise session. Results did not show a significant difference in memory between the BIKE group and the STRETCH group. However, in the BIKE group, a larger increase in BDNF and VEGF levels was observed than in the STRETCH group. Moreover, the increase in BDNF and memory performance tended to be positively related in the BIKE group. We speculate that the correlation between exercise-increased BDNF levels and memory in the cycling group may indicate an involvement of BDNF in mediating memory processes after acute cardiovascular exercise.

Physical exercise-induced changes in the core body temperature of mice depend more on ambient temperature than on exercise protocol or intensity

2013 ◽  
Vol 58 (6) ◽  
pp. 1077-1085 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Penna Wanner ◽  
Kátia Anunciação Costa ◽  
Anne Danieli Nascimento Soares ◽  
Valbert Nascimento Cardoso ◽  
Cândido Celso Coimbra
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Physical Exercise ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Core Body Temperature ◽  
Exercise Protocol ◽  
The Core ◽  
Exercise Induced ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Core Body

scholarly journals EFFECT OF TRAINING ON PHYSICAL EXERCISE-INDUCED CHANGES IN NON-SPECIFIC HUMORAL IMMUNITY

1994 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
TAKASHI KUMAE ◽  
SHIGEYOSHI KURAKAKE ◽  
KAZUHIKO MACHIDA ◽  
KAZUO SUGAWARA
Keyword(s):  
Physical Exercise ◽  
Humoral Immunity ◽  
Exercise Induced ◽  
Induced Changes

Physical Exercise-Induced Changes in Brain Temperature

2017 ◽  
pp. 29-38
Author(s):  
A.C. Kunstetter ◽  
W.C. Damasceno ◽  
C.G. Fonseca ◽  
S.P. Wanner
Keyword(s):  
Physical Exercise ◽  
Brain Temperature ◽  
Exercise Induced ◽  
Induced Changes

scholarly journals The Ability of Exercise to Mitigate Caloric Restriction-Induced Bone Loss in Older Adults: A Structured Review of RCTs and Narrative Review of Exercise-Induced Changes in Bone Biomarkers

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 1250
Author(s):  
Sarah J. Wherry ◽  
Ryan M. Miller ◽  
Sarah H. Jeong ◽  
Kristen M. Beavers
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Bone Loss ◽  
Caloric Restriction ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Areal Bone Mineral Density ◽  
Bone Biomarkers ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Exercise Induced ◽  
Induced Changes

Despite the adverse metabolic and functional consequences of obesity, caloric restriction- (CR) induced weight loss is often contra-indicated in older adults with obesity due to the accompanying loss of areal bone mineral density (aBMD) and subsequent increased risk of fracture. Several studies show a positive effect of exercise on aBMD among weight-stable older adults; however, data on the ability of exercise to mitigate bone loss secondary to CR are surprisingly equivocal. The purpose of this review is to provide a focused update of the randomized controlled trial literature assessing the efficacy of exercise as a countermeasure to CR-induced bone loss among older adults. Secondarily, we present data demonstrating the occurrence of exercise-induced changes in bone biomarkers, offering insight into why exercise is not more effective than observed in mitigating CR-induced bone loss.

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